and cigarette design properties · determination of “free‐base” nicotine (fbn) in mainstream...
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CURRENT AND HISTORICAL TRENDS IN YIELDS OF FREE‐BASE NICOTINE BY CANADIAN CIGARETTES IN RELATION TO SMOKE pHNICOTINE BY CANADIAN CIGARETTES IN RELATION TO SMOKE pH
AND CIGARETTE DESIGN PROPERTIES
Bill RICKERT, Peter JOZA, Mingliang BAO
62nd Tobacco Science Research Conference62nd Tobacco Science Research ConferenceSeptember 21‐24, 2008 Nashville, Tennessee, USA
LABSTAT INTERNATIONAL ULC.262 Manitou Drive
Kitchener Ontario Canada N2C 1L3Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2C 1L3Phone: (519) 748‐5409 Fax: (519) 748‐1654
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ObjectivesObjectives
Develop (and validate) a direct method for theDevelop (and validate) a direct method for the determination of “free‐base” nicotine (FBN) in
mainstream tobacco smoke
Investigate parameters of cigarette design that may influence the deliveries of ‘free’ nicotine
Investigate changes in deliveries of ‘free’ nicotine g gassociated with changes in cigarette design over time
Investigate the relationship of smoke pH and ‘free’ nicotine
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Project Design: Cross Sectional StudyProject Design: Cross‐Sectional Study
Tobacco Products:
• 14 tobacco products from current market place (Canada)• plain, filter‐tipped, fine‐cut, 120 mm cigarettes and cigarette‐sized cigars
Cigarette Design
• Tip Ventilation, Pressure Drop (ISO 9512, ISO 6565)• Paper Porosity (ISO 2965)• 10 observations per replicate
Featuresp p
• "Tar", Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide• Mainstream Tobacco Smoke pH (HC method T‐113)
Methods:p
• FBN: Methodology developed for this study.
• ISO (35/60/2 – puff volume / interval / duration)
Smoking Conditions:
• “Canadian Intense” (55/30/2 – with 100% vent blocking)• 7 observations per test sample
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Project Design: ‘Historical’ StudyProject Design: Historical Study
7 b d f C di i tt h d t fi i t i ti b t
Tobacco Products:
• 7 brands of Canadian cigarettes purchased at five points in time between 1969 and 2007 (35 Brand equivalents)
• Plain and filter‐tipped cigarettes
Cigarette Design
• Tip Ventilation, Pressure Drop (ISO 9512, ISO 6565)• Paper Porosity (ISO 2965)• 10 observations per replicate
Featuresp p
• "Tar", Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide• Mainstream Tobacco Smoke pH (HC method T‐113)
Methods:p
• FBN: Methodology developed for this study.
• ISO (35/60/2 puff volume / interval / duration)Smoking
Conditions:
• ISO (35/60/2 – puff volume / interval / duration)• 7 observations per test sample
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Analytical Approaches: Free Base NicotineAnalytical Approaches: Free‐Base Nicotine•Collection of whole smoke (mainstream) into Teflon gas sampling bag
Pankow et al (2003).
Chem. Res. Toxicol.
• Free‐base nicotine from gas phase adsorbed onto a Tenax‐TA cartridge•Ratio of free‐base nicotine to total nicotine of KR1R4F cigarette (“Massachusetts” smoking conditions) = 0.007±0.003*
•*estimated from data normalizing the first 3 puffs with the remaining 8 puffs (11)16: 1014‐1018.
Watson et al (2004).
•Collection of total particulate matter (TPM) onto collection pad•Headspace SPME of collection pad: Carboxen/PDMS fibre•Ratio of free‐base nicotine to total nicotine of KR1R4F cigarette (“ISO” smoking conditions) = 0.010 ± 0.004**
J. Agric. Food Chem. 52: 7240‐7245.
• **estimated from data shown in Figure 2 of the reference.
The acid/base characteristics of the particulate matter will re‐establishThe acid/base characteristics of the particulate matter will re‐establish equilibrium between the free‐base and protonated nicotine.
