andrew brandt, university of texas at arlington · andrew brandt, university of texas at arlington...
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Forward Protons from the SPS to the Tevatron
Andrew Brandt, University of Texas at Arlington
Physics SeminarMay 17, 2006DESY
Thanks for slides: Koji Terashi, Dino Goulianos, Mike Albrow,Rainer Wallny Michele Arneodo, and othersDOE, NSF, UTA, Texas ARP for support
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Examples of Soft Diffraction
Elastic “dip” Structure fromPhys. Rev. Lett. 54, 2180 (1985).
Elastic Single Diffraction
Priorto 1985
all diffractionwassoft
diffraction
Modeled by Regge TheoryAnalysis of poles in the complex angular momentum plane give rise to trajectories that describe particle exchange
P.D.B. Collins, An Introduction to Regge Theory and High Energy Physics, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1977
Non-perturbative QCD
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Ingelman-SchleinPropose Hard Diffraction possibility in 1985Factorization allows us to look at the diffractive reaction as atwo step process. Hadron A emits a Pomeron (pomeron flux) then partons in the Pomeron interact with hadron B in a standard QCD gg hard scattering. (basis of POMPYT, POMWIG MC’s)The Pomeron to leading order is proposed to have a minimal structure of two gluons in order to have quantum numbers of the vacuum A
A*
BJ1
J2P
X
My first trip toDESY was April 1987
to meet Gunnar, begin work onPYTHIA 4.8X, precursor to POMPYT
G. Ingelman and P. Schlein, Phys. Lett. B 152, 256 (1985)
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UA8
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UA8 = UA2 + Roman-pot Spectrometer
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UA8 Dijet Production in Diffraction
Hard Diffraction exists! Pomeron has a “super-hard” component.
A. Brandt et al., P.L. B 297(1992) 417 (196 citations!)
x(2-jet)
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CDF Confirms UA8 Result
K. Hatakeyama’sthesis, Rockefeller
2003
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Diffractive Deep Inelastic Scattering
e
p
HERA
Proton energy = 920 GeVElectron energy = 27.5 GeV√s=318 GeV
Q2 = virtuality of photon == (4-momentum exchanged at e vertex)2
t = (4-momentum exchanged at p vertex)2
typically: |t|<1 GeV2
W = invariant mass of photon-proton system
xIP = fraction of proton’s momentumtaken by Pomeron = ξ in Fermilab jargon
β = Bjorken’s variable for the Pomeron = fraction of Pomeron’s momentum carried by
struck quark
LRGIP
Q2
t
W X
e’
p’
γ*e
p
920 GeV27.5 GeV
√s ≈ 320 GeV
ZEUS
pe
X
e∆η
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p’p
ee’
IPdPDF
1) Diffractive PDFs: probability to find a parton of given x in the proton under condition that proton stays intact –sensitive to low-x partons in proton, complementary to standard PDFs(ingredient for all inclusive diffractiveprocesses at Tevatron and LHC)
Two fundamental physics quantities can be accessed in diffractive DIS: dPDFs and GPDs
Rather than IP exchange: probe diffractive PDFs of proton
2) Generalised Parton Distributions (GPD)quantify correlations between parton momenta in the proton; t-dependencesensitive to parton distribution in transverse plane
• When x’=x, GPDs are proportional to the square of the usual PDFs(ingredient for all exclusive diffractive processes)
VM, γ, exclusivedijets…Higgs
x’ xp p
γ∗
GPD
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Applying dPDFs to FNAL/LHC Requires Care
CDF data
Extrapolationfrom HERA
F D
GPDs and diffractive PDFs measured at HERA cannot be used blindly in pp (or ) interactions.
In addition to the hard diffractive scattering, there are soft interactions among spectator partons. They fill the rapidity gap and reduce the rate of diffractive events.
