SÉRIE TERRA E AGUA

DO INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACAO AGRONÓMICA

C O M U N I C A C A O . No.33

, ? * -

. 'C. C-

.: .r

A N G O N I A LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL SURVEY AND LAND EVALUATION

FOR R U R A L D E V E L O P M E N T PLANNING ANGONIA DISTRICT, TETE P R O V I N C E

' Vol .5

C l ima te , a g r o - c l i m a t i c zones and

a g r o - c l i m a t i c s u i t a b i l i t y

R. L. Voortman f

B. Spiers

ISIIC LIBRARY . . . j _ > . , •

M Ï - 1986 .05

ffageningenlr.'s The Netherlands

1986 Maputo, Mozambique

ISRIC LIBRARY 1 Ü2^ W.o^

../',.'* •'•• SERIE. TERRA E AGUA

DG INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE•INVESTIGACAO AGRONOMICA

Communicacao No. 33

£** M G5 O N #=%

LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGICAL SURVEY AND LAND EVAI ..ÖTTHM ' PQR RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ANGONIA DISTRICT, TETE P R O ^ N c !

VOL.5 CLIMATE, ABRQ-CHMATIC ZONES AND

AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY

iV

R.L. Voortman and

' B. Spiers

FA0/M0Z/S1/015

Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact soll.lsrlaawur m indicating the item reference number concerned.

Maputo,Mozambique March 1986

<3L%T:81

The present report is one volume of a series of seven, which document a land resource survey and land evaluation study of the Angonia district, Tete province, Mozambique. The complete series consists of the following volumes:

VOL. 1 INTRODUCTION AND' SUMMARY REPORT

VOL. 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND, PRESENT LAND USE AND ITS PERSPECTIVES >

VOL. 3 LAND ECOLOGY; SURVEY APPROACH, DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS • .

VOL:- 4 LANDSCAPES AND LAND UNITS • '

VOL. 5 CLIMATE, AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES AND AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY

VOL. 6 LAND EVALUATION, LAND SUITABILITY AND RECOMMENDED LAND USE

VOL. 7 MAP APPENDIX

A i -Map of Recommended Land Use and Land Suitabili­t y f or 'Maize (scale 1:100 000; 2mapsheets)

B Land Unit map (scale 1:100 000; 2 mapsheets)

C Map of Present Land Use and Degradation v" '. (scale 1:100 000; 2 mapsheets)

' - I ' . •:,.. ' ; >

D. I Map of Dominant Slope Classes (scale 1:100 000; '1 " < • 2 mapsheets)

\ E" Map'öf Surface Drainage by Stream Flow -.-_ (scale 1:100 000; 2 mapsheets)

F Land Unit Map (scale 1:50 000; 9 mapsheets + legend sheet) '

G "Land Unit map (scale 1:250 000)

H- Land Use map (scale 1:250 000) ''

, • . t ... i

\l Observation point map; on land unit map base - '. .--•• (scale 1:100 000;. 2 . mapsheets) ' ...

I-

CONTENTS i t.

'i-.L. iM

1 "• INTRODUCTION^.' ' " V ." • '* ' ' " -•• ' • " ' .1.

2 " WEATHER SYSTEMS"AND WINDS '"'" •."'•"'" * 4

3 CLIMATIC DATA -'.l ''"/ -5 3.1 Meteorological and rainfall stations , ' • ,. 5 .3.2' Precipitation ' -5 3.*3 Rainfall erosivity ' 9 3.4 . Temperature .'...', ,, ,. ...... ll

3.5 Other 'climatic factors ( ' ' 1 1 3/6 'Potential evapbtranspiration (ET-Penman,AGP) 14

4 V AGRO-CCIMATIC ZONES '"' ' ''' 16 l4'. 1 Length of the growing period 16 4.2 Growing period pattern 18

. ',.„ 4.3.1 „Beginning and end of the growing period 21 ' 4.4 ' 'Moisture conditions during the growing period 21 . . 4.5 Thermal zones 22

4.6 Agro-climatic zones . . ' . , . 26 , 4 . 7 * Browing period length and pattern and the

^distribution of' present land use 26 t 4.8 " Angoriia!s'climatic resources in National

perspective •*••*'• 26

5 ' .. CLIMATIC" CROP REQUIREMENTS ." / 28

6.'' AGROfCLIMATIC SUITABILITr.ASSESSMENT,' 31 ," ̂ '„6l. 1* 't Evaluation'of thermal .zones. ",. 31

6.2'. Evaluation of the length of^the growing period 32 ,', r 6'. 3_ .'.* Evaluation of." the variability, f or short .

"'_.'duration'gr/ówirig s periods ' ,,,... T'. 34 '\ 6. 4 *.;, Agro-cl imatic'suitabi lity assessment 35

|7" 7 ', :AGRO^CLIMATIC .CROPPING PATTERN ZONES .,.. , 50

REFERENCES" :~ ' ,,"',;, \' V,„ \ ' 52

Appendix, A: .CLIMATE ,'f" \ ','/ 54 . Al:.Meteorological and rainfall, stations;(altitude,

.coordinates, numbers of years recorded) 55 A2: Mean monthly temperatures; measured values at

stations in Angonia and at similar latitudes 57 A3: Correlation between altitude and evapotranspiration "58

Appendix B: CROP REQUIREMENTS 59 Bl: Crop climatic adaptability groups 60

Appendix C: AGRO-CLIMATIC EVALUATION 64 CI: Adapted LGP evaluation rules 65 C2: Agro-climatic suitability ratings by thermal zone

and LGP 70

LIST OF TABLES

7 12

13

15<

17 24 24

29 33

34 » 35

LIST OF FIGURES.' • >

1 A l t i t u d e ' m a p - ••' • i • > 2 2 i Location of meteorological and rainfall stations '• *. , 6

->Z- Mean annual rainfall map . * -. 8 '4^ Rainfall erosivity map 10 5 Length of growing period map 19 6 Growing-period pattern map - 20 7 Thermal zones map 25 8 CI imatic. resources inventory (map) '/-• 27 9 General legend agro-climatic suitability maps 36 10 Agro-climatic suitability maps - Maize 37 11 Agro-climatic suitability maps - Sorghum 38 12 Agro-climatic suitability maps,- Upland rice 39 13 Agro-climatic suitability maps - Wheat 40 14 Agro-climatic suitability maps - Phaseolus bean (temp.var.) 41 15 NAgro-climatic suitability maps - Groundnut 42 16 Agref-c-l imatic suitability maps - Soybean .43 17'.Agro-climatic suitability maps - Sweet potato 44 18. Agro-climatic suitability maps - Cassave , 45

'19 Agro-climatic suitability maps - White potato 46 20 Agro-climatic suitability maps - Sunflower 47 '21 Agro-climatic.suitability maps - Cotton 48 22 Agro-climatic suitability maps - Tobacco ,, 49

-23 Agro-climatic cropping pattern zones (map) 51 f '

1 INTRODUCTION

The present volume .of this study describes the climate^ agro-climatic zones and agro-climatic suitabilities for a number of;cróps. It intends to present abounded picture of the climatic aspects of the land as they affect rainfed crop production./' The report should be used in conjunction with vol. 6, where the results obtained here have been applied to the overall land suitability assessment of the individual land units. Various aspects of the methodology employed and how this has been incorporated in the final land evaluation procedure has been described in : 'Guidelines on land evaluation 'for rainfed agriculture in Mozambique' (Voortman, 1985) '' . - • .

* ' " j . • " ' " • ' r •

The methodology is f irmly based,-on the principles of the FAO Agro-Ecological'"Zones methodology (FAO,1978), which has been further detailed and adapted to local conditions in Mozambique's National' land resource assessment for rainfed crop production (Kassam et.al.,1982). The analysis and evaluation embraces three major aspects of climate, i.e. the length of the, growing period, the growing period pattern.and the temperature regime during the growing period (see chapter 4).* The above methodology has been further amplified and refined in order to suit the requirements of • the present regional study at a more detailed scale. Some of the basic assumptions of the above methodology have been validated or adapted^for the present purpose.

The crops considered ,for evaluation in the present study are the following! ,

maize ; ' sweet potato sorghum , cassave^ upland ricè , / white potato > wheat ,x^sunflower ' phaseolu5"bean (temp.var.) 'cotton {.. " '• groundnut " - . ' tobacco ." soybean < ƒ

• • / • ' ' '

These—crops have been assessed under two levels of inputs/manage--f ment', one high and one low. The attributes of such production circum­stances have been described, in vols. , 2: and, 6 ,and are roughly, correspond ding to 'modern', and 'traditional' agriculture. ,-. ' _

• ' ' * • • ' . . - . • . - ( ; ' : • •

'\ The rating'of individual land qualities and final land suitability. * "is"indicated in 5 equi-distant classes,' which have been used throughout this report. These"imply the following:

51 - 80-100'/. of maximum yield potential 52 - 60-80'/. of maximum yield potential . .__ 53 - 40-607. of maximum yield potential 54 - 20-407. of maximum yield potential. N 0-207. of maximum yield potential

Climate, in particular temperature but in the present case also - precipitation is greatly influenced by altitude. Exposition and rainsha-

dow effects are a main cause of differences in rainfall amount as well as distribution. As a reference the altitude map has been presented in figure 1, which shows a variation from less than 600 m in the South-

West to over 1600 m on the Eastern limit of the study area. The Nor­thern and Eastern limits of the area constitute the watershed boundary and consequently the highest point in the landscape. In the North-West the watershed boundary is located at around 1300 m and along the Eastern limit around 1500 m. Altitude decreases gradually towards the South-West on the'Revubue.river a tributary to,the Zambeze river. The main excep­tion to this general trend is formed by a mountainous highland area in the South-East i.e. 'the Tsangano Highlands' with common altitudes ..of over 1500 n and two isolated mountains, 'the Domue mountains', in the North near the border with Malawi, where locally altitudes of over 2000 m are reached.;,

• >

. - » • • - • . .

o

2 HEATHER SYSTEMS AND MINDS

The.'district-, .of Angonia is located on the equator side of the subtropical high pressure cell above the Indian Ocean and therefore during the winter prevailing wind direction'is easfto '"south-east (SÊ Trade Winds). These winds have passed over the Madagascar island with*a high spine of rinountains'along its east coast which blocks the* direct influence of the Indian Ocean. The. south-east trade winds are characte­rized by a shallow layer' of moist-air overlaid by much drier air which produces 'fair'- weather cloud which varies in amount according to the depth of the moist layer (Lineham, 1972).

