ancient rome. introduction to ancient rome -ancient egypt and mesopotamia 3500- 3000b.c. -ancient...
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Ancient Rome
Introduction to Ancient Rome
-Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia 3500-3000b.c.
-Ancient Greece 1750- 133 b.c.
-Ancient Rome 509b.c. to 476 a.d.
Location of RomeRome is located on the Mediterranean. It became the major trading nation to carry products from the Middle East, Africa to Europe which was developing and had a demand for products outside of Europe. The Alps to the North served as a defense against attacks from the North. Rome replaced Greece as the center of trade and commerce.
Because of geography easier to unite Rome
Early RomeEarly Rome
History of Rome
The Kingdom of Rome.The RepublicThe Roman EmpireSplit of Roman EmpireFall of Roman Empire
In the beginning
Get idea from Estruscans Romans drive out Estrucan king in 509 b.c.
and set up republic Pillars of republic-courage, loyalty, devotion
to duty
Early republic--government
Most powerful governing body= Senate (300 men)
Made up of all patricians (landholding upper class) served life terms
Each senate member elected two consuls – (voice for the public) rotated every year
In the event of war a dictator could be chosen by senate – 6 month term
Early republic--government
Plebians (middle class) wanted equality Laws of twelve tablets Tribunes set up (chosen by plebians and
could veto senate measures)
Early Expansion
Expanded throughout Italy Roman army- made up of citizen/soldiers
were well trained and fought in legions (groups of 5,000 men)
Reward for courage punishment for cowardice
Conquered lands
Acknowledge Roman leadership Pay taxes Supply Roman soldiers Rome let them keep customs, money, and
local government
Conquered lands
Some gained Roman citizenship status or partial
Used Latin and supported Rome Rome left soldiers to protect conquest Rome built roads to help travel from area to
home
Rivalry with Carthage
Carthage- city-state on N. coast of Africa (Tunisia) Trading empire across N. Africa and W. Mediterranean
Conflict from 264b.c. to 146b.c. know as Punic Wars (3 wars)
1st war Rome defeats Carthage and gets Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
Rivalry with Carthage
2nd war Carthage seeks revenge led by General Hannibal In 218 b.c. sets out from Spain through France and over Alps
into Italy Trip through Alps lasted 15 days and cost half of his army and
almost all the elephants For 15 yrs moves across Italy winning many battles Rome outnumbered and outflanked Hannibal’s army at the
same time attacking Carthage Rome wins and forces Carthage to give up all lands except in
Africa Later….Hannibal drinks poison rather than surrender
Rivalry with Carthage
3rd War Rome attacks and destroys Carthage
Survivors were killed or sold into slavery Rome expands to N. Africa
Rome now all over Med. Sea region
From Republic to Empire
Effects of Expansionism- Romans gloried their successes and incredible riches flooded Rome
Wealth from: looting, trading, taxing Social and economic consequences- new
class of wealthy Romans emerge (build huge mansions and use slave labor) Huge gap opens between rich and poor driven by greed
From Republic to Empire
Attempts at reform– Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus wanted many reforms (help poor)
Senate was angry at attempts and had them killed….led to 100 yrs of civil wars
• Who should hold power? Senate or popular politicians?
• Rival generals marched their armies into Rome to advance their ambitions
From Republic to Empire
Out of Chaos> Julius Caesar For a time Caesar and Pompey (brilliant general)
dominated Roman politics Caesar, in 59 b.c., gains control of Gaul (France) Pompey gets jealous has senate order Caesar to
disband and return home Caesar defies order (treason) and secretly marches
army towards Rome (civil war breaks out and Caesar beats Pompey and all opponents)
Returns home and forces senate to make him dictator
From Republic to Empire
Caesar’s reforms 48b.c. to 44b.c. Public works to employ jobless Organized provinces and gave more
citizenship Adopted Egyptian cal. To do so packed senate w/his own followers
From Republic to Empire
Caesar’s enemies worried that he would be king
Beware of the Ides of March (March 15th)
Caesar stabbed to death from enemies
From Republic to Empire
As he took his seat, the conspirators gathered about him as if to pay their respects, and straightway Tillius Cimber [7], who had assumed the lead, came nearer as though to ask something. When Caesar with a gesture put him off to another time, Cimber caught his toga by both shoulders. As Caesar cried, 'Why, this is violence!', one of the Cascas [8] stabbed him from one side just below the throat. Caesar caught Casca's arm and ran it through with his stylus, but as he tried to leap to his feet, he was stopped by another wound. When he saw that he was beset on every side by drawn daggers, he muffled his head in his robe, and at the same time drew down its lap to his feet with his left hand, in order to fall more decently, with the lower part of his body also covered. And in this wise he was stabbed with three and twenty wounds, uttering not a word, but merely a groan at the first stroke, though some have written that when Marcus Brutus rushed at him, he said in Greek, 'You too, my child?'