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Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Approach (HS‐SPME) – Initial Investigations
Standard solutions prepared in hexane
Response of free nicotine is water
dependent
HS‐SPME using gPDMS/DVB fiber at a constant
temperature (30°C)
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Free Base Nicotine: Test Method SummaryFree‐Base Nicotine: Test Method Summary5 cigarettes collected on 44mm pad
(3 i I )(3 cigarettes; Intense)
Collection pad is cut in half:½ for routine nicotine and water extractions½ for routine nicotine and water extractions½ transferred into a 20mL amber glass vial
2μL of d8‐toluene (internal standard) added directly μ 8 ( ) yonto collection pad; capped and allowed to equilibrate for at least 2 hours at room temperature
Transfer to heating block at 30°C for 15 minutes
Free base nicotine extracted onto 65μm PDMS DVBFree‐base nicotine extracted onto 65μm PDMS‐DVB fiber; 5 minute headspace exposure
5 minute desorption at 250°C; 10:1 split ratio
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Free‐Base Nicotine: Test Method CharacteristicsFree Base Nicotine: Test Method Characteristics
• Linear Range (µg): 2 50 500 (1 0 200µg/cig ISO conditions)
Calibration Performance
• Linear Range (µg): 2.50 – 500 (1.0 ‐ 200µg/cig ISO conditions)• Correlation (r2): >0.995 (6 point calibration)
• Limit of Detection (LOD): 0.988 µg (0.395µg/cig ISO conditions)
Sensitivity
( ) µg ( µg g )• Limit of Quantification (LOQ): 3.29 µg (1.32µg/cig ISO conditions)
Recoveries and Contamination
• Laboratory Reagent Blank (LRB) (µg/cig): Below Detection LimitL b t F tifi d Bl k (LFB) 96 4 ± 9 5 % (12 1 d 251 )
Recoveries and Contamination
• Laboratory Fortified Blank (LFB): 96.4 ± 9.5 % (12.1 and 251 µg)
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Test Method Characteristics (continued)
h d iDetermination Free Base
i i ( / i )Total Nicotine
( / i )Free‐base / Total
i i iMethod Cigarette Temperature Nicotine (µg/cig) (mg/cig) Nicotine Ratio
Validation Study (ISO) KR2R4F 30°C 36.1 ± 4.6 0.749 ± 0.050 0.048±0.007 (n=9) (12.8%) (6.6%) (14.6%)
Monitor 8 30°C 33.6 ± 5.5 1.085 ± 0.074 0.031±0.005(16.3%) (6.9%) (16.8%)
Canadian Intense KR2R4F 30°C 44.5 ± 6.5 1.909 ± 0.095 0.023±0.003(55/2/30/100% vent blocking) (14.7%) (5.0%) (13.0%)
(n=9) Monitor 8 30°C 32.6 ± 5.0 2.490 ± 0.139 0.013±0.002(15.4%) (5.6%) (13.5%)
Pankow et al. (Massachussets conditions) KR1R4F 20°C 0.010±0.004*(45/2/30/50% vent blocking) (~40%)
Watson et al. (ISO) KR1R4F RT 0.007±0.003**(~43%)
* Value was estimated by normalizing the detected ratios from the first 3 puffs and the remaining 8 puffs against the total puffs (11).** Value was estimated from data shown in Figure 2 of the reference.
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Cross Sectional Study Results:Cross‐Sectional Study Results:Pearson Moment Correlation p-values: Mainstream ISO Analyte Yields *
Water Nicotine TarFree-Base
Nicotine pH%
DilutionPressure
DropPaper
Porosity
CO 0.071 0.067 0.011 0.020 0.000 0.011 0.177 0.422
Water 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.836 0.562
Nicotine 0.000 0.068 0.011 0.001 0.759 0.126Nicotine 0.068Tar 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.551 0.155
Free-BaseNicotine
0.001 0.011 0.274 0.601
pH 0.001 0.308 0.382
% Dilution 0.356 0.412
PressureDrop
0.483p- values less than or equal to 0.001
are considered to be ‘highly significant’Drop
* Excludes test brands for which tip ventilation data could not be determined.p
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‘Historical’ Cigarette Study Results:Historical Cigarette Study Results:Pearson Moment Correlation p-values: Mainstream ISO Analyte Yields *
Water Nicotine TarFree-Base
Nicotine pH%
DilutionPressure
DropPaper
Porosity
CO 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.003 0.091 0.622 0.000Water 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.797 0.000 0.000
Nicotine 0.000 0.984 0.463 0.042 0.578 0.024Tar 0 001 0 000 0 115 0 046 0 000Tar 0.001 0.000 0.115 0.046 0.000
Free-BaseNicotine
0.000 0.940 0.024 0.001
pH 0.213 0.021 0.000% Dilution 0.217 0.030Pressure
Drop0.290
The correlation analysis on the mainstream ISO yields of the historical selection of cigarettes suggests free-base nicotine is highly correlated with the water g gg g ycontent and pH of tobacco smoke, as well as, the tar and paper porosity.