'" -"'i After' the September equinox winds tend to become more northerly due to- the' high, pressure cell over the Asian landmass and the low pressure over the interior of the African continent. At the same time temperatures and water vapour content of the air rise. (Lineham, 1972). Showers and-thunder storms may occur occasionally but become only more general with the arrival of the Inter-Tropical Convergence' Zone (ITCZ). At mid-summer (January)- the ITCZ tends to lie over the Angonia district. The • *ITCZ-separates the south-east.trade winds from'the north-east mon­soon and may move north and south depending on the movement of the pres­sure system further'south.' Any>strengthening of winds towards the ITCZ increases1 convèctive activity and' brings an increase in cloudiness and rainf al 1. ' r - ' '•' -;

In, addition to the north-east monsoon for a relevant part of the time wind direction is north-westerly. This is caused by tropical cyclones moving down the Mozambique channel, which can. distort and dis­place the ITCZ for several days. This results in the incursion of moist "recurved Congo air" originating from'the/southern Atlantic high pres­sure belt. " . . . . •..••••• r-

Around ^March the South-East trade winds strengthen and drive the ITCZ- northwards,' thereby bringing the 'rainy season to an end. The Tsang'ano highlands and Monequeira'piedmont area, directly exposed to the south-eastr"trade winds continue to receive orographic rainfall. Then gradually "the rain conditions disperse and the weather reverts to the 'winter conditions-described above; t * - *--

" • • ' " • j ' - • L • r • ' • / '

Superimposed on the above seasonal trends are the following tran­sient features.;. Falling pressure óver'Natal and Southern Mozambique causes winds-to back towards the north-east. Rising pressure in" that area however turns the .winds to "the south-east or south. This results in cool maritime air to enter'the continent through major.gaps in .the edge of the African iplateau e.g. the-Limpopo and Zambezi valleys and their tributaires-including the'Shire valley located east of the Angonia district. These invasions of maritime air cause "chiperoni conditions" i.e. low orographic clouds and rain (often drizzle) over all rising grounds and windward facing slopes. In Angonia the Tsangano highlands and 'the Monequeira'piedmont'area are affected by this phenomenon. The frequency ahd.length of such conditions is variable. Frequency varies from' almost weekly to 1 or 2 timës*per month and it may .last.from 2-3 -« days onwards. . Chiperoni conditions may occur any time of the year including the dry season, thus causing rain in the above mentioned areas whereas the rest of the district is increasingly desiccating.

4

3 CLIHATIC DATA

3.1 Meteorological and rainfall stations

The present climatic analysis is based onvmonthly data. All available complete monthly records of stations in and near Angonia district from the year 1950 onwards have been considered. Years with incomplete records have been mostly rejected. However some of these years have been utilized for stations with a 1 imited number, of recorded years, where'the lacking data fell in the normally dry. part of the year.

Wi.thin the Angonia'district, historical records exist for 3 meteo­rological stations and 13 rainfall recording stations. Just beyond the district boundary 4 more rainfall stations are located.

To enable detailed analysis and more accurate mapping additional stations in neighbouring areas within and outside Mozambique have been included in this .study. Appendix Al lists'the analized stations, their altitude, location and number of recorded years. Fig. 2 showsthe location of these (with the exception-of Lichinga-Niassa Province).

. \ t . •

-•Rainfall station Livirandzi (inside AngoniaV has been rejected for further use, due to the very limited number of recorded years, which are alsonot consistant with surrounding stations.

3.2 Precipitation

i Rainfall

<

Rainfall in Angonia is very much, seasonal and normally over 90"/. of the total annual rainfall is recorded in the rainy season from late November to early April.•'Rainfall distribution is unimodal. Though, in some years, there is a slight tendency- towards bimodality with rainfall in January and/or February being lower'than December and March. High rainfall in March is due to the freshening of the SE-trade winds which drive the ITCZ northwards. —

Mean annual rainfall and altitude for these stations in and near Angonia are presented in'Table 1. / *

Contrary to common notions, there exists a negative correlation between altitude and mean annual rainfall, when considering all 19 stations. This is due on the one hand to a few stations with high rainfall at low and medium altitude, but located on SE windward facing slopes, and on the other hand due to two stations with low rainfall at higher altitude, which are located in a rainshadow area. .•___ , .

Therefore, sources of moist air, exposition and rainshadow ef­fects have been considered together with altitude and the mean annual rainfall values of the stations, while constructing the mean annual rainfall map presented in Fig. 3. This map, as well as the following, has originally been produced at scale 1:250 000 and reduced to page-size for reasons of convenience.

F i g . 2 L o c a t i o n of me teo ro log i ca l ( A ) a n d r a i n f a l l s ta t ions ( • ).

L o c a l i z a c a o dos p o s t o s meteoro lo 'g icos ( A ) e p l uv i omé t r i cos ( • ).'.

PED/83060

Table It Rean Annual Rainfall and Altitude

1 KEAN COEFF. * (STATION HMAJAL N OF ALTITUDE t RAINFALL VARIATION (M) 1 1 i . ......... ̂

- (••) i

* n • ' •

i • • - - " - • - • • " " - • "

1 IENTACA i

1010.3 0.26 17 1380

i

IDOHUE !

1081.9 0.18 16 1350

i

1LIZULO 907.6 0.28 13 1475

i

ILIFIDZI i

926.8 0.21 ' 19 1270

i

IV.ULQN6UE V. •

921.S f

0.26 13 1300 i

IPQBUERA •

1013.4 , 0.21 13 1220

i

IULQHSUE i

921.3 ' 0.22 20 1270

i

IBIRI-BIRI i

959.3 0.25 23 1400

i

IHAUE 1/ i

906.0 0.21 9 1189

i

MASSOCO 1

1375.2 0.22 8 1000 1

ICHIA |

885.2 0.27 15 1080 1

IMETEH6Q BALAHE 745.9 0.19 14 1370

1 IHULQHBA 1

913.5 0.23 ' 14 V ' 1075

i

INAPAK8E 762.9 0.32 16 1400

i

ITSAH6AKQ ---- 1114.4 0.24 14 1600

l i

ICAUZUZO i

1350.3 ,0.20 7 , 1400 i

ICHIHHANDJE 1121.3 0.37 20 i

670 ' 1

ICADJIE i

1414.0 0.20 8 1100

i

ICQNDEDZI 1

1058.5 0.30 , 17 780

1/ 10 consequetive years of Naue have been rejected due to high values not consistent with surrounding stations

FIG. 3 MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL (mm) _ - 8 -

Three sources of moist air have been described in Chapter l:the NE monsoon, the* SE trade winds and recurved Congo air. The influence of recurved Congo air is apparent in the NW of the district with mean annual rainfall increasing from 1100 mm to more than 1300 mm. In the SE of th"e district increased orographic rainfall on SE windward slopes of the Tsangano Highlands and its footslbpes results in mean annual rain­fall from 1100 mm to more than 1400 mm. The influence of the NE monsoon is less obvious since the main gradient of rainfall due to this source is located at the Western scarps of the Rift Valley, located to the East of Angonia, in Malawi.

Two rainshadow areas occur. The lower course of the Revubue river (SW Angonia) is largely blocked from the influences of the 3 main sour­ces of moist air. Westward of this river mean annual rainfall is rapid­ly increasing again to similar and higher values as the Angonia plateau (stations' Cazula, Furancungo). A second pronounced rainshadow area found is the Mapange/Metengo Balame zone on the Southern Angonia plateau. It is located in the shadow of the Tsangano Highlands as well as a mountain body located North-East of it in Malawi.

ii Hailstorms

On the Angonia plateau (stations Ulongué, Ulongué Velha) hailstorms occur in about 307. of the years (Radcliffe, 1981). \This frequency may be higher in zones of higher altitude e.g. the Tsangano Highlands. Hailstorms are most common outside or at the extreme end of the growing period of crops and are therefore not very harmful to production of annual crops (Radcliffe, 1981). However, hail is known to affect the production of temperate fruits in the Tsangano Highlands (Morais da Silva, 1975). ' • * / - • .

3.3 Rainfall Erosivity

\ / Seasonal rainfall kinetic energy has been found to be a good

predictor of' annual soil loss from field plots in Zimbabwe and to be particularly well correlated to soil loss from bare soil. Moreover it is well^ correlated with mean annual' rainfall (Elwell, 1978,1980). The correlation-under normal rainfall conditions has been found to be: *v

E = 18.846 P where E is mean seasonal kinetic energy (J/m2) and P is mean annual precipitation (mm). For areas with frequent 'chiperoni conditions' this correlation has been found to be:

* E • 17.388 P

These linear correlations have been developed under environmental conditions similar to Angonia. Though in Zimbabwe mean annual rainfall only locally exceeds 1000 mm/annum. Thus for most of the Angonia_ dis­trict the correlations are assumed to provide a fair estimate of rain­fall erosivity. For the higher rainfall areas like the Tsangano moun­tains the values obtained will be of comparatrive worth.

The rainfall erosivity map is presented in figure 4. For the Tsangano highlands and its SE facing footslopes (Monequeira piedmont) the correlation for 'Chiperoni conditions has been used and for the remaining area normal rainfall conditions are considered.

9

3.4 Temperature

i Mean Temperature

Temperature data are limited to the measurements at meteorological stations. Table 2 : " Climatic background data for Ulonguè ", shows various expressions of temperature for Ulonguè (altitude 1270 M ) , based on 10 years of records (source: Kassam et al, 1982). For each month the table indicates: .mean daily minimum temperature (T-mean), mean daily maximum temperature (T-max),mean daily minimum temperature (T-min), mean day-time temperature (T-day) and mean night time temperature (T-night), all in degree Centigrade.

It can be seen that lowest temperatures occur during the dry season (June, July) and highest temperatures are found in October/Novem­ber just before the onset of the rains. The start of the rains cause a drop in mean maximum temperatures of about 2-3 degrees C, but mean minimum temperatures continue to rise until December. Thereafter tempe­rature is fairly steady until April when temperature starts to decrease with a sharp drop in May.

Diurnal variation is highest in the dry period (June/July) being approximately 13-14 degrees C, whereas-in -the rainy season it is about 9-10 degrees C.

