Equid BibliographyPrepared by the Equid Specialist Group, IUCN-Species Survival CommissionLast updated: June 2005

The following list of references derives from the collected bibliographies of several members of the Equid Specialist Group. We have tried to include only those references relevant to the ecology, behavior, and conservation of wild or feral equid populations. For example, there is a large literature on domestic horses that we have not attempted to include. We fully realize that this list is incomplete. We will try to update it at least annually. To help us, please send full references you think should be included (or excluded) to either Mace Hack (hackback1@cox.net) or Sarah King (king_srb@yahoo.com).

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1. Anderson, G.D. and L.M. Talbot, Soil factors affecting distribution of the grassland types and their utilization by wild animals on the Serengeti Plains Tanganyika. J. Ecol., 1965. 53: p. 1.

2. Anderson, G.D. and D.J. Herlocker, Soil factors affecting the distribution of the vegetation types and their utilization by wild animals in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. J. Ecol., 1973. 61: p. 627-651.

3. Antonius, O., On the geographical distribution, in former times and today, of the recent Equidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1937. 107(4): p. 557-564.

4. Archer, M., Preliminary studies on the palatability of grasses, legumes and herbs to horses. Vet. Rec., 1971. 89: p. 236-240.

5. Asa, C.S. Sociosexual behavior in the domestic pony. in Proceedings of a Conference on the Ecology and Behavior of Feral Equids. 1979. Laramie: University of Wyoming.

6. Baba, M., et al., A census of large mammals in Omo National Park, Ethiopia. Afr. J. Ecol., 1982. 20: p. 207-210.

7. Bahloul, K., et al., Social organization and dispersion of introduced kulans (Equus hemionus kulan) and Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii) in the Bukhara Reserve, Uzbekistan. J. Arid Environ., 2001. 47: p. 309-323.

8. Bannikov, A.G., Recent status of the wild ass in Mongolia. IUCN Bulletin, 1975. 6(4): p. 16.

9. Bard, J.B.L., A unity underlying the different zebra striping patterns. J. Zool., Lond., 1977. 183: p. 527-539.

10. Barnes, J.I. and J.L.V. de Jager, Economic and financial incentives for wildlife use on private land in Namibia and the implications for policy. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1996. 26(2): p. 37-46.

11. Bashore, T.L., et al., The accuracy of fixed-wing aerial surveys of feral horses on a coastal barrier island. J. Coastal Res., 1990. 6: p. 53-56.

12. Bauer, I.E., J. McMorrow, and D.W. Yalden, The historic ranges of three equid species in north-east Africa: a quantitative comparison of environmental tolerances. J. Biogeography, 1994. 21: p. 169-182.

13. Becker, C. and J. Ginsberg, Mother-infant behaviour of wild Grevy's zebra: adaptations for survival in semi-desert Africa. Anim. Behav., 1990. 40: p. 1111-1118.

14. Bell, R.H.V., A grazing ecosystem in the Serengeti. Sci. Amer., 1971. 225(1): p. 86-93.

15. Belonje, P.C. and C.H. van Niekirk, A review of the influence of nutrition upon the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare. J. Reprod. Fert., Suppl., 1975. 23: p. 167-169.

16. Ben-Shahar, R., Selectivity in large generalist herbivores: feeding patterns of African ungulates in a semi-arid habitat. Afr. J. Ecol., 1991. 29: p. 302-315.

17. Ben-Shahar, R., Habitat classification in relation to movements and densities of ungulates in a semi-arid savanna. Afr. J. Ecol., 1995. 33: p. 50-63.

18. Bennett, D.K., Stripes do not a zebra make, Part I: A cladistic analysis of Equus. Syst. Zool., 1980. 29(3): p. 272-287.

19. Berger, J., Organizational systems and dominance in feral horses in the Grand Canyon. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 1977. 2: p. 131-146.

20. Berger, J., The role of risks in mammalian combat: zebra and onager fights. Z. Tierpsychol., 1981. 56: p. 297-304.

21. Berger, J., Predation, sex ratios and male competition in equids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla). J. Zool., Lond., 1983. 201: p. 205-216.

22. Berger, J., Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses. Nature, 1983. 303: p. 59-61.

23. Berger, J., Interspecific interactions and dominance among wild Great Basin ungulates. J. Mamm., 1985. 66(3): p. 571-573.

24. Berger, J. and R. Rudman, Predation and interactions between coyotes and feral horse foals. J. Mamm., 1985. 66(2): p. 401-402.

