ANATOMI ANATOMI FISIOLOGIFISIOLOGIMUSKULOSKELETALMUSKULOSKELETAL

FUNGSIFUNGSI

Memberikan bentuk pada tubuh Memberikan bentuk pada tubuh Melindungi alat yang lunak dan penting Melindungi alat yang lunak dan penting

seperti otak, jantung dan paru-paruseperti otak, jantung dan paru-paruTempat melekatnya otot untuk pergerakan Tempat melekatnya otot untuk pergerakan

tubuh dengan perantara otottubuh dengan perantara ototTempat pembuatan sel darah merahTempat pembuatan sel darah merah

Tubuh kita terdiri atas 206 rb tulangTubuh kita terdiri atas 206 rb tulang

The The musculoskeletal systemmusculoskeletal system consists of the skeletal consists of the skeletal system -- bones and joints (union of two or more bones) system -- bones and joints (union of two or more bones) --  and the --  and the skeletalskeletal muscle system muscle system (voluntary or (voluntary or striated muscles). These two systems work together to striated muscles). These two systems work together to provide basic functions that are essential to life, provide basic functions that are essential to life, including: including:

Protection: protects the brain and internal organs Protection: protects the brain and internal organs Support: maintains upright posture Support: maintains upright posture Blood cell formation: Blood cell formation: hematopoiesishematopoiesis Mineral homeostasis Mineral homeostasis Storage: stores fat and minerals. Storage: stores fat and minerals. Leverage: A lever is a simple machine that magnifies Leverage: A lever is a simple machine that magnifies

speed of movement or force. The levers are mainly the speed of movement or force. The levers are mainly the long bones of the body and the axes are the joints where long bones of the body and the axes are the joints where the bones meet. the bones meet.

Struktur

• bones,  • ligaments (attaching

bone to bone)  • cartilage (protective

gel-like subtance lining the joints and intervertebral discs), 

• skeletal muscles, and  • tendons (attaching

muscle to bone). 

Jenis Tulang

1. Tulang keras (osteon) Strukturnya terdiri dari diafise pada bagian tengah

dan epifise di ujung2nya. Ujung tulang dilapisi oleh tulang rawan yg

memudahkan gerakan sendi Permukaan luar tulang dibungkus oleh selaput yg

disebut periosteum menyerupai jaringan ikat

terdiri atas osteosit ( sel tulang keras ) terdiri atas osteosit ( sel tulang keras ) osteoblast----osteosit--lakuna---kanalikuliosteoblast----osteosit--lakuna---kanalikuli

matriksnya terdiri atas serabut kolagen matriksnya terdiri atas serabut kolagen dan bahan anorganik ( Ca, Mg, Na, K ) dan bahan anorganik ( Ca, Mg, Na, K ) shg keras.shg keras.

osteosit tersusun secara konsentris osteosit tersusun secara konsentris membentuk lamela yang mengelilingi membentuk lamela yang mengelilingi sitem Havers ( di dalamnya ada kapiler sitem Havers ( di dalamnya ada kapiler darah dan saraf untuk mensuplai makanan darah dan saraf untuk mensuplai makanan

2. Jaringan Tulang rawan ( Kartilago )

- Bersifat kuat dan lentur ( elastis )

- Terdiri atas sel tlg rawan ( kondrosit )

- Berfungsi:s/ rangka tubuh waktu embrioMenunjang jaringan lemak dan organ

dalamMelicinkan permukaan tulang dan

sendi

- Tidak memiliki saraf dan pembuluh darah

Jenis Tulang Rawan

Kartilago

T.R. HialinEx; ujung rusuk ,

Cakra epifise, sendi -putih kebiruan

t. R. ElastisEx: daun telinga,

Hidung, bronkhiolus -kuning

t.r. FibrosaEx: simfisis pubis

-gelap dan keruh

Struktur rangka tubuh

Susunan Tulang• Cranial bones:

– frontal bone – parietal bone (2) – temporal bone (2) – occipital bone – sphenoid bone – ethmoid bone

• Facial bones: – mandible – maxilla (2) – palatine bone (2) – zygomatic bone (2) – nasal bone (2) – lacrimal bone (2) – vomer bone – inferior nasal conchae (2)

• In the middle ears (6):– malleus (2) – incus (2) – stapes (2)

• In the throat (1):– hyoid bone

• In the shoulder girdle (4):– scapula or shoulder blade (2) – clavicle or collarbone (2)

• In the thorax (25 or 27):• sternum

– Can be considered as three bones; manubrium, body of sternum (gladiolus) and xiphoid process

• ribs (2 x 12)

• In the vertebral column (24):– cervical vertebrae (7) – thoracic vertebrae (12) – lumbar vertebrae (5)

• In the arms (2):– humerus (2)

• In the forearms (4):– radius (2) – ulna (2)

• In the hands (54):– Carpal (wrist) bones: – scaphoid bone (2) – lunate bone (2) – triquetral bone (2) – pisiform bone (2) – trapezium (2) – trapezoid bone (2) – capitate bone (2) – hamate bone (2)

• In the pelvis (4):– coccyx – sacrum – hip bone (innominate bone or

coxal bone) (2) • In the thighs (2):

– femur (2) • In the legs (6):

– patella (2) – tibia (2) – fibula (2)

• In the feet (52):– Tarsal (ankle) bones: – calcaneus (heel bone) (2) – talus (2) – navicular bone (2) – medial cuneiform bone (2) – intermediate cuneiform bone (2) – lateral cuneiform bone (2) – cuboid bone (2)

Perkembangan motorik

Jenis otot

Skeletal/ voluntary/striated : sebagian besar ototPada tubuh manusia. Dikendalikan otot saraf somatic

smooth (or visceral) muscle, forming the muscle layers in the walls of the digestive tract, bladder, various ducts, arteries and veins, and other internal organs. Smooth- muscle cells are elongated and thin, not striated, have only one nucleus, and interlace to form sheets rather than bundles of muscles. Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

cardiac (or heart) muscle, a cross between the smooth and striated muscles, comprising the heart tissue. Like smooth muscle, it is innervated by the autonomic nervous system  (ANS).

Each of more than 600 muscles is served by nerves which link the muscle to the brain and

spinal cord. 

Susunan otot• 1 Muscles of head and neck: t

he head – 1.1 Scalp/Eyelid – 1.2 Extraocular – 1.3 Intraocular – 1.4 Ear – 1.5 Nose – 1.6 Mouth – 1.7 Mastication – 1.8 Tongue

• 1.8.1 Extrinsic • 1.8.2 Intrinsic

– 1.9 Soft palate – 1.10 Pharynx – 1.11 Larynx

• 2 Muscles of head and neck: the neck – 2.1 Cervical – 2.2 Suprahyoid – 2.3 Infrahyoid/Strap – 2.4 Vertebral

• 2.4.1 Anterior • 2.4.2 Lateral

• 3 Muscles of torso – 3.1 Back – 3.2 Suboccipital – 3.3 Chest – 3.4 Abdomen – 3.5 Pelvis – 3.6 Perineum

Gambar otot

Sendi/joint

How We Move

Skeletal muscles, attached to bone by tendons, produce movement by bending the skeleton at movable joints. The connecting tendon closest to the body or head is called the proximal attachment: this is termed the origin of the muscle. The other end, the distal attachment, is called the insertion. During contraction, the origin remains stationary and the insertion moves.