angels & demons: physics, antimatter, and armageddon · physics, antimatter, and armageddon #...
TRANSCRIPT
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Produced by and for Hot Science - Cool Talks by the Environmental Science Institute. We request that
the use of these materials include an acknowledgement of the presenter and Hot Science - Cool Talks
by the Environmental Science Institute at UT Austin. We hope you find these materials educational
and enjoyable.
Dr. Sacha Kopp
February 19, 2010
Angels & Demons:
Physics, Antimatter, and Armageddon
# 64
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Hot Science - Cool Talks #64
Angels &Demons
Physics, Antimatter
&Armageddon
Sacha Kopp
The University of Texas at Austin
19 February 2010
Presented by the Environmental Science Institute, the College of Natural Sciences and the Jackson School of
Geosciences at The University of Texas at Austin
University
of Texas
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University
of Texas
Suggest inserting the movie “International Trailer C”
THE MOVIE
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University
of Texas
The Plot
• Antimatter is stolen from
CERN’s Large Hadron
Collider and hidden in
Vatican City.
• Countdown to Vatican
annihilation begins.
• Race through Rome to
avert death and
destruction.
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University
of Texas
Hollywood’s CERN
photo credit: Sony Motion Pictures
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University
of Texas
Real-life CERN
Near Geneva, Switzerland
Not top secret
© C
ER
N
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University
of Texas
Towards international collaboration
• First proposed by Louis
deBroglie, Neils Bohr, Pierre
Auger, and others
• Founded 1954
• Bring together nations of
Europe in spirit of scientific
collaboration (aftermath of
World War II)
photo credit: CERN
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University
of Texas
CERN
• European Laboratory for
Particle Physics
• 20 member countries
• More than 9,000 scientists
• Over 100 nationalities
• More than 1,000 from U.S.
universities and labs
© C
ER
N
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University
of Texas
Hollywood’s Large Hadron Collider
photo credit: Sony Entertainment
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University
of Texas
TRUE: large array of computers, links to experiments
The Real LHC Control Room
FALSE: not right next to LHC detectors photo credit: CERN
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University
of Texas
Sun will never set on LHC. Daytime USA = night in Switzerland
Remote LHC Control Room in U.S.A.
Modern internet and computing ==> remote monitoring of LHC. photo credit: Fermilab
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University
of Texas
The real LHC
• The world’s most powerful particle accelerator – 14 TeV
• 16.8 miles around, 330 feet underground
© C
ER
N
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University
of Texas
The CERN accelerator complex
image credit: CERN
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University
of Texas
The Large Hadron Collider…
photo credit: CERN
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University
of Texas
… is really LARGE!!
• Time for fast
marathon runner to
sprint around
once: 2 hours?
• Time for the proton
beam: 1/10,000th
of a second
UT
Austin-
Bergstrom
Airport
Town Lake
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University
of Texas
Will smash particles into
each other…
…to re-create the conditions
of the early Universe
The LHC
© C
ER
N
© C
ER
N
Info. from LHC detectors will equal ENTIRE world telecommunications traffic!
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University
of Texas
Computer simulation of proton-proton collision
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University
of Texas
Blast Furnace ~ ¼ eV
Just how much energy …
Tesla coils – 250,000 eV
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University
of Texas
Van de Graaf – 5,000,000 eV
…is 14 TeV anyway??
Fermilab – 1,000,000,000,000eV
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University
of Texas
• put newspaper clippings
about black holes
• put video clip of black
hole
Can the LHC really destroy the world …
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University
of Texas
… As seen on the “Daily Show”
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University
of Texas
Antimatter
• It’s real
• It’s produced at the Large
Hadron Collider
• Enough of it could
destroy Rome
• What is it? ?photo credit: Sony Motion Pictures
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University
of Texas
ANTIMATTER
Suggest inserting “The God particle” movie clip
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University
of Texas
Particles in various combinations
What is matter?
Quarks Leptons
up
down
charm
strange
top
bottom
electron muon tau
electron
neutrino
muon
neutrino
tau
neutrino
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University
of Texas
Building a universe
proton neutron
Multiply by billions and billions and billions and billions…
electron
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University
of Texas
For every particle There is an antiparticle
Where does antimatter fit?
Particles and antiparticles have opposite electric charge
up
down
electron
electron
neutrino
anti-up
anti-down
positron
Anti-electron
neutrino
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University
of Texas
Anti-Tom Hanks Tom Hanks
Matter vs. Antimatter
Would look
very much
like
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University
of Texas
Matter vs. Antimatter
But were they to meet…
E=mc2
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University
of Texas
Our first introduction to Antimatter
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University
of Texas
KCl is salt substitute
K40 is 0.012% of all Potassium
Has too many neutrons
compared to stable K39.
Transmutes one proton by
ejecting a positron from
nucleus:
K40Ar39+e++ne
K40 is antimatter producer
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University
of Texas
PET Scans
Antimatter can be used for
Court
esy N
IH
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University
of Texas
Harvard cyclotron, 1955
Making isotopes for PET (C11, N13, O15, F18)
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University
of Texas
Detecting simultaneous gamma rays
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University
of Texas
Assessing brain activity
Normal Sleep REM Sleep
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University
of Texas
Reduced blood flow to organs of smokers
Proc. Nat’l Acad. of Sciences, 9/28/03, "Low Monoamine Oxidase B in Peripheral Organs in Smokers."
Smoker Non Smoker
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University
of Texas
Before chemotherapy
Assessing CHEMO effectiveness
After chemotherapy
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University
of Texas
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University
of Texas
“CAT SCANS ARE
FOR FELINES.