However, the temperature values of Ulonguè are by no means repre­sentative for the whole district in view of the great range of altitude within the area. Therefore, the mean monthly temperature data of a number of meteorological stations at similar latitudes have been used to assess the influence of altitude on temperature. The basic data utilized- are presented in Appendix A2 . Month by month a correlation coefficient and regression formula have been established. Thereafter monthly values for the range of altitude within Angonia at 100 meter intervals have been calculated for growing period months (Table 3). This table shows a very good correlation between altitude and temperature in particular during the rainy season (r= -0,99). The results show that every 100 meter increase in altitude corresponds to a decrease in temperature in the range of 0,64-0,70 degrees C. This is consistent with data-from Zimbabwe and Malawi (Torrance, 1965, 1972).

ii Frost ' /

Frost below 1000.meters altitude is rare. At Ulonguë (1270M).in 'most years a few days with frost are recorded. All records however are in the dry season and outside the growing period. In the higher areas (Tsangano) frost may occur more frequently but similarly to Ulonguè, annual crops are not likely to be affected. \' '

3.5 Other climatic factors

Further climatic background data (for Ulonguë) have been given in Table 2 . These include: mean water vapour pressure (Ed), mean relative humidity (RH-mean), mean windspeed (U), hours' of bright sunshine as a percentage of total possible sunshine (n/N) , and solar radiation (Rg). Except for windspeed these data concern records which are either a direct measurement or are derived from a measured value. Mean windspeed is an estimate. Its value is identical to the measured

11

STATION 1060800 VILA COUTINHO NOVA-ULONGUÊ LAT. 14.44S - LONG 34:22E ALT 1270 N

' ' JAN FEB HAR APR HAY JUNE" JULY AUG SEP OCT •NOV DEC ANNUAL • RC YRS I

!T-HEAN (0 21.0 20.8 20.4 19.6 16.8 15.3 14,9 16.3 18.9 21.8 21.9 21.2 19.1 1 10 1

IT-MAX (0 25.5 25.1 25.5 25.3 23.6 22.4 21.7 23.4 25.8 28.3 27.3 25.8 25.0 1 10 1

!T-MIN (0 16.6 16.2 15.4 13.8 10.1 8.2 8.1 9.3 12.0 15.4 16.5 16.6 13.2 1 10 1

IT-DAY (0 22.6 22.2 22.3 21.6 19.3 17.9 17.4 18.9 21.4 24.1 23.8 22.8 21.2 2 10 1

IT-NIGHT (0 19.2 . 18,9 J 18:6 ' 17,5 14.6 13.0 • 12.7 13.9 • " 16.4 '19.4 19.7 19.3 16.9 2 10 1

lEd • (fflbar) 19.2 19.2 18.2. 16.0 12.5- V 10.6 'V . 10.1- • 10:0 10.5 12.5 16.0 17.6 14.4 2 10 1

IRH-HEAN (%) 77.0 78.0 76.0 70.0 65.0 61.0 60.0' 54.0 48.0 '48.0 61.0 70.0 . 64.0 1 10 1

!U (u/sec) 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.5 " 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.3 2.8 2.2 2.6 3 0 1

!n/N (Z) 40.0 49.0 48.0 54.0 71.0 67.0 • 66.0 74.0 78.0 66.0 59.0 39.0 59.3 1 9 1

Ifig (cal/cu2/day) 425.1 454.9- 421.3 397.5 403.2 361.6 371.5 439.9 512.2 510.3 503.5 417.8 434.9 2 9 I

lET-Penman (DUD) r

-/

115.8 105.8 110.5 99.6 93.3 85.8 88.4 118.9 144.5 168.1 143.1 121.6 1395.4

Table 2 : Climatic background data for Ulongue Source Kassam et al, 1982

p. m^m^m^^smm

Go

I

CORRELATION REGRESSION ' ' t

i

ALTITUDE(M) ' .1

-: ' . \ •

-

_ ,1

1 1

COEFFICIENT (r) FORMULA 600 ~ 700 800 900 1000. 1100- 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 ;, ! MONTH 1/2/

• •

v n

I OCTOBER -0,96 T=-0,0075A+31.83 27.3 26.6 25.8 * 25.1 24'. 3.' 1 - -

:23'.6 22.8 . 22.1 21.3 20.6 19.8 ;;

! NOVEMBER -0,99 T=-0,007IA+31.39 27.1 26.4 25.7 25.0 ,24:3" r23.6r 22,9 "22.2 21.5 20.7 20.0

! DECEMBER -0,99 T:-0,0067A+30.02 26.0 25.3 24.7 24.0 "" 23.3 22.7 22.0 21.3 20.6 "20.0 19.'3 •;

! JANUARY -0,99 T:-0,0064A+29.29 25.5 24.8 24.2 r 23.5 "„ 22.9 : 22.3 21.6 . 21.0 20.3 19.7/ 19.1 ! 1 FEBRUARY -0,99 T:-0,0064A+29.23 25.4 24.8 24.1 :23.5 ^22.8 22; 2V

: 21.6 - • 20.9 20.3 19.6 19.0 I

! MARCH -0,99 T:-0,0063A+28.60 24.8 24.2- 23.6 - 22.9 ' "22.3 '21'. 7" •21.0.' 20.4 19.8 19.2 18.5 i

! APRIL -0,99 T=-0,0064A+28.16 24.3 23.7 23^0 " '22.4 ' '21,8 ! 21.1.. _20:5*- 19.8 19.2 18.6 17.9 !

! MAY -0,95 T:-0,0066A+26.11 22.2 21.5 20.8 20.2 ; '..19.5 .. 18.9 J : 18.2 ' 17.5 16.9 1

16.2 15.6 !

JUNE -0,91 T:-0,0060A+23.11 19.5 18.9 18.3 '17."7 « 17 j 16.5 15.V : 15.3 14.7 14.1 13.5 !

Table 3 : Monthly averages of mean daily temperature (degrees C) as related to altitude during.the growing season 1/ Correlation Coefficient and regression formula determined by curve fitting programme for a straight line (linear regression) 2/ V- ionthly average of mean daily temperature (degrees C) ' - , . . ;

A= altitude (H). ' • • • ' -

values of Furancungo, located close to Angonia in similar conditions as most of the woodland zone of the Angonia district. They differ only very slightly from the measured values of Lichinga (Niassa Province) with similar environmental conditions as the Angonia plateau.

3.6 Potential evapotranspiration (ET-Penman, AGP)

The basic climatic data presented for Ulonguè in Table 2 serve to calculate potential evapotranspiration. The ET-values for Ulonguè, Vila Ulonguè Velha and Maue were available from the agro-climatic data-bank of the Project (Kassam et al., 1982), but cover only a limited range of altitude: 1189-1300 H.

Therefore, in addition, ET has been calculated for 3 additional stations which cover a wide range of altitude: Tsangano at 1600 M, Chinhandje at 670 li and a fictive station in central Angonia at 1050 li close to a number of stations with similar altitudes. The calculation procedure is according to Frére and Popov (1979), using station specific data like location and temperature, together with the basic background data for Ulonguè (Ed etc.). These calculations showed a clear inverse relationship between potential evapotranspiration and altitude with differences of more than 50 mm per month during the growing period between the highest and lowest elevations.

The above calculation procedure "is very time consuming and therefore the obtained monthly values together with those available from the climatic data-bank, have been used to establish linear regression formulas, from which the values for the remaining stations have been derived. The formulas and correlation coefficients are presented in Appendix A3 .. The potential evapotranspiration data for the various stations and altitudes are shown in Table 4.

I '. . - ^

! STATION

•

ALTITUDE JAN /

FEB ' MAR APR MAY. JUNE JULY

r

AUG SEP ' : OCT NOV DEC .

! CHINHANDJE 2/ 670 144,8 131,3 138,0 126,3. 120,6 114,2 NOT CALCULATED 175.0 150.9

! CONDEDZI 3/ - 780 140,9 127,5 134,8 • 122,5 116,3 106,3 . 1 , f

. 172,2 146,7 -

! FICTIVE 2/ 1050 125,4 113,7 120,6 108,4 99,2 ' 94,9 .. it

155,7 131,4 i

! MAUE 1/ 1189 119,4 109,0 114,0 106,5 102,6 72,9 • 183,8 133,6- 165,9 '197,5 164,0 124,8 '

! ULONGUE 1/ 1270 115,8 105,8 .110,5 99,6 93,3 . 85,8 88,4 118,9 144,5 168,1 143,1 121,6 :

! V.ULONGUE.V 1/ 1300 120.2 109.3 114.3 101.6 92.7 85.9 -95.T 124.0 143.5 175.7 148.8 125.7

3/ 1400 108,0^ 99,4 102,6 93J7 86,5 • 76,3 1 u u 1

, •

141,4 114,0

' r 3/ 1500 102,6 94,9 97,4 , 89,0' 81,6 71,5 . u t 136,4 108,7

! TSANGANO 2/ 1600 92,4 86,8 86,9 • 81,3 73,8 6S,5:- a » 127,3 99,2

Table £ : Monthly potential evapotranspiration (ET-Pennian, AGP) in BID for different stations and altitudes in Angonia

, " • 1/ Source: KassaiB et al, 1982. 2/ Calculated according to Frère and Popov (1979).

.. ;. 3/ Calculated by linear-regression formula. . .- ' '

4 AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES

- - Below- the agroclimatic zones of Angonia district are described. The zonation." is based on the principles laid down in the FAQ agro-ecological Zones project (FAO, 1978). The methodology presented herein has been refined and adapted to the conditions of Mozambique in-the national land resource assessment study (Kassam et al., 1982). This methodology has been largely applied to the present area, though again adapted to the greater detail of spatial information and level of analysis required for a regional study. In the following familiarity with thenational study is assumed.

Fundamental to the agro-climatic zones approach is the concept of the growing period i.e. the time period in each year when moisture supply from rainfall can be considered adequate to permit crop-growth. -The agroclimatic analysis quantifies the length of the growing period, its moisture .characteristics, its variability and the temperature regime during the growing period. The above factors largely determine the possibilities for crop growth. The agro-climatic zones will form a cornerstone of the land evaluation of this study (see Vol.6).

4.1 Length of the growing period

i Methodology

The length of the growing period from a climatic viewpoint alone, and independant' of crop, soil and landform factors, is quantified in a reference manner. The growing period is defined as the time period when moisture supply exceeds half evapotranspiration . (P>l/2ET);it includes the time required to evapotranspire up to 100 mm of stored soil moisture (if available). The calculation of the growing period is based on a water balance model, comparing rainfall with potential evapotranspiration.'. • /

For each station and each year the start of the growing period has been established by graphical method. The end of the growing period is also established by graphical method while comparing rainfall and stored soil moisture (if available) with potential evapotranspiration. The occurrence of dry spells during the rainy season e.g. when P>ET (inter­mediate p.eMods) has also been analysed graphically.