From Republic to Empire
Mark Antony (Caesar’s chief general) and Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew) join forces to hunt down murderers but both struggle for power
Octavian defeats Antony and takes power in 31b.c. as Augustus or Exalted One
31b.c. to 14a.d. Age of Empire
CaesarCaesar
AugustuAugustuss
Imperial Rome--Augustus
Set up stable gov’t… kept senate, set up civil service to enforce laws, let provinces have self government
Economic reforms- census, postal service, new coins, jobless to work building roads and temples
Worked well for 200 yrs
Imperial Rome
Who would rule after the death of an Emperor?
Bad and Good emperors Bad- Caligula-own horse to consul Nero-
persecuted Christians and know for fires 96-180 a.d. Good- Hadrian- Roman law
codes and wall /Marcus Aurelius-duty to people
Imperial Rome
200 yr span begins w/ Augustus and ends w/Aurelius known as Pax Romana (Roman Peace
Ideas and goods spread
Life in Rome
Family- Men were in charge (by law) Women- played a larger role in society compared to
Greeks (public baths, dined out, theatre, public roles, ran shops) but most worked at home
Education- girls and boys learned to read and write…even the poor
Religion– Roman Gods- Jupiter (ruled over sky and other gods) wife Juno (marriage), Neptune- (God of sea) Mars (God of war) also later Christianity
To hide social and economic problems- festivals, chariot races, and sporting events (gladiators)
Greco-Roman civilization
Art- Copy Greeks were idealists—Rome- realism but use expressionism as well
Architecture- used columns, the arch, and dome
Engineering- worked to perfect roads, bridges, and aqueducts (bridgelike stone structures that brought water from the hills to Roman cities)
Greco-Roman civilization
Science-Left mostly to the Greeks Literature- Virgil wrote Aeneid Philosophers and Historians Roman Law- Two systems 1. civil law (applied to
citizens) 2. law of nations (applied to conquered lands) later both merge
Many laws visible today: innocent until proven guilty, accused allowed to face accuser
Art and Architecture of Rome
The Romans developed or improved there art by copying the art from the Greeks for the statues. Statues were made from clay or marble. They were sometimes reinforced with metal reinforcements. They were well made and were nude and they were made of gods or important leaders which were recognized and got statues carved. They made their statues well as they had religious significance.
Roman Architecture
Roman Architecture has the following characteristics:
1. Roman architecture is very utilitarian and simple. 2. The vault and arch are perfected. 3. Greatest artistic contribution was the development of cement.
Arch of Titus
Roman Arches Allow for Strength
The development of the arch and dome gave the Romans the ability to build large structures that would span huge areas and hold up large amounts of weight. Concrete was heavy and needed the strength provided. The Arch of Trajan recognizes this Emperor for his achievements. He did a large amount of construction in bridges and roads to pull the Empire together.
Arch of Trajan
Roman Dome
Construction began under Vespasian in 72 A.D., and it was inaugurated by his younger son Domitian in 80 A.D. A hundred days of festivities saw the deaths of 9000 wild animals and 2000 gladiators. It was the greatest and deadliest structure ever built during the Roman empire. In ancient times it was the site of the navy-battles, gladiator-fights,and the or wild animal-hunts.It could hold up to 87,000 people.