2
Multi-Pomeron-exchange effects (a.k.a. “renormalization”, “screening”,“shadowing”, “damping”, “absorption”)
pp
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CDF Run 1-0 (1988-89)Elastic, single diffractive, and total cross sections
@ 546 and 1800 GeVRoman Pot Spectrometers
Roman Pot DetectorsScintillation trigger countersWire chamber Double-sided silicon strip detector
ResultsTotal cross section σtot ~ sε
Elastic cross section dσ/dt ~ exp[2α’ lns] shrinking forward peakSingle diffraction Breakdown of Regge factorization
Additional DetectorsTrackers up to |η| = 7
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SSC is a four letterword in Texas 1992 Small-x
Workshop
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DØ Run I GapsDØ Run I Gaps
DESY seminar Oct. 1997 on DØ Hard
Diffraction leads to collaboration with young
Brian Cox
φ η
E
η
∆ηφ
η
•Pioneered central gaps between jets: Color-Singlet fractions at √s = 630 & 1800 GeV; Color-Singlet Dependence on ∆η, ET, √s (parton-x). PRL 72, 2332(1994); PRL 76, 734 (1996);PLB 440, 189 (1998)
•Observed forward gaps in jet events at √s = 630 & 1800 GeV. Rates much smaller than expected from naïve Ingelman-Schlein model. Require a different normalization and significant soft component to describe data. Large fraction of proton momentum frequently involved in collision.PLB 531, 52 (2002)
•Observed W and Z boson events with gaps: measured fractions, properties first observation of diffractive Z. PLB 574, 169 (2003)
• Observed jet events with forward/backward gaps at √s = 630 and 1800 GeV
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Diffractive W Boson
Predicts15-20%
of W’s arediffractively
produced
CDF {PRL 78 2698 (1997)} measured RW = 1.15 ± 0.55%where RW = Ratio of diffractive/non-diffractive W
a significance of 3.8σDIFFWsignal
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DØ Observation of Diffractive W/Z
Observed clear Diffractively produced W and Z boson signalsEvents have typical W/Z characteristicsBackground from fake W/Zgives negligible change in gap fractions
Sample Diffractive Probability BackgroundAll Fluctuates to Data
Central W (1.08 + 0.19 - 0.17)% 7.7σForward W (0.64 + 0.18 - 0.16)% 5.3σAll W (0.89 + 0.19 – 0.17)% 7.5σAll Z (1.44 + 0.61 - 0.52)% 4.4σ
ncalnL0
Diffractive W and Z Boson Signals
Central electron W Forward electron W
All Z
ncalnL0
ncalnL0
•Phys. Lett. B 574, 169 (2003)
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Soft Diffraction and Elastic Scattering:Inclusive Single Diffraction Elastic scattering (t dependence) Inclusive double pomeronSearch for glueballs/exotics
Hard Diffraction:Diffractive jetDiffractive b,c ,t Diffractive W/ZDiffractive photon Other hard diffractive topics Double Pomeron + jetsOther Hard Double Pomeron topics
Exclusive Production of Dijets
DØ Run II Diffractive TopicsDØ Run II Diffractive Topics
Topics in RED were studiedwith gaps only in Run I
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Diffractive Z ProductionEvent Selection: Z→µ+µ- EventsTwo Good (PT > 15GeV) Oppositely Charged TracksBoth Identified as muonsBKGD Rejection: Min one muon Isolated in Tracker and Calorimeter (suppress Heavy Flavour BKGD), Cosmic Ray Rejection.
Demand Activity North and South Forward Gap (North or South)
Mass (GeV)0 100 200 300
Eve
nts
/ G
eV
200
400
600
800
1000
Mass (GeV)0 100 200 300
Ev
en
ts /
2 G
eV
5
10
15
20
25
DØ PrelimDØ Prelim
Candidate Diffractive Z Events
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Forward Proton DetectorNine independent spectrometers each consisting of two detectors
z [m]
QuadrupoleMagnets
Separator
DipoleMagnets
Separator
PDOWN SpectrometerDipoleSpectrometer ADOWN Spectrometer
AUP Spectrometer PUP Spectrometer
IP
Reconstruct particle tracks from detector (scintillating fiber) hits
Scattered antiprotons Scattered Protons
QuadrupoleMagnets
78 nsec109 nsec 78 nsec 109 nsec200 nsec
Dipole Spectrometer Quadrupole Spectrometers
|t| ~ 0.0 GeV2 |t| > 0.8 GeV2
ξ > 0.04 ξ > 0.0
18 Pots integrated into DØ readout and inserted every storesince Jan 2004Simultaneously tag/reconstruct protons and antiprotons
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TDC’S!
Brown U.Hardware
commissioned by Manchester Engineers
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Elastics/Halo BackgroundA1U A2U
P2DP1D
P
Pbar
LMVCElastic
78 nsec
109nsec
78 nsec
109nsec
A1U A2U
P2DP1D
LMVC
Proton Halo
-78 nsec
-109nsec
In-time Bit set if pulse detected (above threshold) in in-time windowHalo Timing Bit set if pulse detected in early time window
double halo could be backgroundto elastics
p
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Large β* Store
Physics Goals:1. Low-t
elastic scattering
2. Low-t single diffractive and double pomeronscattering
Two day run of accelerator at injection tune β*=1.6 m1x1 bunchLum=0.5E30
Estimatedt range accessible with injection tune
pot position
integrated luminosity
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Hit Maps from 1x1 StoreLarge β∗ store (4647)(no low β squeeze)Typical Store
20 Million events; first results this summer/fall
potstypically
9-15σfrom beam
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(no jet ET dependence either)
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CDF Exclusive Dijets in Run IPRL 85 (2000) 4215
Expected shape of signal events
Dijet Mass fraction X
jjjj M
MR =
Exclusive dijet limit: σjj (excl.) < 3.7 nb (95% CL)
Theoretical expectation (KMR) ~1 nb
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Hard Diffraction hascome a long way from UA8
days (from the SPS to Fermilab via HERA)
SPS: Jets, FNAL: W/Z, at LHC: Higgs?