25. Berger, J., Wild Horses of the Great Basin: Social Competition and Population Size. 1986, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

26. Berger, J. and C. Cunningham, Influence of familiarity on frequency of inbreeding in wild horses. Evolution, 1987. 41: p. 229-231.

27. Berger, J., Reproductive fates of dispersers in a harem-dwelling ungulate: the wild horse, in Mammalian Dispersal Patterns: The Effects of Social Structure on Population Genetics, B.D. Chepko-Sade and Z.T. Halpin, Editors. 1987, University of Chicago Press: Chicago. p. 41-54.

28. Berger, J. and C. Cunningham, Size-related effects on search times in North American grassland female ungulates. Ecology, 1988. 69(1): p. 177-183.

29. Berger, J., Social systems, resources, and phylogenetic inertia: an experimental test and its limitations., in Ecology of Social Behavior, C.N. Slobochikoff, Editor. 1988, Academic Press: San Diego. p. 157-186.

30. Berger, A., et al., Diurnal and ultradian rhythms of behaviour in a mare group of Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), measured through one year under semi-reserve conditions. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 1999. 64: p. 1-17.

31. Berry, M.P.S., A comparison of different wildlife production enterprises in the northern Cape Province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1986. 16(4): p. 124-128.

32. Blaine, G., Notes on the zebras and some antelopes of Angola. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1922. 317: p. 1-8.

33. Blunden, A.S., et al., Systemic infection by equid herpesvirus-1 in a Grevy's zebra stallion (Equus grevyi) with particular reference to genital pathology. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 1998. 119(4): p. 485-493.

34. Bokonyi, S., The Przevalsky horse. 1974, London: Souvenir Press.

35. Bos, H. Body condition scoring in free living Przewalski horses. in The International Symposium of the Przewalski Horse. 1999. Askania Nova.

36. Bouman, I., The reintroduction of Przewalski horses in the Hustain Nuruu Mountain Forest Steppe Reserve in Mongolia. Vol. 32. 1998, Mededelingen: Netherlands Commission for International Nature Protection.

37. Bouman, I., The future of the Przewalski horses at Hustai National Park. Przewalski Horse, 2001. 48: p. 28-38.

38. Bouman-Heinsdijk, I., Is re-introduction of Przewalski horses into the wild a realistic idea?, in Breeding Przewalski Horses in Captivity for Release into the Wild, J. Bouman, I. Bouman, and A. Groeneveld, Editors. 1982, Foundation for

Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse: Rotterdam, Netherlands. p. 176-220.

39. Boyd, L., The mare-foal demography of feral horses in Wyoming's Red Desert, in Proceedings of a Conference on the Ecology and Behavior of Feral Equids, R.H. Denniston, Editor. 1979, University of Wyoming: Laramie. p. 185-204.

40. Boyd, L., Time budgets of adult Przewalski horses: effects of sex, reproductive status and enclosure. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 1988. 21: p. 19-39.

41. Boyd, L., Ontogeny of behaviour in Przewalski horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 1988. 21: p. 41-69.

42. Boyd, L., D. Carbonaro, and K. Houpt, The 24-hour time budget of Przewalski horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 1988. 21: p. 5-17.

43. Boyd, L. and K. Houpt, eds. Przewalski's horse. The history and biology of an endangered species. 1994, SUNY: Albany, NY.

44. Boyd, L., The 24-h time budget of a takh harem stallion (Equus ferus przewalskii) pre- and post-reintroduction. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 1998. 60: p. 291-299.

45. Breen, M., et al., Intrageneric amplification of horse microsatellite markers with emphasis on the Przewalski's horse (E. przewalskii). Animal Genetics, 1994. 25: p. 401-405.

46. Breummer, F., The wild horses of Sable Island. Animals, 1967. 10: p. 14-17.

47. Briand Petersen, J.C. and R.L. Casebeer, A bibliography relating to the ecology and energetics of East African large mammals. E. Afr. Wildl. J., 1971. 9: p. 1-23.

48. Briand Petersen, J.C., An identification system for zebra (Equus burchelli, Gray). E. Afr. Wildl. J., 1972. 10: p. 59-63.

49. Brooks, P.M., Zebra, wildebeest and buffalo sub-population areas in the Hluhluwe-Corridor-Umfolozi Complex, Zululand, and their application in management. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1982. 12: p. 140-146.

50. Brooks, L., et al., Piroplasmosis of horses: what is known concerning transmission and disease risk? J. Equine Vet. Sci., 1996. 16(5): p. 184-188.

