Andean CivilizationsAndean CivilizationsEarly Cultures Early Cultures

FormativeFormativeMoche: ClassicMoche: Classic

Post-ClassicPost-Classic

PeruPeru

South American CivilizationsSouth American Civilizations Formative Formative 

– CHAVIN 900 BCE to 500 BCECHAVIN 900 BCE to 500 BCE highlands of Andes highlands of Andes flourished at this time flourished at this time great ceremonial center great ceremonial center

ClassicClassic– MOCHICA 300 - 700 CEMOCHICA 300 - 700 CE

started on coast started on coast shifted to highlands from coast shifted to highlands from coast

– NASCA 200-600 CENASCA 200-600 CE Post ClassicPost Classic

– TIAHUANCO 600-1000 CETIAHUANCO 600-1000 CE in the Andes Mts. in the Andes Mts.

– HUARI 700 - 1000 CEHUARI 700 - 1000 CE– CHIMU 1350-1450CHIMU 1350-1450

in the Andes Mts. in the Andes Mts. – INCASINCAS

1100 Cuzco starts 1100 Cuzco starts 1450-1533 Empire 1450-1533 Empire

Early CulturesEarly Cultures

El Paraiso, Peru (after 7,000 B.C.)El Paraiso, Peru (after 7,000 B.C.)

7,000 B.C.7,000 B.C.– Coastal Peru SubsistenceCoastal Peru Subsistence– Fish and Shellfish-Marine, Deer, Sm Fish and Shellfish-Marine, Deer, Sm

mammals, birds-Interior Valleysmammals, birds-Interior Valleys Later-(ca 5,000 B.C.)Later-(ca 5,000 B.C.)

– Marine and plant productsMarine and plant products– Jicama, Achira (squash and tubors)Jicama, Achira (squash and tubors)– first, permanent year round first, permanent year round

settlementssettlements

El Paraiso SiteEl Paraiso Site 2 km from coast2 km from coast 9 large stoen structures (ca 140 acres)9 large stoen structures (ca 140 acres)

– some 980 by 325 feet in sizesome 980 by 325 feet in size– structures have several rooms, stone walls faced with structures have several rooms, stone walls faced with

mud and painted red, black and white.mud and painted red, black and white. Cotton netsCotton nets

– one room had cotton, wool and needles (weaving one room had cotton, wool and needles (weaving area?)area?)

Moseley-Maritime HypothesisMoseley-Maritime Hypothesis– Complex cultures arose due to abundance of marine Complex cultures arose due to abundance of marine

resourcesresources– Similar to NW coast of US.Similar to NW coast of US.– Abandoned ca. 1500 B.C.Abandoned ca. 1500 B.C.

FormativeFormative

Chavin de Huantar, Peru (1,000-Chavin de Huantar, Peru (1,000-100 B.C.)100 B.C.)

Andean HighlandsAndean Highlands– earliest Andean centerearliest Andean center– 10,000 feet above sea level, 100 10,000 feet above sea level, 100

acres.acres. Chavin horizon (culture)Chavin horizon (culture)

– Artistic style found in artifacts on Artistic style found in artifacts on highlands and coasthighlands and coast

– Combines people, snakes, jaguars, Combines people, snakes, jaguars, caymans and birds with geometric caymans and birds with geometric designs.designs.

Chavin de Huantar ArchitectureChavin de Huantar Architecture

Stone platforms covering one acreStone platforms covering one acre– Largest was Castillo (new Temple), 45 feet Largest was Castillo (new Temple), 45 feet

high.high. Platforms not solid but composed of many Platforms not solid but composed of many

rooms, exterior faced in granite.rooms, exterior faced in granite. Old Temple-u shaped, inside was large Old Temple-u shaped, inside was large

white granite object, 13 feet long.white granite object, 13 feet long.– pillar with Great Image, pointed at both ends pillar with Great Image, pointed at both ends

and fastened to floor and ceiling.and fastened to floor and ceiling.– Carved in bas-relief.Carved in bas-relief.

ClassicClassic

MocheMoche

NascaNasca

The Moche cultureThe Moche culture Lambayeque Valley from 100 to 700 AD. Lambayeque Valley from 100 to 700 AD. A culture that has left impressive A culture that has left impressive

archaeological sites and some of the most archaeological sites and some of the most outstanding pottery to be seen in Peru's outstanding pottery to be seen in Peru's museums, is named after the river which museums, is named after the river which flows into the ocean just south of Trujillo. flows into the ocean just south of Trujillo. 