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C S ti l St d R ltCross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)
Mainstream ISO Free-Base Nicotine as a Function of Tar Yield
1200
1350
1500
80
90
100
/cig)
900
1050
1200
60
70
80
e Nicotine (µg/
600
750
40
50
ISO Free‐Ba
se
150
300
450
10
20
30
Mainstream
0
150
0
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Mainstream ISO Tar (mg/cig)Mainstream ISO Tar (mg/cig)
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C S ti l St d R ltCross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)
Mainstream ISO Free-Base Nicotine as a Function of Tar Yield
1350
1500
90
100
/cig)
900
1050
1200
60
70
80
Nicotine (µg/
y = ‐2.113x + 55.82600
750
40
50
ISO Free‐Ba
se
H : ß = 0
150
300
450
10
20
30
Mainstream Ho: ß1 = 0
p‐value < 0.001
95% Prediction
0
150
0
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Mainstream ISO Tar (mg/cig)
Intervals
Mainstream ISO Tar (mg/cig)
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Cross Sectional Study Results ( ti d)Cross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)Mainstream ISO Free-Base Nicotine per unit Nicotine as a Function of Tar Yield
0.08
0.09
0.10
nit N
icotine
y = ‐0.004x + 0.097R² = 0.785
0 05
0.06
0.07
Nicotine pe
r un
0.03
0.04
0.05
O Free‐Ba
se N
Ho: ß1 = 0p‐value < 0.001
95% Prediction
0.00
0.01
0.02
Mainstream IS Intervals
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
M
Mainstream ISO Tar (mg/cig)
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Cross Sectional Study Results ( ti d)Cross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)Mainstream ISO Free-Base Nicotine per unit Nicotine as a Function of Tip Ventilation
0.07
0.08
Nicotine
y = 0 001x + 0 0090.05
0.06
cotin
e pe
r unit
y = 0.001x + 0.009R² = 0.877
0.03
0.04
SO Free‐Ba
se Nic
Ho: ß1 = 0
0 00
0.01
0.02
Mainstream IS
Ho: ß1 0p‐value < 0.001
95% PredictionIntervals
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Tip Ventilation (%)
Average of all replicates plotted for Free-Base Nicotine and Tip Ventilation.
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Cross Sectional Study Results ( ti d)Cross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)Mainstream Intense Free-Base Nicotine per unit Nicotine as a Function Tar
0 08
0.09
0.10
it Nicotine
0 06
0.08
0.10
0.06
0.07
0.08
icotine pe
r un
Mainstream ISO Conditions
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0 10 20 30
y = ‐1E‐05x + 0.009R² = 0.000
0.04
0.05
e Free
‐Base N
95% Prediction
0 10 20 30
0 01
0.02
0.03
nstream Intens
Ho: ß1 = 0p‐value = 0.141
Intervals
0.00
0.01
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Main
Mainstream IntenseTar (mg/cig)Mainstream IntenseTar (mg/cig)
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Cross Sectional Study Results ( ti d)Cross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)Mainstream ISO & Intense Free-Base Nicotine as a Function of % Water of
Total Particulate Matter (TPM)
1600
1800
2000
80
90
100
cig)
( )
1200
1400
1600
60
70
80
e (µg/cig)
Nicotine (µg/c
800
1000
40
50
e‐Ba
se Nicotine
nse Free‐Ba
se
200
400
600
10
20
30 Free
am ISO & Inten
0
200
0
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Mainstrea
Mainstream ISO & Intense % Water of TPMMainstream ISO & Intense % Water of TPM
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Cross Sectional Study Results ( ti d)Cross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)Mainstream ISO & Intense Free-Base Nicotine per unit Nicotine as a Function
of % Water of Total Particulate Matter (TPM)
0 08
0.09
0.10
t Nicotine
Regression Model (ISO Observations)
( )
y = ‐0.02ln(x) + 0.083R² = 0.635
0.06
0.07
0.08
Nicotine pe
r un
i
Regression Model (Intense Observations)
y = ‐1E‐05x + 0.009R² = 0.0000.04
0.05
ense Free‐Ba
se Regression Model (Intense Observations)
0 01
0.02
0.03
tream ISO & Inte
0.00
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Mainst
Mainstream ISO & Intense % Water of TPMMainstream ISO & Intense % Water of TPM