51. Brown, J.J., et al., Polymorphisms of the equine major histocompatibility complex class II DRA locus. Tissue Antigens, 2004. 64(2): p. 173-179.

52. Buisman, A.K. and R. van Weeren, Breeding and management of Przewalski horses in captivity, in Breeding Przewalski Horses in Captivity for Release into the Wild, J. Bouman, I. Bouman, and A. Groeneveld, Editors. 1982, Foundation

for Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse: Rotterdam, Netherlands. p. 77-160.

53. Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld, Vigilance in African mammals: differences among mothers, other females, and males. Behav., 1994. 131(3-4): p. 153-169.

54. Cabrera, A., Subspecific and individual variation in the Burchell zebras. J. Mamm., 1936. 17: p. 89-112.

55. Cameron, E.Z., Is suckling behaviour a useful predictor of milk intake? A review. Anim. Behav., 1998. 56: p. 521-532.

56. Cameron, E.Z. and W.L. Linklater, Individual mares bias investment in sons and daughters in relation to their condition. Anim. Behav., 2000. 60: p. 359-367.

57. Campbell, K. and M. Borner, Population trends and distribution of Serengeti herbivores: implications for management, in Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem, A.R.E. Sinclair and P. Arcese, Editors. 1995, University of Chicago: Chicago. p. 117-145.

58. Carson, K. and D.G.M. Wood-Gush, Equine behaviour: II. A review of the literature on feeding, eliminative and resting behaviour. Appl. Anim. Ethol., 1983. 10: p. 179-190.

59. Carson, K. and D.G.M. Wood-Gush, Equine behaviour: I. A review of the literature on social and dam-foal behaviour. Appl. Anim. Ethol., 1983. 10: p. 165-178.

60. Casebeer, R.L. and G.G. Koss, Food habits of wildebeest, zebra, hartebeest and cattle in Kenya Masailand. E. Afr. Wildl. J., 1970. 8: p. 25-36.

61. Castley, J.G. and M.H. Knight, Population status of plains zebra, Equus burchelli, in South African National Parks. 1997, Scientific Services, National Parks Board, Kimberley, South Africa.

62. Chaudhuri, M. and J.R. Ginsberg, Urinary testosterone concentrations and social status in two species of free ranging zebra (Equus burchelli and E. grevyi). J. Reprod. Fertil., 1989. 88: p. 127-133.

63. Child, G., Managing wildlife successfully in Zimbabwe. Oryx, 1995. 29(3): p. 171-177.

64. Christensen, J.W., et al., Social behaviour in stallion groups (Equus przewalskii and Equus caballus) kept under natural and domestic conditions. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 2002. 76: p. 11-20.

65. Chu, G.Z., et al., The summer habitat and population numbers of the Mongolian wild ass in the Kalamaili Mountains Wildlife Reserve, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 1985. 31(2): p. 178-186.

66. Clabby, J., The Natural History of the Horse. 1976, New York: Taplinger Publishing Company.

67. Clark, B., African wild ass. Oryx, 1982. 17(1): p. 28-31.

68. Clutton-Brock, T.H., P.J. Greenwood, and R.P. Powell, Ranks and relationships in Highland ponies and Highland cows. Z. Tierpsychol., 1976. 41: p. 202-216.

69. Coe, M.J., D.H. Cumming, and J. Phillipson, Biomass and production of large herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production. Oecologia, 1976. 22: p. 341-354.

70. Collery, L., The sexual and social behaviour of the Connemara pony. Brit. Vet. J., 1969. 125: p. 151-?

71. Conley, W., The potential for increase in horse and ass populations: a theoretical analysis, in Proceedings of a Conference on the Ecology and Behavior of Feral Equids, R.H. Denniston, Editor. 1979, University of Wyoming: Laramie. p. 221-234.

72. Cooper, S.M., The hunting behaviour of spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) in a region containing both sedentary and migratory. Afr. J. Ecol., 1990. 28: p. 131-141.

73. Cowan, I.M., Management implications of behaviour in the large herbivorous mammals, in The behaviour of ungulates and its relation to management, V. Geist and F. Walther, Editors. 1974, IUCN Publications. p. 921-934.

74. Crowe, D. Status of selected wildlife resources in Botswana and recommendations for conservation actions. in The Present Status of Wildlife and its Future in Botswana. 1995. Kalahari Conservation Society & Chobe Wildlife Trust.