The word The word MochicaMochica has been used has been used interchangeably with Moche and refers to interchangeably with Moche and refers to a dialect spoken in the Trujillo area at the a dialect spoken in the Trujillo area at the time of the conquest, though not time of the conquest, though not necessarily spoken by the Moche people. necessarily spoken by the Moche people. Moche is now the preferred usage.Moche is now the preferred usage.

Moche Social StructureMoche Social Structure The most important people, especially the priests The most important people, especially the priests

and warriors, were members of the urban classes and warriors, were members of the urban classes and lived closest to the large ceremonial and lived closest to the large ceremonial pyramids and other temples. pyramids and other temples. 

They were surrounded by a middle class of They were surrounded by a middle class of artisans and then, in descending order: farmers artisans and then, in descending order: farmers and fishermen, servants, slaves and beggars. and fishermen, servants, slaves and beggars.

The priests and warriors were both honored and The priests and warriors were both honored and obeyed. They are the people most frequently obeyed. They are the people most frequently shown in ceramics, which depict them being shown in ceramics, which depict them being carried in litters wearing particularly fine jewelry carried in litters wearing particularly fine jewelry or clothing. or clothing.

Their authority is evident from pots showing Their authority is evident from pots showing scenes of punishment, including the mutilation scenes of punishment, including the mutilation and death of those who dared to disobey.  and death of those who dared to disobey. 

Moche Ceramics and MetallurgyMoche Ceramics and Metallurgy Clothing, musical instruments, tools and jewelry Clothing, musical instruments, tools and jewelry

are all frequent subjects for ceramics. are all frequent subjects for ceramics. As there was no written language, most of what As there was no written language, most of what

we know about the Moche comes from this wealth we know about the Moche comes from this wealth of pottery. of pottery. 

The ceramics also show us that the Moche had The ceramics also show us that the Moche had well-developed weaving techniques but, because well-developed weaving techniques but, because of rare rainstorms every few decades, most of of rare rainstorms every few decades, most of their textiles have been destroyed. their textiles have been destroyed. 

Metalwork, on the other hand, has survived. They Metalwork, on the other hand, has survived. They used gold, silver and copper mainly for used gold, silver and copper mainly for ornaments but some heavy copper implements ornaments but some heavy copper implements have also been found.have also been found.

Sipan Site, northern part of PeruSipan Site, northern part of Peru

http://www.spiritsoftheearth.com/sipan.html

Lord of SipanLord of Sipan

Half god, half man, king among his Half god, half man, king among his people, a privileged person, a noble, people, a privileged person, a noble, a warrior, lord over the lords of his a warrior, lord over the lords of his time, the Lord of Sipan was revealed time, the Lord of Sipan was revealed to the world in the last years of the to the world in the last years of the 20th century. 20th century.

He reigned approximately 200 A.D. He reigned approximately 200 A.D. and died about 40 years of age.and died about 40 years of age.

Lord of SipanLord of Sipan

A re-creation of the tomb, aids and wives were buried with him.

The Moche believed in the afterlife and many of their pottery remains show people in a meditative pose.

http://www.spiritsoftheearth.com/sipan.html

Lord of Sipan: ReconstructionLord of Sipan: Reconstruction

NazcaNazca Located on the south coast, began in 100 BC and Located on the south coast, began in 100 BC and

was greatly influenced by Chavin and Paracoa, was greatly influenced by Chavin and Paracoa, but it reached its height between the 3rd and 9th but it reached its height between the 3rd and 9th centuries AD. centuries AD.

It was militaristic and aristocratic, with a strong It was militaristic and aristocratic, with a strong social class structure. They built underground social class structure. They built underground acqueducts to bring water from the mountains for acqueducts to bring water from the mountains for agriculture. agriculture.

Nasca is best known for the Nasca Lines, Nasca is best known for the Nasca Lines, geometric designs and animals constructed by geometric designs and animals constructed by paths across the desert and best seen from the paths across the desert and best seen from the air. air.

Their purpose is not known but some Their purpose is not known but some archaeologists believe they are related to the archaeologists believe they are related to the mountain gods. mountain gods.