I’LL GIVE YOUR
DOG A PET SCAN.”
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University
of Texas
YOU DIDN’T WASH
THE MATTER WITH
THE ANTI-MATTER
AGAIN, DID YOU?
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University
of Texas
Nature does, all the time!
CAN WE MAKE ANTIMATTER?
© L
.Bre
t/ N
ovapix
/AS
PE
RA
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University
of TexasExample of cosmic rays: Aurora Borealis
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University
of Texas
Incoming cosmic ray
breaks up a nucleus
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University
of Texas
QUANTUM OF ENERGY SPLITS INTO MATTER-ANTIMATTER
g e+
e-
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University
of Texas
We can, and do …
CAN WE MAKE ANTIMATTER?
In particle accelerators
SLA
C N
ational A
ccele
rato
r Labora
tory
Ferm
ilab
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University
of Texas
p
p -
p -
p -p-
m+
p+
p+p+
p+
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University
of Texas
Proton-antiprotons at 2 TeV: make t quark
muon
neutrino
jet
jetjet
jet
Image credits: Fermilab
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University
of Texas
ANGELS & DEMONS & ANTIMATTER
• Rome is threatened by ¼ gram of
antimatter
• Annihilation of ¼ g matter + ¼ g
antimatter = 10 kilotons of TNT
• More than enough to destroy the Vatican
¼ gram
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University
of Texas
• Hiroshima atomic bomb was
equivalent to 15kton of TNT
• To actually haul 10 kton of
TNT would require a cargo
train with 100 cars.
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University
of Texas
ANTIMATTER’S NO THREAT
• We make very little antimatter
• Fermilab creates 2.3 nanograms of antiprotons per year
• It would take 109 million yrs to make ¼ gram (longer @ CERN)
• Energy required to make ¼ gram would equal entire world’s energy consumption for 30 years!
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University
of Texas
Fermilab: the anti-matter factory!
Image credit: Fermilab
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University
of Texas
ACTUAL TRAPPING OF PARTICLES
• Laser-trapping of atoms
• Nobel prize 1997
(Steven Chu, current
Secretary of Energy!)
• Research here at UT!
(Profs. Dan Heinzen,
Mark Raizen)
photo American Physical Society/NIST
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University
of Texas
ANTIMATTER’S NO THREAT
• It’s not portable
© C
ER
N
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University
of Texas
ACTUAL TRAPPING OF PARTICLES
• Laser-trapping of atoms
• Nobel prize 1997
(Steven Chu, current
Secretary of Energy!)
• Research here at UT!
(Profs. Dan Heinzen,
Mark Raizen)
photo American Physical Society/NIST
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ANTIMATTER CAN’T BE USED FOR
• Power
• Have to make every single antiparticle
• More energy goes in than is produced – 1 in 10^6
• Spaceships
• need an amount
of antimatter
like your fist
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BOOK SUGGESTS CERN HAS X33 SPACECRAFT
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MORE TYPICAL CERN VEHICLE
More typical of a “Mr. Bean” television episode than of space vehicle.
Image credit: Prof. Trisha Vahle
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THE MYSTERY OF ANTIMATTER
• We exist because there
is almost no antimatter
around
• It wasn’t always that
way
NASA/STScI/G.Bacon
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THE BIG BANG
• 14 billion years ago, the
Big Bang produced equal
amounts of matter and
antimatter
• Everything should have
annihilated
• Instead…
Hitoshi M
ura
yam
a
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• Particle accelerators
produce matter (quarks)
and antimatter (anti-
quarks)
• Study the difference
between them
• Prof. Jack Ritchie and
Roy Schwitters
With quarks
SOLVING THE MYSTERY
SLA
C N
ational A
ccele
rato
r Labora
tory
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University
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SOLVING THE MYSTERY
• Neutrinos come in three
types
• They can spontaneously
switch
• Could provide answers to
diff in matter, antimatter
• Prof. Karol Lang and S.K.
With neutrinos
Fe
rmila
b
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Tevatron Large Hadron Collider
The search is on
Ferm
ilab
© C
ER
N
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Phrase coined by Leon Lederman
• Nobel prize winner in 1988
• Former director of Fermilab
• Actually called it the “goddamned
particle” because it’s difficult to find
• Higgs boson gives other particles
their mass (predicted 1964!)
• Central goal of the LHC!
“THE GOD PARTICLE”
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Presentation of ResultsCERN 1986
Brookhaven
CERN 1990
FNAL CDF
ALICE
CMS
FNAL 1975
CERN 1976
CERN 1992
Brookhaven
ALICE
Accelerator Center-of-Mass Energy (GeV)
Num
. C
harg
ed P
art
icle
s
Dr. Fabiola Gianotti, 18 Dec. 2009
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The thrill of discovery
• International collaboration
• Seeing your own ideas
brought to life
• “Game changers” of
science that re-write the
textbooks
Today’s science is
tomorrow’s technology
• PET imaging
• Proton accelerator cancer
therapy
• High-speed computers
• World Wide Web
• Detectors for national
security
So Why do ‘Big science’
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University
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THANK YOU
For more information
www.uslhc.us
www.fnal.gov
www.cern.ch
University
of Texas
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University
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RESOURCES FROM
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Request a visit from the
Physics Circus
Come to a Saturday
Physics Workshop
Hands-On-Science™
Inquiry-Based Curriculum
University
of Texas
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Dr. Sacha Kopp
Dr. Sacha Kopp’s research is in the field of
elementary particle physics. He studies the
collision of subatomic particles at accelerator
laboratories at Cornell University and the
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. His
current research addresses the question: Do
particles known as neutrinos have mass?