75. Crowell-Davis, S. and K.A. Houpt, The ontogeny of flehmen in horses. Anim. Behav., 1985. 33: p. 739-745.

76. Crowell-Davis, S.L., K.A. Houpt, and C.M. Carini, Mutual grooming and nearest-neighbour relationships among foals of Equus caballus. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 1986. 15: p. 113-123.

77. Cumming, D.H.M., The influence of large herbivores on savanna structure in Africa, in Ecology of Tropical Savannas, B.J. Huntley and B.H. Walker, Editors. 1982, Springer-Verlag: New York. p. 217-245.

78. Cunningham, C. and J. Berger, Wild horses of the Granite Range. Natural History, 1986(April): p. 32-39.

79. Daniel, J.C., Ungulate conservation in India - Problems and prospects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 1991. 29(1-4): p. 348-359.

80. Dasmann, R.F. and A.S. Mossman, Abundance and population structure of wild ungulates in some areas of Southern Rhodesia. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 1962. 3.

81. Davies, R.J., Optimizing stocking mix and financial resources for game production. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1994. 24(4): p. 101-104.

82. Davies, C., et al., Aerial census of elephant and other large mammals in the Gonarezhou, Zambezi Valley, north-west Matebeleland, Sebungwe, Dande and communal land regions of Zimbabwe, July to November 1995. 1996, Department of National Parks & Wildlife Management, Harare, Zimbabwe.

83. de Boer, W.F. and H.H.T. Prins, Large herbivores that strive mightily but eat and drink as friends. Oecologia, 1990. 82: p. 264-274.

84. Denniston, R.H. The varying role of the male in feral horses. in Proceedings of a Conference on the Ecology and Behavior of Feral Equids. 1979. Laramie: University of Wyoming.

85. Donnelly, J., L.P. Phipps, and K.L. Watkins, Evidence of maternal antibodies to Babesia equi and B caballi in foals of seropositive mares. Equine Vet. J., 1982. 14(2): p. 126-128.

86. Dublin, H.T., et al., Does competition regulate ungulate populations? Further evidence from Serengeti, Tanzania. Oecologia, 1990. 82: p. 283-288.

87. Duncan, P., Time-budgets of Camargue horses. II. Time-budgets of adult horses and weaned sub-adults. Behav., 1979. 72: p. 26-49.

88. Duncan, P. and N. Vigne, The effect of group size in horses on the rate of attacks by blood-sucking flies. Anim. Behav., 1979. 27(2): p. 623-625.

89. Duncan, P. and P. Cowtan, An unusual choice of habitat helps Camargue horses to avoid blood-sucking flies. Biol. Behav., 1980. 5: p. 55-60.

90. Duncan, P., Foal killing by stallions. Appl. Anim. Ethol., 1982. 8: p. 567-570.

91. Duncan, P., Determinants of the use of habitat by horses in a Mediterranean wetland. J. Anim. Ecol., 1983. 52: p. 93-111.

92. Duncan, P., P.H. Harvey, and S.M. Wells, On lactation and associated behaviour in a natural herd of horses. Anim. Behav., 1984. 32: p. 255-263.

93. Duncan, P., et al., Reduction of inbreeding in a natural herd of horses. Anim. Behav., 1984. 32: p. 520-527.

94. Duncan, P., Time-budgets of Camargue horses III. Environmental influences. Behav., 1985. 92: p. 188-208.

95. Duncan, P., et al., Comparative nutrient extraction from forages by grazing bovids and equids: a test of the nutritional model of equid/bovid competition and coexistence. Oecologia, 1990. 84: p. 411-418.

96. Duncan, P., Horses and grasses: The nutritional ecology of equids and their impact on the Camargue. Ecological Series, ed. W.D. Billings, O.L. Lange, and H. Remmert. Vol. 87. 1992: Springer-Verlag, NY.

97. Duncan, P., ed. Zebras, Asses and Horses. An action plan for the conservation of wild equids. 1992, IUCN Species Survival Commission: Gland, Switzerland.

98. Dvoinos, G.M., V.A. Kharchenko, and N.S. Zviagintseva, Characteristics of the helminth community from Turkmen kulan, Equus hemionus. Parazitologiya, 1992. 26(3): p. 246-251.

99. DWNP, Status and trends of selected wildlife species in Botswana. 1995, Monitoring Unit, Research Division, Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP), Gaborone, Botswana.

100. East, R., Species-area curves and populations of large mammals in African savanna reserves. Biol. Cons., 1981. 21: p. 111-126.