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Cross Sectional Study Results ( ti d)Cross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)Mainstream ISO & Intense Free-Base Nicotine per unit Nicotine as a Function
of % Water of Total Particulate Matter (TPM)
0 08
0.09
0.10
t Nicotine
( )
0.10
0.06
0.07
0.08
Nicotine pe
r un
i
0 02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.04
0.05
ense Free‐Ba
se
0.00
0.02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Mainstream ISO as a Function of Tar
0 01
0.02
0.03
tream ISO & Inte
0.00
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Mainst
Mainstream ISO & Intense % Water of TPMMainstream ISO & Intense % Water of TPM
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Cross Sectional Study Results ( ti d)Cross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)Mainstream ISO Free-Base Nicotine as a Function of Smoke pH
100
y = 48.80x ‐ 261.1²
80
90
100
(µg/cig)
R² = 0.544
60
70
se Nicotine (
Ho: ß1 = 0p‐value < 0.001
40
50
ISO Free‐Ba
s p value 0.001
95% PredictionIntervals
10
20
30
Mainstream Intervals
0
10
5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4
M
Mainstream ISO pHMainstream ISO pH
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Cross Sectional Study Results ( ti d)Cross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)Mainstream ISO & Intense Free-Base Nicotine per unit Nicotine as a Function of Smoke pH
0 10
0.08
0.09
0.10
unit Nicotine
0.06
0.07
se Nicotine pe
r u
0.04
0.05
nten
se Free‐Ba
s
0 01
0.02
0.03
nstream ISO & I
0.00
0.01
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6
Mai
Mainstream ISO & Intense pHMainstream ISO & Intense pH
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Cross Sectional Study Results ( ti d)Cross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)Mainstream ISO & Intense Free-Base Nicotine per unit Nicotine as a Function of Smoke pH
0 10
0.08
0.09
0.10
unit Nicotine
Regression Model (ISO Observations)
y = 7E‐11e3.338x
R² = 0.7340.06
0.07
se Nicotine pe
r u
Regression Model (Intense Observations)
y = 0.010x ‐ 0.049R² = 0.159
0.04
0.05
nten
se Free‐Ba
s Regression Model (Intense Observations)
0 01
0.02
0.03
nstream ISO & I
0.00
0.01
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6
Mai
Mainstream ISO & Intense pHMainstream ISO & Intense pH
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Cross Sectional Study Results ( ti d)Cross‐Sectional Study Results (continued)Mainstream ISO & Intense Free-Base Nicotine per unit Nicotine as a Function of Smoke pH
0 10
0.08
0.09
0.10
unit Nicotine
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.06
0.07
se Nicotine pe
r u
0 03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07Function of % Water
0.04
0.05
nten
se Free‐Ba
s
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0 10 20 30 40
0 01
0.02
0.03
nstream ISO & I
0.00
0.01
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6
Mai
Mainstream ISO & Intense pHMainstream ISO & Intense pH
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‘Historical’ Canadian Cigarette ResultsHistorical Canadian Cigarette Results
Brand A (1970) Brand B (1970) Brand C (1969) Brand D (1970) Brand E (1970) Brand F (1971) Brand G (1972)
0.030e
Brand A (1970) Brand B (1970) Brand C (1969) Brand D (1970) Brand E (1970) Brand F (1971) Brand G (1972)Brand A (1980) Brand B (1980) Brand C (1978) Brand D (1979) Brand E (1978) Brand F (1979) Brand G (1980)Brand A (1990) Brand B (1990) Brand C (1990) Brand D (1995) Brand E (1995) Brand F (1996) Brand G (1989)Brand A (1999) Brand B (1999) Brand C (1999) Brand D (1999) Brand E (1999) Brand F (1999) Brand G (1999)Brand A (2007) Brand B (2007) Brand C (2007) Brand D (2007) Brand E (2007) Brand F (2007) Brand G (2007)
0 020
0.025
per u
nit N
icotine
0.015
0.020
‐Base Nicotine p
0.005
0.010
tream ISO Free‐
0.000
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Average M
ainst
Average Mainstream ISO Tar (mg/cig)A Average Mainstream ISO Tar (mg/cig)
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‘Historical’ Canadian Cigarette ResultsHistorical Canadian Cigarette Results
Brand A (1970) Brand B (1970) Brand C (1969) Brand D (1970) Brand E (1970) Brand F (1971) Brand G (1972)