In relation to the occurrence of intermediate periods between two humid periods, within a growing period, the reader should note that • in such cases and artificial break (end/beginning) has been introduced in accordance with the methodology established in Mozambique 's national resources assessment (Kassam et al, 1982).

ii Growing period length (LGP)

The results of the above analysis are summarized in Table -5~.~ The details of the year by year analysis have been documented in the databank of the Land and Water Department of INIA.

The presented average LGP is the mean value of the longest growing period within each year, i.e. if 2 growing periods occur in a

16

I * EFFECTIVE t STATION MEAN cv I L6P

I

I TSAN6AN0 227.8 0.13 I I CAUZUZO - 220.7 0.17

I CAMIE 219.9 0.11 I " : . . .. • ' •'

I - v -•» • •. t •„ h - ; .-

I HASSOCO 197.3 0.14 I I EHTACA ! » r 192.9 - 0 . 1 1 ' I I DOMJE 189.8 0.14 I I LIZULO 181.8 0.17

I LIFIDZI 181.4 0.13 I . , ; I ULOHBUE 176.5 0.10 I I PQQUERft 174.4 0.17. I -I V.ULOHBUE VELHft - 171.5 < 0.19 I . . . . / • • • •

14

7

8

I BIRRI-BIRRI I I HETEN80 BALAHE

I

I HAUE

I

172.0 '0.14-

170.5 0.09

170.1 0.12

16

18

12

19

20

14

13

23

14

19

Z of years with

1,2 or 3 SP' s

1 2 3

71

87 .)

100

100

94

100

100 i

100

100

100

96

100

100

14

29

13

I of years itith ' KEAN ANNUAL use of soi l n i s t u r e RAINFALL

• -r-m—l-m-mrt-mmmmm.m. „^^a, «•» »»»»^—

(an)

36 1114.4

0 1350.3

13 1414.0

13 1375.2

. v 13 1010.3

6 1081.9

•8 907.6

26 926.8

< 5 ' 921.3

• 1 4 - * . * 1013.4

» . - 8 921.5

4 959.3

14 765.9

11 906.0

1 NULOHBA i

165.2 0.15 14 84 16

i 1 CONOEOZI i

160.2 0.21 ' 17 82 18

i 1 CHINHANME i

157.2 0.19 20 f

95 5

i 1 CHIA j

c 156.7 •0.23 • 18 89 11

! 1 HAPANGE . 152.9 0.27 16 69 31

< - . 1 >

23

24

20

22

19

913.5

1121.3

1058.5

885.2

• 762.9 I

Table 5 t The length of the growing period and growing period characteristics ' * i

. •• ! . . . . . . . 1 I

. (

year than the longest has been used for calculation of the mean whereas the second shorter period is ignored being generally too short for crop production (hence the indication 'effective mean LGP' in.table 5 ) .

The length of the growing period map (Fig. 5 ) , has been construc­ted on the basis of the mean length of growing period data of each station and using the mean annual.rainfal1 and altitude map far interpo­lation Cat a working scale of 1:250 000).

Firstly the growing period isolines were drawn at' a 30-day interval. From further analysis it appeared that in the 150-180 day 'range some critical changes occur in the risk of dry periods. It was decided to add the 160 and 170 days LGP isolines, to permit more exact location of such risk zones and in order to include this aspect in the evaluation of the land potential.

/'

Three main zones can be distinguished (divided by a broken line in Table 5 ). " '

The Tsangano"highlands and Monequeira Piedmont area with extended growing periods of over 210 days.

The Angonia Plateau and the Northern part of the Miombo woodlands (at higher .elevations)^ show LGP 's t between 165 and 195 days with a fairly low coefficient of variation.

A separate group with the shortest growing periods (<165 days) are all located in the Miombo woodland zone and the transition to the plateau. It also includes the Southern plateau (station Mapange) where a/large part of the state farm activities'are concentrated/ The shorter average growing period lengths in these .zones are associated with a high variability in its length, as compared to the Northern plateau stations.' ' V

4.2 Growing period pattern' (

• N ; / Growing period pattern refers to the number of growing periods

that occur. More than one growing period per year, implies that during the rainy season dry periods occur in which crops will not avail of sufficient moisture to continue their growth cycle and will be forced of ripen off'.

The percentage of the,years with one or two growing periods are also indicated in Table 5 and depicted in Fig. . 6. The Angonia plateau and the Northern woodlands have always 1 growing period and only rarely at two stations a second period has been.registered (pattern 1). The Tsangano highlands and the Southern woodlands show 2 growing periods in 10-207. of the years. The occurrence of a second growing period in the Tsangano highlands is usually associated•with rains out of season (pat-ternl-2a'). In . the woodland and Southern plateau areas two growing periods mainly result from a drought in the normally rainy period (pat­tern l-2a). In figure 6 both areas are separated by a broken line. Thus their short growing periods and high coefficient of variation are partly explained by severe dry periods during the rainy season. The pattern of Mapange located in the rainshadow area on the Southern plateau shows

18

FIG. 5 LENGTH OF̂ THE GROWING PERIOD (DAYS) - 19 -

r ^v5.-.\ ( .•• '-u N ••-.» -••-. v \ \ s- er? ;' •• 'i-\ v v v - "• ' ) i • \ \ .' !J2r"v--\* •-•• > "^ •: ; '•'• Ï V .

14 30

-vlilufeii:'— I,' • - ' ', » \ * O - — ' .Vila Coniinho.- ƒ3 . " '

•— v i

V >x X-,

—->—r ; : o — : - • . —; 1 V ' • f \ • / ' • • l

vr \ :>^' - ^ s ^ - v

- \ ' \% -. .--\ ': \ \

, "\ ,

/ \ \ \ ;

._L-> ,_. ' \ /F X<f \

/f"'-'' •.^Utongue •,

\' i ;1 \r* - • • • '

-fry " ~ V . n > ~ < i T̂ <

C y-è •

" i. . Ï ; » I \ \

i !

•J . ' * . ' (>

^ • " • v / - ~ " !

_ ! , —

ri „ >'--.- v; --i;7 • 'i .--:"''"• •. o , -i S •r,-ifcr°

/ H - - . . • --V - -•. • . ^ - . - ' i J - s = i . v - r - - ft—15 i

-D", ï-2a,/7 H\V\I,M/ iJ'

/Vf V;nK77/'43.7<1 • i ,• V i - / • - . , > •• i i / ; • • . •. • > • • ' — . -

, - i / -^ - - -j — - • — - A -c.y.;? \

FIG. 6 GROWING PERIOD PATTERN

( for legend see text ) - 20 -

that in about 30% of the.years there exist'two growing periods (pattern l-2b). (N.B. , The above pattern definition differs from the one used in the national, study although it uses. the. same symbols).' , < --'••• "f

4.3 - Beqininq-and end of the growing period

Knowledge -of: the start and end of the growing period is essential in order to plan f arm operations'and-the purchase of inputs.'

> . ' . ~ . • <• ••

The start of the'growing period is normally in the month November and is earlier in the Western part of the district than in- the Eastern part. This is in accordance with a general trend.on the continent at these latitudes (Wergèr, 1978). '. ' <

Below; the beginning of the growing period is indicated for 4 stations along an west-east gradient:

5 November

10 November

15;November . . « • > ' . • . • • •

20.November •'\ K

By exact calculation, Radcliffe (1981) comes to similar results and indicates that there, is a 507.. change that-the growing period.has started at the above dates. . ' _ • < • , . .

The start of the-growing period in the Tsangano highlands tends to be slightly earlier (5-10 days) than on,the plateau at similar longitudes;

J U y . . . - : • • - • . ' •

The end of the growing period/for stations in the 150-180 days LGP range, is-normally in the first half of May. At the highland stations the growing period may extend to anywhere between May and August. • \

4.4 -Moisture conditions during the growing period

r Part'; of the risk for dry^periods during the growing; period • is expressed by the pattern of the growing' period-(see 4.2 ). This risk.has been further analysed within the main growing period of each year.

The analysis 'consists. of ; a- comparison of . rainfall and evapotranspiration*only, not considering soil moisture storage. The number of years in which, based on rainfall alone, intermediate months occur during the main growing season and where the growing period onlyjContinues based on the use,of stored soil moisture, have been calculated. Only those intermediate months have been considered, which are still followed by (a) humid month(s) (P>PET).

The ^percentage of years with such moisture deficiency ^during the growing period^based on rainfall alone is also listed in Table 5 . The period in which these dry periods occur is normally mid-season in_ January and or/February (before reference 'has been made to a slight tendency towards biomodal rainfall pattern in some years). Occasionally a dry

i . 0 .

Massoco.

Entaca

Lifidzi

. L i z u 1 o

21

period occurs in March and very rarely "in December/ < •

Table 5 * shows that,again differences in the percentage of years with dry periods is related to the previously established zonification. Thus the plateau and Northern woodland zone.combines a relatively long growing period with a stable pattern and a relative small risk for. dry. periods during the growing period. " ' ,.--•-,

The main woodland zone and the southern plateau are characterized by the combination of a short LGP with highly variable length, an unreliable pattern and a risk in 2.0-257. of the years that rains fall short to compensate-evapotranspiration demands and soil moisture has to be used. It should be noted that the above zone also combines high relief (and overland flow) twith shallow and light textured soils with consequently a low water holding, capacity. This may imply that the 100 mm soil moisture storage assumption in the used model may not be accomplished and indeed that more breaks in the growing period actually occur. This will be accounted for in the evaluation of edaphic factors.

• . i . • '. ' . .

The risk of dry spells on the Tsangano highlands shows an erratic pattern.

Separate mention has to be made of the station.of Metengo Balame. It combines a growing period of -(moderate length with .a very low coefficient of variation and a.reliable pattern (1>. However mean annual, rainfall is-very low af compared with, stations of. similar.LGP (150-200 mm less). . Based on the 100 mm soil moisture storage assumption, soil moisture has to be used in 147. of the years in order to sustain crop growth at mid-season. On shallow and/or light textured soils this percentage may be expected to be considerably , higher. .As such, the station takes .an intermediate position between the,Northern and Southern .plateau., '! ' .*•••,.

• ' ' " • . ,-.-.t : ; ' . . . • • : ; ' ' • ' • • ' '•• ' . . :

Of further importance to mention is the fact that the woodland stations and Metengo Balame, in addition to dry periods, show a number of years, where the humid part of the growing period is short and ' 'where long intermediate periods (2-3 months) occur at either the beginning or end of the growing 'period.