The Colosseum
In A.D. 80, many people went to the Colosseum to celebrate sporting events. Colosseum was the largest building of its kind, in the ancientworld. The Colosseum was built so tightly that its arena could be filled with water for Mock Navel Battles. The walls were 160 ft. tall. The Colosseum had 80 entrances at the base of the building. As many as 50,000 people with numbered tickets, They entered through 76 of the entrances. The last two entrances were used for gladiators.
The entertainment started early in the morning and lasted all day long. Mornings were for the animal shows. Tigers,lions, bears, elephants, and giraffes from other parts of the empire were released in to the arena, to fight to the death.
The Colosseum
The ColosseumThe Colosseum
The ColosseumThe Colosseum
The afternoon entertainment gladiators would fight one another or other animals. Most gladiators were slaves, prisoners of war, and were criminals.
The Romans had adopted gladiator contests from the Etruscans. In many ways the Colosseum was like the Roman Empire. From the outside they were both huge in their size and strength. Within both were bravery, honor, and glory with cruelty, sensationalism, and violence.
Gladiators
The PantheonThe next picture is the Pantheon. It was similar to the Greek Parthenon but the Romans used concrete rather than marble and granite for construction. The outside of most Roman buildings was not very pretty, but with the use of the arc and dome, the Romans could build huge buildings as a symbol of its strength and power.
The PantheonThe Pantheon
The PantheonThe Pantheon
The PantheonThe Pantheon
The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman Forum is where great debates took place in the Roman Government. In the Republic, the idea of the Senate and the House of Representatives developed. The upper class was known as patricians and were in the Senate. Later the plebians had a lower house called the General Assembly. A veto was allowed of one house over another. This was the development of bicamerlism or a two house government that American know today. The veto was the beginning of Checks and Balances and Separation of Powers as we know it today.
Roman Roman ForumForum
Roman ForumRoman Forum
An intricate transportation network, the Roman road system gave citizens of the ancient empire access to the most distant provinces. The first all-weather roads connected the capital and those Italian towns which had been recently subdued or colonized by the Romans. The Via Appia (Appian Way; begun in 312 BC), for example, joined Rome with Capua, These paved roads and others--usually constructed of stones, rubble, and concrete--were of great strategic importance, facilitating the administration and control of conquered lands.
Roman Roads
By the end of the republic (1st century BC), roads had been constructed in some of the provinces--such as southern Gaul and Illyria--but the great period of construction outside of Italy came under the emperors. In Britain and North Africa, as in Italy, the progress of Roman expansion may be traced by charting the development of the Roman road network.
Network of Roman Roads
The Romans constructed a total of about (50,000 miles) of highways through more than 30 modern nations. Included also were the major bridges that still are used to cross major rivers in Europe. Roman engineers created huge structures that allowed heavy traffic to cross major rivers to aid trade and commerce. The network remained in use during the Middle Ages, and remnants of it are still in existence.
Roman Bridges
Aqueducts are the amazing water works of Rome, those fabulous aqueducts which gave Rome clean, fresh drinking water for nearly a thousand years. This next picture will focus on a single aqueduct, the Aqua Marcia, and detail how it provided water to the city of Rome. It will be shown that the Romans preferred to repair and rebuild existing aqueducts rather than construct brand new ones. In the process it will be shown that construction techniques evolved during the thousand year history of the water system.
The Aqueducts of Rome
Copyright © 1996 by SoftKey International
Roman aqueduct above the Gardon River
Roman Aqueducts, Water to Rome
Roman Aqueduct
Roman Catapult
Roman Catapult
Roman Empire
Hadrian’s Wall in Europe
Hadrian’s Wall was created as the northern boundary of the Roman Empire. Many parts can still be found. It was to serve as a border against the Germanic tribes. Parts of its are in Britain. This wall was not as large but similar to the Great Wall of China.
Hadrian’s Wall
Roman Theater in Europe
Roman Theater can be found all over Europe. The map on the next page shows the number of theaters created by the Romans for entertainment. Many Greek tragedies and comedies were created in the Roman Theater. Roman Theater expanded into more advanced type of theater with its actors and the stage being more elaborate. Romans contributed much to development of the theater and the Romance languages.