0.030e
Brand A (1970) Brand B (1970) Brand C (1969) Brand D (1970) Brand E (1970) Brand F (1971) Brand G (1972)Brand A (1980) Brand B (1980) Brand C (1978) Brand D (1979) Brand E (1978) Brand F (1979) Brand G (1980)Brand A (1990) Brand B (1990) Brand C (1990) Brand D (1995) Brand E (1995) Brand F (1996) Brand G (1989)Brand A (1999) Brand B (1999) Brand C (1999) Brand D (1999) Brand E (1999) Brand F (1999) Brand G (1999)Brand A (2007) Brand B (2007) Brand C (2007) Brand D (2007) Brand E (2007) Brand F (2007) Brand G (2007)
0 020
0.025
per u
nit N
icotine
Products from
0.015
0.020
‐Base Nicotine p
Products from1970 to 1980
Products from1990 to 2007
0.005
0.010
tream ISO Free‐
0.000
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Average M
ainst
Average Mainstream ISO Tar (mg/cig)A Average Mainstream ISO Tar (mg/cig)
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‘Historical’ Results ( ti d)Historical Results (continued)ISO Free-Base Nicotine per unit Nicotine as a Function of % Water of Total
Particulate Matter (TPM)
0.030
Nicotine
Particulate Matter (TPM)
0.08
0.10
0.020
0.025
otine pe
r unit N
0.02
0.04
0.06
y = ‐0.001x + 0.024R² = 0.3960.015
O Free‐Ba
se Nico
0.00
0 10 20 30 40
Cross-Sectional Study Results
0.005
0.010
Mainstream ISO
0.000
0.005
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Average M
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Average Mainstream % Water of TPM
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‘Historical’ Results ( ti d)Historical Results (continued)ISO Free-Base Nicotine per unit Nicotine as a Function of Paper Porosity (mL/min/cm2)
y = 0.0002x + 0.0051R² = 0 490
0.030
Nicotine
R = 0.490
0.020
0.025
otine pe
r unit N
95% PredictionIntervals
0.015
O Free‐Ba
se Nico
0.005
0.010
Mainstream ISO
0.000
0.005
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Average M
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Average Paper Porosity (mL/min/cm2)
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SummarySummaryMethodology for the direct determination of “free-base” nicotine (FBN) in mainstream tobacco smoke using HS SPME has been(FBN) in mainstream tobacco smoke using HS-SPME has been improved and validated.
Precision of the method is both temperature and water content dependentPrecision of the method is both temperature and water content dependentPrecision remains consistent across smoking regimens2-fold enhancement in precision compared to the reference literature observed
Measured FBN from a cross-section of current tobacco products and ‘historical’ brands of cigarettes, yield ranges from <1% to 10% of the total nicotine for nearly all products tested.
D t i i t t ith th f d i th f lit tData is consistent with the ranges found in the reference literatureOne product demonstrated a considerably higher ratio
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Summary ( ti d)Summary (continued)Significant relationships with the % water of TPM, smoke pH tar and paper porosity to free nicotine have been identified andpH, tar, and paper porosity to free nicotine have been identified and investigated:
FBN per unit nicotine increases as % water of TPM decreasesFBN per unit nicotine increases as % water of TPM decreasesFBN per unit nicotine increases as smoke pH increasesFBN per unit nicotine increases as paper porosity increasesFBN per unit nicotine increases as tar deliveries decrease (increases in tipFBN per unit nicotine increases as tar deliveries decrease (increases in tip ventilation
Products between 1990 and 2007 show an increase in FBN per unit nicotine compared to products between 1970 and 1980.
Smoke pH and water content of the TPM show the most significant relationships to free-base nicotine delivery under ISO smoking conditionsconditions.
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AcknowledgementAcknowledgement
This study was funded by Health Canada under contract number H4133‐070511/001/SScontract number H4133 070511/001/SS
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