•4.15\ ,; Thermal zones : . ; ' ' . '. • ~

>.. In. order to identify thermal! zones, - temperature criteria corresponding to the requirements of crops have been established in the national, land resources assessment (Kassam et 'al, 1982). Thermal zone class limits in this study, are based on growing period temperature Vange .derived from monthly data'and consist of 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5 degrees C - . Once the length and location in time of the growing period are established, its thermal characteristics can be quantified.

The: mapping .of thermal zones utilizes the contour lines,_of the altitude^ map (contour interval of 100 M>. Before the relation between mean monthly 'temperature and altitude has been established. •' .i"

For a growing period of 150 days the contours of 700, 1000 and 1400 meters correspond-roughly to mean growing period temperatures of respectively 25, 22.5 and 20 degrees C. The 20 degrees isoline separates the moderately cool and moderately warm climates and is particularly important for the choice between tropical and temperate varieties of a number of crops. At about 1350 meters the mean growing

on

period temperature is 20 degrees C and at 1450 M all growing period months are below 20 degrees C^ Therefore the 1400 M contour has been chosen as a convenient thermal zone-boundary. - —

The thermal characteristics of each altitudianal zone by length of growing period- are presented in Table 6. Some areas combine a" ~~ moderately warm part with a moderately cool part within its growing period due to the long duration of the growing period O180 days) at zones of medium altitudes. The same table classifies the altitudional zones by length of growing period into thermal zones. The thermal characteristics of the identified zones is summarized in Table 7. The thermal zones are depicted in Fig. 7. -

~ ' i In the'above "double" thermal zones, with a moderately warm and moderately cool part (Wm-Cm and Cm-Wm), the farmer- has the choice between early and late'planting and thu's selecting-the temperatures to which the crop will be exposed during its growth cycle. Obviously this is only possible when farming operation's can be 'performed efficiently i.e. under high input farming.

Thermal characteristics of -the first 120 days of the growing period in thermal zones Wm-Cm and Cm-Wm are identical to thermal zone Wmb. By early planting cool weather can be avoided in the case of tropical crops. However problems like difficult harvesting conditions •when the soil is still moist and poor climatic conditions for ripening and storage due to the extended growing period are maintained in such cases.

Late planting would be only advisable in the higher areas when • temperate 'crops are to be,grown e.g. wheat. It has been calculated that when using a 90 day wheat cultivar, 1 February is the latest safe planting date (under rainfed conditions) since the end of the growing period in the areas concerned is variable in time. The temperature characteristics for-zones above 1000-M during February-May (120 days) are the following:

Altitude range Mean 6P te«p Mean aonthly range Theraal zone

1000-1400 19.1-21.6 16.9-22.8 Cm-Wm

. / : 1400-1600 17.8-19.1 15.6-20.3 Cmb

Thus for the 180-210 days zone the thermal zone shifts one class and above 210 days remains the same.

* It should be noted that late planting implies difficulties during

seeding operations. If land preparation is late than also there difficulties will be met or when land preparation is executed before the rains the land will be left for 2-3 months bare thus increasing erosion hazard.

23

1 LBP PERIOD ALT. RANGE HEANGPTEHP MEAN MONTHLY THERMAL ZONE 1

/ TEMP. RAN6E CODE 1

1 135-150 Dec-Mar "* <700 >24.8 >24.2 W - 1

* 700-1000 22.8-24.8 22.3-25.3 H M > 1

1000-1400 20.3-22.8 19.8-23.3 Heb i

1 150-180 Dec-Apr 700-1000 22.6-24.6 21.B-25.3 Naa 1

1000-1400 20.0-22.6 t

19.2-23.3 i

Hab 1

I 1 1400-1600 18.8-20.0 17.9-20.6 CM 1

1 180-210 Dec-flay 700-1000 22.1-24.1 . 19.5-25.3 - M M 1

1000-1400 19.5-22. l' 16.9-23.3 ~ Ua-Ca 1

1400-1600 18.2-19.5 - 15.6-20.6 C M 1

1 210-240 Dec-June 1000-1400 18.8-21.4 14.7-23.3 Ca-Ha 1

1400-1600 17.6-18.8 „ 13.5-20.6 ' Cab i

„Table 6 : Theraal characteristics of altitude zones by L6P

1 SYMBOL HEAN6PTEKP TOTAL RANGE OF 1 1 ' RAN8E MONTHLY AVERAGES !

I - - - B '• . >24.8

* |

>24.2 1

1 Haa X 2 2 . 1 - 2 4 . 8 19.5-25.3 ,! * 1

1 Nab 20.0-22.8 19.2-23.3 i 1

1 Ha-Ca N 19.5-22.1 ' 16.9-23.3 1

1 Ce-lie 18.8-21.4 ( 14.7-23.3 I

1 Caa 18.2-20.0 15.6-20.6 1

1 Cab 17.6-18.8 13.5-20.6 1

Table 7 : Characterization of theraal zones

?*

FIG. 7 THERMAL ZONES

(for legend see tex t ) - 25 -

4.6 Agro-climatic zones '- ' •i

The map o-f agro-climatic zones (Fig. 8 ) , has been; constructed by adding the relevant altitude contours which determine thermal z'anes, to the map o-f the length o-f the growing period. Slight -generalizations have been made where contours 'and growing period y isolines almost coincide and where * strict adherance to both maps would result' in unneccessary intricate "map patterns. Growing period pattern does not show in. the map, whereas this has been dealt with by only using the longest growing period in each year -for calculating the mean length o-f the growing period (effective mean growing period).

4.7 Growing period length and pattern and the distribution of present land use

4. 8 Anqonia's cl imati c resources*-in National perspective

From the preceeding chapters it may appear that from the climatic point of view there are limitations tó the agricultural potential of Angonia. These limitations are certainly occuring but are slight and the present study has identified the affected parts of the district.

On the other hand the Northern plateau has been identified as a zone of high potential with a reliable climate. Although the plateau constitutes only. 0.257. of the Mozambican territory, it accounts for 8\85"/. of the total area in Mozambique with a moderately warm climate, with "pattern 1 and growing period lengths of 150-210 days, which are suited to a wide range of crops. ' . ,

^"^n<_ i

^ c s 25L/H \ *> u-atf!

K°45'|

•160 LGP Isoline

h—• Thermal zone boundary

1 sl ightly generalized) ' !

FIG. 8 CLIMATIC RESOURCES INVENTORY - . 2 7 -

^ v ^ V i ^ . . . , ., m**m+,U-|B4»TM

5 CLIMATIC CROP,REQUIREMENTS c • '. • . . .

Photosynthesis produces the sources of assimilates, which plants usé-for growth. The-rate of- photosynthesis is influenced both by radiation and temperature. Further plants have an. obiigatory pattern of development in.. time which must be met if the photosynthetic assimilates are to be converted into economically useful yields of satisfactory quantity and quality.

. . '•, For a rainfed crop to be successful, the growing period must;be of -sufficient length to permit it to follow its full growth cycle (from germination to crop maturity in annuals, or the period of new growth in any '.year in established perennials). When the length of the growing period is .limited then crops and varieties have to be chosen with a number of days to

. maturity which match the. growing period. Failure to do so does not completely*exclude cultivation of the crop, but does result in reduction of yield and quality, because the time available for yield forming activi­ties is curtailed. ;

In zones with extended growing periods, the optimum physiological .length of- the growing period is easily met, but this may not be the agronomical ly optimum. Long growing*., -periods are favourable for the

--development of pests and diseases, resulting in losses in-yield or quality of yield. In some crops e.g.cotton and tobacco quality is directly affected if rains continue when the crop has completed its growth cycle. Moreover,

— mechanized harvesting is-impeded when soi1 and crop are still-humid.

: , i . Within any suitable length of growing period, the temperature 'r.egime determines which crops can be grown, and temperature and radiation regimes set the limit to crop productivity. Natural selection and breeding

.have caused that physiological processes in crops operate at optimum rates- only- within-a-certain range of temperature. In particular, the evolutionary changes that have occured in the biochemical and physical characteristics of; photosynthesis have led to a large variation between crops both in optimum temperature requirements for photosynthesis and the response of photosynthesis to changes in temperature and radiation. The

I- temperature and radiation 'responses of' photosynthesis depend on the ! photosynthesis pathway. ' It .is therefore possible to group crop species ; with similar assimilation pathways and of more or less equal photosynthesis

ability. This grouping of the crops considered in the present study is I presented in Table 8 .

•v It is not only the average conditions of moisture, temperature and radiation during the growing period which determine yield and its quality,

V but also their variation in time as compared with the different growth stages of the crop. Some crops require at a certain stage of its growth cycle specific climatic conditions to start a particular developmental process, whereas in other crops such conditions are agronomically utilized to stop certain developmental processes. For instance low temperatures may cause delay in flowering and maturation and poor seed set in maize and sorghum. Also quality of yield of e.g. cotton and sorghum are particularly affected when humid conditions prevail specifically at the end of their growth cycle.

28

; '.v rt ti .. • 't '• c . ' f.* : lu •)o). •• *-u . "'- . . . : . • r • Table 8: ' AVERAGE PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPONSE OF. INDIVIDUAL-LEAVES OF FOUR GROUPS

t .c - n ' l . ' , OF. CROPS TO RADIATION AND TEKPERATURE. , . , . • ' ' . - • * ! v ; : .r . - t •.., .. : u ' L , ' '• •.•„ :.

'•'* - r- /. • - *• CROP ADAPTABILITY GROUP . .--. CHARACTERISTICS' s-- -- ~ •• . . -.•: ;•. -• ••— r

I II III IV j n - .

Photosynthesis'pathnay C3 • • C3 ' C4 f C4

Rate of 'photosynthesis 'at l ight •'*. • • * . saturation'at optitua teapera- . 20-30 • 40-50 . * " . . . >70 ,» . >70 ture

- 2 - 1 (•g CO da h )

2

Optima teaperature (degrees C) for aaxieua photosynthesis 15-20 25-30 30-35 20-30

Operative range (degrees 0 5-30 10-35 15-45 10-35

Radiation intensity at aaxiaua photosynthesis 0.2-0.6 0.3-O.B 1.0 1.0

- 2 - 1 / (cal ca ain )

Crops considered in this study Spring «heat V Groundnut Haize (TRC) Haize (TEC) Hiite potato Soybean Sorghua (TRC) Sorghua(TEC) Phaseolus Bean Tobacco (TEC) Sunflomr (TRC) Sunfloner (TEC) Cotton

Swet Potato Cassava Upland rice

TEC» Teeperate cultivar TRC" Tropical cultivar

Important aspect of crop phenology is further, when in time during its growth cycle the crop produces'its economically useful yield and which climatic conditions occur during the yield formation period. This is particularly important in the "double" thermal. zones (Wm-Cm and -Cm-Win), where significant differences. in temperature exist between the first and last part of the growing period.. A number of crop phenological characteristics and associated background information is presented in Appendix Bl; ' .