Roman Theaters
Rise of Christianity
Generally Rome tolerated various religious traditions---as long as (showed loyalty to gods and emperor)
Jews were excused from Roman God worship but not the emperor
Jews wanted to preserve religion and reestablish an independent Israel from Roman control (some thought a savior/messiah would lead Jewish people to land)
In 66 Romans crush rebels and capture Jerusalem In 135 drove out Jews from homeland (diaspora)
Rise of Christianity
Through Turmoil—Jesus, born around 4 b.c., a carpenter at about age 30 starts to preach and spread throughout towns (founder of Christianity)
Know life from Gospels Preached forgiveness and to love enemies Some Jews welcomed him others saw him as a
trouble maker Romans saw him as a threat and executed him
(Roman style) Disciples are commanded to spread teachings (risen
from the dead)
Spread of Christianity
Said that those who followed teachings would achieve salvation
Rome did not tolerate Christians at first—many persecuted (said to be disloyal)
Survives and still spreads over and over years In 313 Constantine issues Edict of Milan—allowing
freedom of worship In 392—Christianity official religion of Rome
Split of Roman Empire
In 284, Diocletian sets out to restore order Splits empire into two halves West and East He rules East (more resources and money) Tries to help economy by setting fixed prices,
ordering farmers to stay on lands In 312 Constantine—issues edict Builds new capital– Constantinople in E. Empire…
W. Empire in decline Results of the two—slows decline but does not fix
Causes for the Decline of the Roman Empire
Obvious reason—Germanic invasions Many tribes moved peacefully into empire Britain- overran by the Angles, Saxons France (Gaul) overran by Franks Spain overthrown by the Vandals Italy was taken over by the Ostrogoths, Visigoths,
and Lombards Underlying causes much more significant because
they lead to the obvious cause
Causes for the Decline of the Roman Empire
Social Causes.
There had been a decline in the traditional Roman citizenry.
Patriotism declined as people lost their allegiance to the state.
Christianity challenged the traditional Roman character traits and caused people to neglect the state when they concentrated on personal salvation.
Causes for the Decline of the Roman Empire
Economic Causes.
As productivity declined, the Roman empire became more dependent on foreign products.
Traditional work ethic declined. A balance of trade deficit began to occur. The cost of government, including the military and welfare,
become burdensome. Class economic warfare broke out between the rich and poor. Parts of the empire were not taxed while others were
overtaxed. The small farm almost disappeared.
Causes for the Decline of the Roman Empire
Political Causes.
The Romans never solved the problems of succession except during a brief period of time.
The government of the empire was not designed to rule a large empire
The government became increasingly run by the rich and the military.
Citizens lost interest in government as it became distant from them.
Did Rome fall in 476? E. Roman Empire becomes Byzantine Empire
Outline Example
Topic—Name of your topic Thesis- What is the main idea about your paper. Are you trying to
prove or disprove something Intro Paragraph
– hook– overview of topic– overview of topic– thesis statement
Topic 1st sentence should be a topic sentence Last sentence transitioning into next topic 4-6 sentences describing
Outline Example
Topic—Julius Caesar Thesis- Julius Caesar was Rome’s greatest ruler and is the
main reason Rome’s empire grew to its’ greatest strength. Intro Paragraph (need to have hook and thesis)
– hook– overview of topic– overview of topic– thesis statement
Early life (need at least 3 things you will talk about)– born in – childhood– early influences
life in military 1. 2. 3. D. life as general 1. 2. 3. E. Life as emperor 1. changes made 2. greed 3. death G. Conclusion 1. recap topics
D.Topic (need at least 3 things you will talk about)
1. 2. 3. E. Topic 1. 2. 3. G. Conclusion 1. recap topics
2. Review Thesis
The Romans made a lot of contributions to the present. Some contributions that they made were that our capital letters from the alphabet and Roman numerals. Roman numerals are important and popular. They are often on our clocks. Another thing they are on is the cornerstones. Third, our month July was given from Julius Caesar. Also, the name August came from Augustus Caesar. Fourth, the word Romance came from Rome. Their architecture also became valuable in our country. Another contribution was that they invented and created the calendar. Also they invented the standard economy.
Lasting Contributions