101. East, R., Application of species-area curves to African savannah reserves. Afr. J. Ecol., 1983. 21: p. 123-128.

102. East, R., Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savanna mammals. Afr. J. Ecol., 1984. 22: p. 245-270.

103. Eberhardt, L.L., A.K. Majorowicz, and J.A. Wilcox, Apparent rates of increase for two feral horse herds. J. Wildl. Manage., 1982. 46: p. 367-374.

104. Edwards, P.J. and S. Hollis, The distribution of excreta on New Forest grassland used by cattle, ponies and deer. J. Appl. Ecol., 1982. 19: p. 953-964.

105. Ehlers, B., et al., Detection of new DNA polymerase genes of known and potentially novel herpesviruses by PCR with degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers. Virus Genes, 1999. 18(3): p. 211-220.

106. Eiselen, R., Estimating the trends in herbivore numbers in the Southern District of the Kruger National Park. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1994. 24(4): p. 95-100.

107. Ellard, M. and S. Crowell-Davis, Evaluating equine dominance in draft mares. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 1989. 24: p. 55-75.

108. Elzenga, J.W., Why zebras are striped. Swara, 1992. 15(4): p. 29-30.

109. Estes, R.D., Trials of a zebra herd stallion. Natural History, 1967. 76: p. 58-65.

110. Estes, R.D., Zebra offer clues to the way wild horses once lived. Smithsonian, 1974. 5: p. 100-107.

111. Feh, C., Social behaviour and relationships of Przewalski horses in Dutch semi-reserves. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 1988. 21: p. 171-187.

112. Feh, C., Long-term paternity data in relation to different aspects of rank for Camargue stallions, Equus caballus. Anim. Behav., 1990. 40(5): p. 995-996.

113. Feh, C. and J. de Mazières, Grooming at a preferred site reduces heart rate in horses. Anim. Behav., 1993. 46(6): p. 1191-1194.

114. Feh, C., T. Boldsukh, and C. Tourenq, Are family grous in equids a response to cooperative hunting by predators? The case of the Mongolian Kulans (Equus hemionus luteus Matsche). Revue Ecologie (Terre Vie), 1994. 49: p. 11-20.

115. Feh, C., S. Enchbold, and B. Munchtuya, Preliminary assessment of the Gurvan Saikhan National Conservation Park's potential for Gobi khulan (Equus hemionus luteus). 1996, GTZ: Ulaan Baatar.

116. Feh, C., Alliances and reproductive success in Camargue stallions. Anim. Behav., 1999. 57: p. 705-713.

117. Feh, C., Alliances between stallions are more than just multimale groups: reply to Linklater and Cameron (2000). Anim. Behav., 2001. 61: p. F27-F30.

118. Feh, C., et al., Ecology and structure of the Gobi khulan Equus hemionus subsp. in the Gobi B National Park, Mongolia. Biol. Cons., 2001. 101: p. 51-61.

119. Feist, J., Behavior of feral horses in the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range. 1971, University of Michigan.

120. Feist, J. and D. McCullough, Reproduction in feral horses. J. Reprod. Fert., Suppl., 1975. 23: p. 13-18.

121. Feist, J. and D. McCullough, Behaviour patterns and communication in feral horses. Z. Tierpsychol., 1976. 41: p. 337-371.

122. Fincham, D.A., J.C. Ellory, and J.D. Young, Characterization of a novel variant of amino-acid transport system ASC in erythrocytes from Przewalski horse

(Equus przewalskii). Canadian Journal of Phsiology and Pharmacology, 1992. 70(8): p. 1117-1127.

123. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), The Przewalski horse and restoration to its natural habitat in Mongolia. Vol. 61. 1986, Rome: FAO Animal Production and Health Paper.

124. Forsten, A., Indices in equid systematics and phylogeny. Ann. Zoo. Fenn., 1982. 19(3): p. 183-191.

125. Forsten, A., M+DNA timetable and the evolution of the genus Equus: Comparison of molecular and palaeontological evidence. Ann. Zool. Fenn., 1992. 28: p. 301-309.

126. Fox, J.L., C. Nurbu, and R.S. Chundawat, The mountain ungulates of Ladakh, India. Biological Conservation, 1991. 58(2): p. 167-190.

127. Franke Stevens, E., Contests between bands of feral horses for access to fresh water: The resident wins. Anim. Behav., 1988. 36: p. 1851-1853.

128. Franke Stevens, E., Instability of harems of feral horses in relation to season and presence of subordinate stallions. Behav., 1990. 112(3-4): p. 149-161.