The above general aspects of crop requirements have been translated in a comprehensive agro-climatic evaluation system in a continental study of Africa (FAO, 1978) and in Mozambique's national assessment (Kassam et al., . 1982). This evaluation scheme is used in the present study but adapted -to the greater detail of definition of thermal zones and growing period;length. These adaptations.are described in the following.

/ -

'' /

«i ' • itir-j ;-•• ..! •!': f r o " t •• ... wi >....! »'.-.. t---:V

" . • ' ' . - ' • ; ' . - , . ! • • ' - . ; . ; " • • . • • . - i '. . . . . ' - . . . " ' '

6 -- ABRO-CLIHATIC SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT *'.i . :. • • ', ; t ^ - f ••* : • - . - : ' • . " ' . ;-. • •, ' . -, . ,- ;..

«''" The 'ag'ro-cl imatic suitability assessment • is carried out: in a . stepped approach. Firstly crops'have.been matched to* the thermal -zones1 öf the", study. Thereafter'the influence of the length of the growing period is considered, followed by the assessment of the effect on-crop yield/by',both 'combined. . .."•"•'.. '-'Si—'

Based on this, generalized agro-climatic suitability maps by ; crop and input level have been elaborated (see Fig.10-21).; In addition each* ' land-" unit has been assessed separately based on the specific thermal zone and LGP 'data combinations for each individual land'unit. The latter suitability assessment has been entered in the land evaluation data sheet (see Vol. 6).

The climatic, suitabi1ityassessment is mainly based on the thermal 'regime and the length of the'growing: period'. It should be noted though . thatr the, agro-ecological'zones.'approach* impl icitely or explicitely and partly,1 or entirely evaluates a. number • of land qualities"'.related t tó climate, other than- temperature and moisture availability. These are the following!-' ':>' . > •" ••

• : •"..-'. I ' J K '. . ;. • •. - : . 1 _ i . •. - ( : ' ' > •

air humidity as affecting growth '\ . - Ü - 1 - " c \ u •• ' - • • • - ' • • : • ? - H ;: • - t ' - . j - • ' • • ; i ••:

'•?('-- conditions f or ripening • " ;. ."'.., »^, ; • r • \ .' • : . £ ' ' • > . r - V . . . . _ , , , < " . . • . • : ; . ; : r r :.

= , conditions.f or.storage and processing

-'• conditions-affecting, timing of production r, : • . . • .. .... '• " ' f V •" J . t i .. . •

*• c .. .. , . , . . . - , . . : •- i % . i .- . . i

..i -. occurrence, of, pests and diseases. — L •! - - • . . - , • . - . - , " " . ' ' . * • . ' • • ' . *

. ..The." cl imatic quality of ','radiation regime" is not relevant whereas, radiation .is not limiting rainfed crop production! in Mozambique.!. '.-, ':. * i ; , :. • ., . ' v . ,' , : • ...r . ", - ;. •:-.,*. i ••-'. <

'6.1 ' .'Evaluation of Thermal Zones {,»'•..:• ". r'. ~:thLii' -,— .-•.•- ;_. - •' . ;.,.\ !";*:' . ..':'-, T : ' " _ ' * ' <

-i ji I'„The thermal. > zones mapped, in the present study have been des­cribed in Chapter 4. The evaluation of these zones for crop production potential is based onHiggins and Kas'sam (1981). With the exception of the double thermal zones (Wm-Cm and Cm-Wm) the assessment is identical. For the double thermalizones a new assessment had to be developed.

The evaluation; of Wm-Cm and-Cm-Wm'thermal zones takes into account the length of the crop growth cycle, in which part of the cycle the economical yield is-formed and-the thermal characteristics of therf irsti.and the'last part'Of „the growing-period. ..."-• < " : in, ' J.1 . /I .« Jt -.

\, . For.'cropsi'with a long growth cycle. O120 days)', and for.short term "^crops'.produced, under low input circumstances, suitabilities -intermediate! between >.Wmb and Cma have been_uti 1 ized. As -mentioned . before---the-' high input .farmer using short term, crops can .choose-, the temperature régime desired for the crop.grown.- .Therefore•under high inputs'-, tropical.. crops are-èvaluated like Wmb in these thermal zones and temperate crops in the Wm-Cm zone are evaluated as Cm-Wm, for

31

which a rating was available from the National study. Problems related to harvesting, planting and ripening conditions as well as pest and disease problems are maintained under-high input circumstances, but these are evaluated through the length of the growing period. The suitability rating for - the thermal zones-is presented in Table 9 (Combined ratings have been differentiated in the final suitability rating as presented 'in appendix C2).

6.2 Evaluation of the length of the growing period

.. The mean length of the growing period and its spatial variation have been presented in Chapter 4 . The present study requires a more detailed evaluation as compared to the national study (Kassam et al., 1982), whereas partially the growing period length has been mapped at a

,10 day;interval (150-180 days zone).

' In order to attain this, constraint f ree yield curves as a function of the length of the growing period have been constructed based on "FAO (1978). Thereafter*agro-climatic;constraints have been applied to the constraint free yields at the middle of the period for which they apply... On the new curves for yields with constraints, those points which represent 20, 40, 60 and 80X of the maximum attainable yield have

, been plotted and the corresponding length of the growing period duration has been established. These are presented in Appendix CI.

The above could be accomplished only for those crops for which . a 'imethodology exists either in Kassam.et. al. . (1982), FA0, (1978) or Kassam (1980). For sunflower and tobacco evaluation rules had to be developed, which pretend to be qualitative only.

i„..'.... • The evaluation rules for sunflower presented below take into • account a crop growth cycle of -110-130 days, which is slightly :longer v than ; maize,*-and a higher.drought resistance as well as higher require­

ments for dry weather during ripening,*as compared to maize. Therefore the lower LGP .limit', f or very suitable^can be,expected to be similar to maize i.e. 140.days.< The fairly rapid decrease in suitability in gro­wing periods of 180 days and above takes into account the requirements for dry weather during ripening; in Angonia particular serious problems

- have been encountered with fungal diseases in this stage. In addition workability constraints have been considered. The proposed ratings are as follows for both high and low inputs:

Very suitable 140-194 days

Suitable 195-209 days

Moderately suitable 210-229 days

Tobacco presents a 100-120 days growth cycle after transplanting and transplanting should occur at the beginning of the growinlj period (Macklin, 1970). Yield formation commences already in the early stages of development and therefore, the lower LGP duration limit for the very suitable, class does not occur in Angonia (140 days and more). Tobacco though is sensitive to too much rain at the end of its growth cycle. Ripening and harvest require dry weather and rains at maturity decrease the quality of the leaf and results in difficulties for curing. There­fore the upper limit of highly suitable has been choosen at 180 days LGP

ri <;'

1 1 THERHAL ZONE ! w—-.-,r-r-»T — • .

W Hta'-^f: Wib '< Nt-Ca- «*-*. Caa 1

Cab I

1 I MAIZE •

SI SI SI SI SI Si SI 1

i

1 SORGHUM I

SI SI SI SI si SI SI !

1 UPLAND RICE SI SI S2/3 S3/4(S2/3) S4 (S2/3) N N i

i '

1 HHEAT »..•:•'t-i' !

~ N •• N - • • S3 S2/3 (S2> S2 SI Si 1

i

1 PHASEQLUS BEAN 1

S3 1 S2 .. SI ' » SI *.r SI SI 'SI-'.1

1 GROUNDNUT ! " „ * ' ! •

SI si -• ••,

• • i r \ - < -

S2/3 S3/4 (S2/3) S4 (S2/3) N N 1 j » , I

1 SOYBEAN ' •'"

1 SHEET POTATO -! . *! i

t si-:j_ or •

Si »

SI

SI 7'

Sl/2

iS2" •

»•"" S2 -(Sl/2)

S2/3 (S2)

S3 (Sl/2)

S3 (S2)

S4

S4 . • S4 , ! i • • • • 1 -

1 CASSAVA • .. 1 • . . . - : • •

1 POTATO -r i

Sift: SI

N

' Sl/2>

S3/4

rv S2

S3 (S2)

S3 : •*

S2

S3

Si

S4 - 1

si : i

! SUNFLOHER 1 ,. * '1* Jf 3

i C O T T O N - •' -

i .« - ; -.j

1 TOBACCO '

.SI il .' •» U

81..- J»

SI - •".

si..-.; ::•'•::. I

81" • • • o . ; i , ' r

SI

rSl/2 ' h ., ,,

. sin • ;• • ! 3

82/3/

i - < S 2 (Sl/2) ,.. • > "

j '

••1 S3/4 (S2/3)

t"S3 (Sl/2)

S4-

S4 (S2/3)

a •a s " m

• ' , S4 !

N" i " i ' • |

N i 1-Table 9 :. Theraal zone ratings ' '.-.-'.• ,.'

.. Notes:- between brackets rating for short tera crops under high inputs. - coabined ratings have been differentiated by altitude zone in -the final suitability classification-(see appendix C2 and Vol.6)

- f i.: .-

-a

1M .,

I.N ,*-'. T-,

0 0

with rapid decreasing suitability in longer LGP zones:

140-179 .days ; - .. ,;

?; Ï J .

Very sui table • if. . :.

Suitable

;•.Moderately suitable

180-194 days

195-224 days

: Marginally suitable - >224 days

. ..r ':'. • . •* . .

. C7. r-The, ratings .of other crops derived from previously developed methodology are presented-in Appendix CI.

