And the Macedonian Wars!!!!!!!!!!!

Dispute over control of Sicily brought Rome into conflict with the powerful North African city-state of Carthage. The First Punic

War had begun.

Carthage

Carthage had been

founded as Phoeniciancolony 500

years earlier

Cause of the First Punic War

Rome

,

The First Punic WarThe First Punic War was primarily a naval war.

Ship Tactics at the time: maneuver ship to ram and sink enemy

Carthage was a very good, experienced naval power.Rome had small navy, with little experience, but had a powerful armyAt first, the Romans were defeated repeatedly by the Carthaginian navy.

ROME WINS THE FIRST ONERome found an abandoned Carthaginian ship, which allows the Romans to build ships of the same quality as the Carthaginians.

Then, Romans equipped ships with huge hooks and stationed soldiers on the ships.They would hook enemy ship, pull nearby, board it with soldiers

This turned naval warfare into mini-land battles, which allowed Rome to win the rest of the battles and the war.

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OUTCOME OF THE FIRST PUNIC WARRome took control of the island of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. The Carthaginians also had to pay Rome an extremely large amount of gold and silver.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Rome and Carthage after the 1st Punic War

The Second Punic War"Hannibal ad portas" (“Hannibal is at the Gates!”)

A Carthaginian general, Hannibal, started the Second Punic War by attacking Roman allies in Spain.

Hannibal’s army consisted of elephants and soldiers from North Africa, Spain, and France. Roman forces consisted of citizens from Rome and the surrounding area.

Hannibal leads an army from North Africa through Spain and France before arriving at the Alps in Northern Italy.

Native Carthaginian Troops

Hannibal’s Spanish Troops

Hannibal’s French Celtic Troops

Hannibal’s War Elephants

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

Roman Troops

The Second Punic War"Hannibal ad portas" (“Hannibal is at the Gates!”)

Hannibal defeated Roman armies sent to stop him several times but hesitated to attack Rome itself.

Instead, he raided the countryside around Rome.

Hannibal’s troops crossing the Alps.

Although Hannibal successfully crossed the Alps, he lost thousands of men and 30 elephants to the cold and falling off the mountainsides.

Battle of Zama Painting

ROME WINS THE SECOND ONE

Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, a Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean, landed in North Africa, and headed for Carthage.

Roman forces were Led by patrician general Scipio Aemilius Africanus

Hannibal is forced to leave Italy to protect Carthage.

Hannibal is Defeated at the Battle of Zama, fought outside the walls of Carthage

•After Hannibal’s defeat, he remained a suffete (civil magistrate) of the newly acquired Roman territory

•Organized financial reforms to pay back Rome for their prosecution of war

•Political enemies accused him in Rome of conspiring with King Antiochus III of Syria

•When Romans sent commission to investigate, fled Carthage and went into hiding

•Hannibal poisoned himself when threatened with being taken as a prisoner

•He did so in Libyssa, close to today's Istanbul in Turkey.

•Ruins of grave site near Diliskelesi, South of Gebze, 60km East of Istanbul

“Let us release the Romans from their long anxiety, since they think it too long to wait for the death of an old man.”

Aftermath of the Second Punic War

Carthage was finished after Second Punic War

Carthage’s had to give even more money to Rome.

The Romans took over their provinces in North Africa and Spain. They became a subjected to the rule of the Romans.

Cato the Elder, a Roman Senator, pushed for another war that would wipe Carthage off the face of the map. He would end every speech with, “Carthago delenda est.” or “Carthage must be destroyed.”

ROME WINS THE THIRD ONE

Due to Cato’s persistent efforts, Rome declares war against a defenseless Carthage.

Rome won easily.The entire population of the city is sold into slavery.

Everything of value iscarried back to Rome

Everything else is burned and dumped into the sea.

The site was sown with salt so that nothing would ever grow there again.

The First Macedonian War.The First Macedonian War (215–205 BC) occurred during the Second Punic War.

Coin image of Philip V of Macedon

Philip V, King of Macedon, attacked Rome’s ally in Illyria (modern day Slovenia and Croatia) and made an alliance with Hannibal.

The Romans did not do well in the war, and signed a peace treaty which Philip his conquests in Illyria.

The Second Macedonian WarThe Second Macedonian War (200–196) began when the Senate declared war on Philip after he attacked Greek city states allies of Rome.

The Romans outclassed the Greek Phalanx at the Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 because the Roman army was more flexible. It’s units could split up and form shapes to trap the enemy. The phalanx was a big square of destruction that could only go forward.

Shortly after the battle, Philip made peace. He lost of most of his navy, had to pay a large amount of money to Rome, and lost some territory in western Greece.

The Third Macedonian War

• Philip’s son, Perseus (reigned 179–168), began to make alliances with various Greek city-states and angered of Rome, which started the Third Macedonian War.

• Perseus forces were destroyed at the battle of Pydna.

• Perseus was brought back in chains and Greece became a Roman province.

Final Question: How did the Punic Wars and the Macedonian Wars turn Rome into an empire?