129. Fraser, A.F., The Behaviour of the Horse. 1992, Wallingford, UK: C.A.B. International. 288.

130. Fuller, T.K., T.H. Nicholls, and P.W. Kat, Prey and estimated food consumption of African wild dogs in Kenya. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1995. 25(3): p. 106-110.

131. Gadi, I.K. and O.A. Ryder, Molecular cytogenetics of the Equidae. 2. Purification and cytological localization of a (G+C)-rich satellite DNA from Equus hemionus onager and cross species hybridization to Equus asinus chromosomes. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 1983. 35(2): p. 124-130.

132. Gakahu, C.G., Strategies of feeding behavior in the common zebra, Equus burchelli (Gray) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, in Proceedings of a Conference on the Ecology and Behavior of Feral Equids, R.H. Denniston, Editor. 1979, University of Wyoming: Laramie. p. 158.

133. Gallivan, G.J. and I.G. Horak, Body size and habitat as determinants of tick infestations of wild ungulates in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1997. 27(2): p. 63-70.

134. Ganslosser, U. and B. Dellert, Experimental alterations of food distribution in two species of captive equids (Equus burchelli and E-hemionus kulan). Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 1997. 9(1): p. 17.

135. Garrott, R.A. and L. Taylor, Dynamics of a feral horse population in Montana. J. Wildl. Manage., 1990. 54(4): p. 603-612.

136. Garrott, R.A., Sex ratios and differential survival of feral horses. J. Anim. Ecol., 1991. 60: p. 929-937.

137. Gasaway, W.C., K.T. Gasaway, and H.H. Berry, Persistent low densities of plains ungulates in the Etosha National Park, Namibia: testing the food-regulation hypothesis. Can. J. Zool., 1996. 74: p. 1556-1572.

138. Gates, S., A study of the home ranges of free-ranging Exmoor ponies. Mammal Rev., 1979. 9(1): p. 3-18.

139. George, M.J. and O.A. Ryder, Mitochondrial DNA evolution in the genus Equus. Mol. Biol. Evol., 1986. 3(6): p. 535-546.

140. Gibson, G., Do tsetse flies 'see' zebras? A field study of the visual response of tsetse to striped targets. Physiol. Entomol., 1992. 17: p. 141-147.

141. Ginsberg, J.R., Social behavior and mating strategies of an arid adapted equid: the Grevy's zebra. 1987, Princeton.

142. Ginsberg, J.R., The ecology of female behaviour and male mating success in the Grevy's zebra. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1989. 61: p. 89-110.

143. Ginsberg, J.R. and D.I. Rubenstein, Sperm competition and variation in zebra mating behavior. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 1990. 26: p. 427-434.

144. Ginsberg, J.R. and E.J. Milner-Gulland, Sex-biased harvesting and population dynamics in ungulates: implications for conservation and sustainable use. Conserv. Biol., 1994. 8(1): p. 157-166.

145. Gogan, P.J.P., Some aspects of nutrient utilization by Burchell's zebra Equus burchelli boehmi Matschie in the Serengeti-Mara region East Africa. 1973, Texas A. & M.

146. Goodloe, R.B., et al., Population characteristics of feral horses on Cumberland Island, Georgia and their management implications. J. Wildl. Manage., 2000. 64(1): p. 114-121.

147. Gordon, I.J. and W.K. Lindsay, Could mammalian herbivores "manage" their resources? Oikos, 1990. 59: p. 270-280.

148. Goyal, S.P., et al., Sardar Sarovar Project - a conservation threat to the Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur). Biological Conservation, 1999. 88(2): p. 277-284.

149. Grobler, J.H. and M.A. Jones, Population statistics and carrying capacity of large ungulates in the Whovi Wild Area, Rhodes Matopos National Park, Zimbabwe Rhodesia. S. Afr. Wildl. Res., 1980. 10: p. 38-42.

150. Groves, C.P., Horses, asses, and zebras in the wild. 1974, Hollywood, FL.: Curtis Books.

151. Groves, C.P. and D.P. Willoughby, Studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Equus 1. Subgeneric classification of the recent species. Mammalia, 1981. 45: p. 321-354.

152. Gwynne, M.D. and R.H.V. Bell, Selection of vegetation components by grazing ungulates in the Serengeti National Park. Nature, 1968. 220: p. 390-397.

153. Hafez, E.S.E., M. Williams, and S. Wierzbowski, The behaviour of horses, in The Behaviour of Domestic Animals, E.S.E. Hafez, Editor. 1962, Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore. p. 370-396.

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