6.3 The Evaluation of Variabi1itv .for Short Duration Growing Periods

For i .the range of short LGP' s.in Angonia, the agro-climatic evaluation model includes a.standard assessment of the variability in the .length of-the growing period based on the findings of the national study. Before it has been mentioned that associated with shorter gro­wing periods, "dry ;spells,during this period are more frequently occu-ring, as well as the occurrence of extended first or second intermediate periods." Below \\the 'effect of these phenomena.has been analized for maize production under high level,of inputs •, and „compared with the stan­dard assumptions. '»(,, -., -, .: ;•*.;'. *

,r v 'For all stations with LGP's below - 170 days, the year by year analysis used to obtain the mean. LGP', has been followed by an evaluation also on a year, by year basis (and not the mean). •. The yield depression due- to short growing periods and moisture stress during the growing period have been analysed using the methodology described by Doorenbos and Kassam (1979). Average yield reductions due to moisture stress

i -within the growing period and due to short growing periods are presented i "in-Table 10.

I-

! l STATION MEAN L6P

HEAN YIELD REDUCTION

PATTERN CODE

r|.

I I i tl HAPAN6E

I ' 'I.CHINHANDJE . 1 v'l CHIA

I

I COHDEDZI

I 1 HULOHBA I

151.3

154.8

154.7

139.3

161.5

I HETEN60 BALAHE 167.4 I • -

I BIRRI BIRR! I I HAUE I

169. B

169.8

17.31

6.9Z

9.2X

2.61

3.1Z

0.0Z

1.0Z

0.01

t - 2 b

1 - 2a'

1 - 2 a

l - 2 a

1 - 2 a

I-

» 1

1

Table 10 l Yield reduction derived by annual evaluation as compared with yields calculated froe average L6P (aaize, high inputs).

34

The percentage yield reduction above is fairly good correlated with mean L6P when using a linear curve fitting programme. However the best correlation was found using the stations with pattern 1-2 only (r2=0.B3). The curve expressing yield depression as a function of mean LGP is as follows:

Percentage yield reduction= 222.41-1.37 mean LGP.

When comparing this line with the "standard line" of yields with constraints, it appears that below LGP of 165 days, yield is consistently 10'/. lower as compared to yield under standard assumptions. This is not sufficient for downgrading the areas concerned one full suitability class, but this aspect will later be taken into account when climate and soil are jointly evaluated under land quality "moisture availability".

Yield depressions due to extended growing periods when evaluated on a year to year basis were found to be in accordance with the model used in the national assessment. ' • -\

6.4 flqro-Climatic Suitability"Assessment

The joint influence- of thermal regime and length of growing period has-been assessed in tabular form. These tables are presented in Appendix C2. The procedure to arrive at these tables is as follows: firstly the rating of the length of growing period is taken which is then downgraded according to the thermal zone rating. An SI for thermal regime means no downgrading, an S2 downgrading with 1 class, an S3 downgrading with 2 classes, ' etc. Below the example of groundnuts under low inputs is presented.

I . ^ I Therul tone H Ida . Ntb , ' tta-Ct Ca-tk C M Ceb I : _ - . .

1000- 1200- V 1000- 1200-1200 1400 1200 1400 H.; H. N. N.

*

S2 S3 S4

SI ' ;s2 S3 , S3 S4

I I I L6P ZONE I IDftYS) " ! ^ I 135-154 S2 S2 S3 S4 - - - H N I I 155-214 - SI 1S2 S3 . S3 S4 S4 N N ! " ''.'•„* .'•

I 215-249 - - ' - _ _ - - N N N I Table 11: Cliaatic suitability ratings for groundnuts under ION inputs.

Once the above c l i m a t i c s u i t a b i l i t i e s have been i d e n t i f i e d , these can a lso be mapped. On the f o l l o w i n g pages the c l i m a t i c s u i t a b i l i t y maps f o r the crops of t h i s study are presented ( F i g . 10-21) , preceded by the legend a p p l i c a b l e to a l l maps ( f i g . 9 ) .

AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY

MAPS

L E G E N D

Very suitable 80 - 100% of max. yield potential

Suitable . < < •

60 - 80% of max. yield potential

Moderately suitable 40 - 60% o f max. y ie ld po tent ia l

Marginally suitable 20 - 40% of max. yield potential

Not suitable 0 - 20% of max. yield potential

AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY

33*45' 34"30

14030'

WIS'

15*00'

is°is:

33°45 34°00 34" 15' 3403O

HIGH INPUTS

33045' 34°oo' 34015' 34030'

14030'

14045

15*00

1515

- 14O30'

U045'

33°45

MAIZE

15*00'

1501s'

34°00 34015 34030'

LOW INPUTS

Fig.10 Agro-climatic suitability for maize under high and low level of inputs

" ^ / " V . ^ *

AGRO-CLIJVIATIC SUITABILITY

33*45' 3 4*00' 34*15' 34*30'

W30

14*45'

15*00

CO oo

15 V5

L 33*45'

•^%u&

14*30'

14*45'

15*00'

1S*1S'

34*00 34" IS 34*30'

HIGH INPUTS

14*30 •

14*45

15*00

15°) 5

33*4 S 34*00' 34*15' 34"30

14*30'

33°4S

14*45'

SQRQHUM

Fig.11 Agro-climatic s u i t a b i l i t y for sorghum under high and low level of inputs

15*00'

15*15'

34*00 . 34*15 34*30'

LOW INPUTS

AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY

33°45' 3 4°00' 34°15' 3 4"'30

W30

14°45'

15°O0

1515

33°45

14'30'

W45'

Jw.: \y

^ V / ^ ^ V

IS'OO'

15°15'

34°00 34*15 34"30'

HIGH INPUTS

33°45' 34»00 34°15' 34"30'

14°30

14'45'

15°C0

1515'

14°30'

33°45

UPLAND RICE

14°4S'

• 1S°00'

• 1S°1S'

34°00 34°15 34a30

LOW INPUTS

Fig.12 Agro-climatic suitability for upland rice under high and low level of inputs

AGRO-CUMATIC SUITABILITY

33°4S 3 4°00' 34°1S 34°30

W3Ö

14°45

15°C0

1515

33V5

U°30'

14°45'

-.—•' 1 .> , ,'

1>°V W \

15e00'

1S°1S

34°00 3<r=is 34"30

HIGH INPUTS

33=45' 34°O0 34°1S 34"30

W30

' 14"45'

15°C0'

15°15

33"45

14°30'

•W4S.'

•IS'OO'

15°15

%^\' /fe ;uO'-£> •. <&.

34°00 34°1S 34"30'

LOW INPUTS WHEAT

Fig.13 Agro-climatic suitability for wheat under high and low level of inputs

AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY

33°45' 34°00 34°15' 34"30 1

33°4S' 3 4°00' 34°1S' 34"30

H»* J$£

33°4S

W30'

W4S'

• 15'W

?5°T5

34°00 34*15' 34"30'

HIGH INPUTS

W30

U°45

IS'CO

1515

33°45 •

PHASEOLUS BEAN

14°30'

• 14°45'

• I5"00'

• 1S°1S'

34°00 34° IS 34°30'

LOW INPUTS

Fig.14 Agro-climatic suitability for phaseolus bean under high and low level of inputs

>* K

m <

5 (/>

O <

_i O I

o er o <

co I -- > •

Q. Z

O

co • p 3 P, C

•H

'M . O

>

O

o:Ë.-. ° >

. f-i CU

c 3 co • p 3 Ö

T3

O

bO

*-. O

CO I -

0 .

X Ü X

•H

ctj • P •H 3 co

•P

ü I

O

bO

<

bO •H

- 42 -

AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY

J

33°45' 3 4°O0 34°15' 34e30

W30'

14°45'

IS°00

Co

tsvs

14030'

W45'

IS'OO'

75°75

33°45 34°00 34° )5' 34" 30'

HIGH INPUTS

33045' 34°O0' 34°15 34°30

W3Cf

W4S

IS'CO

15 "15

14030'

W45

• 15°00'

1S°15'

33°45 340OO 34015 34030'

LOW INPUTS SOYBEAN

Fig.16 Agro-climatic suitability for soybean under high and low level of inputs

' / \ - ^ -• - \ - - I . » " ~ , - .

AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY J

33°45' 3 4"00' 34°15' 34*30

W30 • t *

14°45

^ - 1

VrSTTTOST

;5°co

1515'

33°45

14"30'

W4S

IS'OO'

15°1S

34°00 34*15'

HIGH INPUTS

34030

33°45' 34"00' 34°15' 34"X

14"30

14°45

1S°C0

1515

33"4S

SWEET POTATO

14°30'

W4S'

• 15"00

W-j? CT

is°is'

p- % <^%

34°00 34°15

LOW INPUTS

34°30'

Figil7 Agro-climatic suitability for sweet potato under high and low level of inputs

AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY

33*43' 34*00 34<>;5 34*30

14*30'

14*45

X?-t

15'C0

15*15'

33*45

14*30'

14*45'

15*00'

1S*1S'

34*00 34*15 34*30'

HIGH INPUTS

33*45' 34*00' 34*15' 34*30

14*30

14*45

*<->W:'

15*00

15*15

14*30'

33*45

14*45'

• 15*00

• 1S°1S'

'K'* %

34*00 .34*15 34*30

LOW INPUTS CASSAVA

Fig.l8 Agro-climatic suitability for cassava under high and low level of inputs

K AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY

33°45' 34°00 34°1S 34"30'

W30

14"45

Cmb

***• ^ ^ W t i

;5°CO

75»T5'

Jj°-*i'

M°J0'

74°45'

'^p->\ v*^

75cCO'

i5°r5

34°00 34° 15 34<>30'

33°45' 34°00' 3 4° 15' 34'30

14°30

14°45

1S°C0

15 "15

14°30'

14°4S'

• 15°00'

• 15°1S

'*o'£*'o

33°4S 34°00 34° 15 34°30'

HIGH INPUTS WHITE

POTATO

LOW INPUTS

Fig.-19 Agro-climatic suitability for white potato under high and low level of inputs

AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY

33*45 3 4*00 34*15 - 3 4*30

14*30

14*45'

15°C0'

• $ * . ^J

1515'

W"

3 3*4i

14*30'

14*45'

15*00'

15*15

34*00 34*15'

HIGH INPUTS

34*30'

33*45' 34*00' 34*15' 34*30'

14*30

!