Nazca TextilesNazca Textiles

http://ibelgique.ifrance.com/nazcagre21/histoire.htm

Nazca LinesNazca Lines

Hummingbird

BirdBird

LizardLizard

SpiderSpider

FishFish

Post-ClassicPost-ClassicTIAHUANCO (Tiwanaku)TIAHUANCO (Tiwanaku)

HUARI HUARI

CHIMUCHIMU

TiwanakuTiwanaku

http://www.tiwanakuarcheo.net/1_main/cuerpo2.html#intro

TiwanakuTiwanaku

The Tiwanaku polity dominated the The Tiwanaku polity dominated the south central Andes between ca. AD south central Andes between ca. AD 400-1000.400-1000.

The population settling the Tiwanaku The population settling the Tiwanaku core area came to dominate the core area came to dominate the region as the capital of the most region as the capital of the most important polity by A.D. 400. important polity by A.D. 400.

Tiwanaku ArchitectureTiwanaku Architecture

http://www.jqjacobs.net/andes/tiwanaku.html

Tiwanaku CeramicsTiwanaku Ceramics

http://www.jqjacobs.net/andes/tiwanaku.html

Stone Carvings at TiwanakuStone Carvings at Tiwanaku

http://www.jqjacobs.net/andes/tiwanaku.html

HuariHuari Huari culture is a sythesis of the Huanta, Nasca Huari culture is a sythesis of the Huanta, Nasca

and Tiahuanaco cultures. and Tiahuanaco cultures. The civilization covered an area from the Moche The civilization covered an area from the Moche

in the north to Arequipa in the south. in the north to Arequipa in the south. The Huari culture is considered to be one of the The Huari culture is considered to be one of the

greatest cultures in ancient Peru, not only for its greatest cultures in ancient Peru, not only for its technical advances but for its influence. Some technical advances but for its influence. Some archaeologists believe the Huari created an archaeologists believe the Huari created an empire before the Inca. empire before the Inca.

They expanded their territory through war and They expanded their territory through war and spread the worship of the sun associated with spread the worship of the sun associated with Tiahuanaco. Tiahuanaco.

As they expanded they built huge cities to control As they expanded they built huge cities to control their territories, built roads for communication, their territories, built roads for communication, and spread the Quechua language. and spread the Quechua language.

Huari CultureHuari Culture

http://www.crystalinks.com/preinca.html

The ChimuThe Chimu

The next important period in the Trujillo The next important period in the Trujillo area, the Chimu, lasted from about 1000 area, the Chimu, lasted from about 1000 AD to 1470 AD. AD to 1470 AD.

The Chimu built a capital at Chan Chan, The Chimu built a capital at Chan Chan, just north of Trujillo. just north of Trujillo.

Chan Chan is the largest pre-Columbian Chan Chan is the largest pre-Columbian city in Peru, covering about 28 sq km, and city in Peru, covering about 28 sq km, and is estimated to have housed about 50,000 is estimated to have housed about 50,000 people.  people. 

The Chimu preceded the Incas who The Chimu preceded the Incas who conquered them in 1465-1470. conquered them in 1465-1470.

Chan ChanChan Chan

http://www.anthroarcheart.org/chanchan.htm

Mud walls, Chan ChanMud walls, Chan Chan

http://www.anthroarcheart.org/chanchan.htm

Chan ChanChan Chan

http://www.anthroarcheart.org/chanchan.htm

Similarities with Mesoamerican Similarities with Mesoamerican CivilzationsCivilzations

Powerful RulersPowerful Rulers Food ProductionFood Production HierarchyHierarchy Elaborate Ceremony and RitualElaborate Ceremony and Ritual

– Religion with human sacrificeReligion with human sacrifice Elaborate Cities and architectureElaborate Cities and architecture

Differences from Mesoamerican Differences from Mesoamerican CivlizationsCivlizations

Cities shorter livedCities shorter lived Not core like Basin of Mexico, power shifted Not core like Basin of Mexico, power shifted

between coast and Highlandsbetween coast and Highlands Animal Domestication more important-llama, Animal Domestication more important-llama,

alpaca, guinea pigs.alpaca, guinea pigs. Paved road systemPaved road system No writing systemNo writing system Numerical apparatus-quipu (knot)Numerical apparatus-quipu (knot) Better preservationBetter preservation Adobe housesAdobe houses TextilesTextiles Human remains-mummiesHuman remains-mummies