14*45-

-Cmb

l.Vv\

15°C0

15*15'

33*45

14*30'

14*45'

• 15*00'

15*15'

COTTON

Fig.20 Agro-climatic suitability for cotton under high and low level of'inputs

34*00 34*15'

LOW INPUTS

34*30'

AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY • i

33°45' 34°00' 34"30'

14930'

14°45

1S°C0'\-

•fr­ee

1515

33c45' 34"00' 34°15' 34"30'

14O30'

-\14-4S

IS'OO'

I50T5

W30'

14°4S b

^ + ± ¥<

iseco

1S°1S

\14°30'

\14«4S'

\15'00'

VS°1S'

33°45' 34°00' 34*15 34"30' 33°4S 34°00' 34° IS' 34"30'

HIGH INPUTS SUNFLOWER

LOW INPUTS

Fig.21 Agro-climatic suitability for sunflower under high and low lev.el.of inputs

AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY

33°4S' 3 4°00 34°15

W30'

U°4S

34"30 1

33°45' 3 4°O0 34°15

IS'CO

1515'

33°45

14e30'

V-% '*%**>

WAS'

woo1

15VS

34°00 34°15'

HIGH INPUTS

34"30

W30

14°45

34°30 —rr-

15°C0'

1515'

33°45

W30'

•W4S'

• 15"00

- WIS'

F '*; %•'£%

34°00 34°15 ' 34°30

LOW INPUTS TABACCO

Fig.22 Agro-climatic suitability for tobacco under high and low level of inputs

.7' A6R0-CLIMATic-CR0PPÏM6 PATTERN ZONES " ̂ '

*••"*">, Based on the previous "evaluation" of individual crops a zonation of the' district Angonia can be established as regards-most appropriate crop mix'frofli the agro-climatic viewpoint.

• - . ' ~ , . > . - -

•f, Basedv on the evaluation 'of each crop under high inputs 8 zones have been distinguished,,,which are shown in Fig. 23 . The legend indicates only crops which are moderately or better suited to the climate of the area concerned. A number of crops may be marginally suited to the zones, but are -'not recommended to.be used as a basis for subsistence, nor as a cash crop. In any case a high level of inputs should be avoided for these crops, whereas financial^loss is likely.

V

S

J

Cv

i

A. *

Very suitable 5<] Suitable

Moderately suitable Marginally or not suitable

Fig.23 Agro-climatic cropping pattern zones

- 51 -

REFERENCES

Agnew, S. and Stubbs, M. (eds) 1972

Malawi in maps Uni versi ty' of London Press Ltd.

> ,

Brown, P. and Young, A. 1967

Collins, M.O. (ed.) 1965

Doorenb os, J. and Kassam, A.H. 1979

Elwell, H.A. 1978

Elwell, H.A. 1980

FAO 1978

FAO/UNFPA 1980

Frere, M. and Popov 8.-F.' 4 < . i. ! *

1979 '

Higgins , G.M. and Kassam A.H. 1981 i.' L i * *•

Kassam, A.H. 1980

'••' t

The. physical environment o-f Central Malawi with special reference to soils and agriculture/Govt. Printer, Zomba.

Rhodesia; Its natural resources and; economic development. Collins, Salisbury

Yield Response to Water FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 33 FAO, Rome ' • * " '

Model ling,soi1 losses in Southern Africa.'1-Journal of Agricultural Engineering'' - ' -;' Research."Volume 23 pp 117-127

;• . v •::-.' ':t . " " r : : . ._ .' % .

Design of Safe Rotational Systems. Cohex, Zimbabw'eru.-•.' , •'>>•

•I -/-'. j.y . ..-• :.

Report«öri,;the agro-ecölogical'zones project. VÖ1.I:Methodology and results for Africa. World^Soil' Resources'-'Report -48/1, FAO, Rome

Land resources for popul at,i onst of the ' > future. Report of the second FAO/UNFPA expert consultation. FAOj'Rome^

. " i . W / / ,~> '••• . * ) ' . . • ; • . ' . . . . ' - '

Agrameteorological crop monitoring and .forecasting. Plant Production and Protection ' paper 17, FAO, Rome*

'Duty trip report Kenya and Ethiopia. 'FAO, . internal document

Agro-climatic suitability classification for rainfed crops of winter barley, upland rice, groundnut, sugarcane, banana/plantain and oil palm in Africa. In FAO/UNFPA, 1980

•' l

. n.

52

Kassam, A.H., Van Velt-. ^Assessment of Land Resources for Rainfed huizen, H.T.j Higgins, Crop Production in. Mozambique. S.M., Christoforides, A., - •• . r . Voortman, R.L. and Spiers,; B. Vol. 1: Land ,uti1ization types and ecological 1982 "'adaptability of crops.

FA07UNDP MOZ/75/011, Field Document 32

'Vol. 2: Climatic data bank and analysis of growing period

: . FAO/UNDP MOZ/75/011, Field Document 33.

Vol. 3: Climatic resources inventory of •••.'.;.' Mozambi que . . y - «

• : " FAO/UNDP MOZ/75/011, Field Document 34.

' G , i' 'Vol.. 4: Land resources inventory of Mozambique .-. •• ••••-• FAO/UNDP MOZ/75/011, Field Document 35.

• ' : \ " i • . . • . • . •

Vol. 5: Agro-climatic and agro-edaphic suita-" . r \ '.' '. '.(•.. '-. r _.-.bi 1 i ti es rf or. rai nf ed crop production

••''" '—'.••• ' in Mozambi que i .*• . FAO/UNDP MOZ/75/011, rField Document 36.

Vol. 6/1'. Land suitability assessment. Methodology and country results

FAO/UNDP MOZ/75/011, Field Document 37/1

Vol. 6/2: Land suitability assessment. Province results

FAO/UNDP MOZ/75/011, Field Document 37/2

Vol. 6/3: Systems Documentation FAO/UNDP MOZ/75/011, Field Document 37/3

Kauffman, J.H. Meteorological data; Angonia, Mozambique 1978 < FA0/M0Z/75/011, working paper 2.

. Lixneham, S. Rainfall in Rhodesia 1965 ---_ In: Collins, 1965

Lineham, S. Climate 1: Wind and weather. 1972 In: Agnew and Stubbs, 1972

•v Lineham, S. Climate 4: Rainfall 1972 In: Agnew and Stubbs, 1972

Macklin, M.C. Western tobacco. A manual for extension 1970 staff in Malawi. Extension Aids Service,

MANR, Zomba.

Morais da Silva Unidade de producao agricola, Angonia e 1975 Zambezia. Mimeo

Radcliffe, D.J. The growing period in Angonia, Province of 1981 Tete, Mozambique; An ecological basis for

crop selection. MQZ/75/011, Field Document 25.

Schulze, R.E. and McGee. Climatic indices and classifications in O.S. 1978

Torrance, J.D. 1965

Torrance, J.D. 1965

Torrance, J.D. 1972

Torrance, J.D. 1972

Voortman, R.L. 1985

Merger, M.J.A. (ed.) 1978

% .ïdj. : 'relation to the biogeography of Southern Africa. In: Werger, 1978

;The temperature.of'Rhodesia. > r - r-In: Collins, 1965 . ,

.Rhodesian sunshine and humidity fin: Collins, 1965 •

Climate 2: Temperature In: Agnew and Stubbs, 1972

Climate 3: Humidity, Sunshine, Cloudiness In: Agnew and Stubbs, 1972

Guidelines on land evaluation for rainfed agriculture in Mozambique (Basement Complex) INIA, Série Terra e Agua, Comunicacao no.30

Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. Monographiae Biologicae, Volume 31 Dr W. Junk Publishers The Hague

54

Appendix A: CLIMATE

Al: Meteorological and rainfall stations , (altitude, coordinates, number of years recorded)

A2: Mean m o n t h l y temperatures;. . . .. measured values at stations in Angonia ant at' similar latitudes

A3 -Correlation between altitude and evapotranspiration

.. Il

V T

' APPENDIX Ali Neteorological and rainfall stations; . ---(altitude,-coordinates, natoer of-recorded years)

1 1 STATION - — -- ALT. — LATITUDE- LQN61TUDE NUMBER OF • - TYPE - - -1 1 'NAME (i) degrees S degrees E YEARS OF STATION 1

i I t / . 1 L1CHIN6A 1: r •";• ^

1364 A

13.18 35.14 27 KETEO. !

i •

1 HUALAOZI 958 14.10 32.59 21 NETEO. 1 1 Tul' 1 DEDZA ! 4 '-' ' "

1S2S 14.21 34.22 30 KETEO. 1

i

I ENTACA 1380 ' i

1350

14.29 34.05 17 RAINF. 1

1 ( *

1 DOME

1380 ' i

1350 14.30 34.14 16 RAINF. 1

1 LIZULO 1'

* , 1475 14.32

" T 34.28

i

13 RAINF. 1

1 ...— .

1 LIFIDZI 1 T\- •

1270 14.33 34.14 19 RAINF. I i | 1 '- '

IV.UL0N6UE V E L H A — i

-1300 — -14.35 -— < - •

34.16 13 - - - -NETEO. - !

i

1 PQÖUERA 1220 14.40 34.13 13 RAINF. i

i

1 UL0N8UE 1

1270 14.44 34.22 20 KETEO. 1

I 1 BIRRI-BIRRI 1

1400 14.45 34.33 23 RAINF. 1

I 1 HAUE i

1189 14.45 34.22 19 NETEO. 1

i

I HASSQCO i

1000 14.47 33.56 8 RAINF. 1

i

I CHIA 1080 14.48 34.10 15 RAINF. i

i

i NTCHEU i -

1100 14.49 34.40 30 NETEO. i

I — 1 HETEN60 BALAHE 1

1370 14.51 34.31 14 RAINF. 1

1 1 HULOHBA 1

1075 14.53 34.18 14 RAINF. |

1 1 CHIPUTO •

1170 14.54 32.16 26 NETEO. 1

l 1 FURANCUN60 1

1276 14.54 33.36 27 NETEO. 1

I 1 NAPAN6E i

1400 14.57 34.31 16 RAINF. 1

l 1 LIVIRANOZI i

1000 15.02 34.17 5 RAINF. 1

l t TSAN8AN0 i

1600 15.10 34.34 14 RAINF. 1

1 I FIN60E 1

857 15.10 31.53 30 NETEO. i

56

Appendix 1: i . . . . . . . . . . .

(contin.)

i . . . . . . ,-....

1 STATION 1 i

ALT. LATITUDE degrees S

LONGITUDE degrees E

NUMBER OF YEARS

TYPE 1 OF STATION 1

i - . . . . . . . . . . .

1 CAUZUZU j

1400 15.14 34.22 7 RAINF. 1

i

1 ZIHETE 880 15.15 33.48 6 RAINF. 1

i

1 BAN» 1

700 IS. 22 33.49 8 RAINF. 1

1

1 CAZULA i

597 15.24 33.38 22 KETEO. 1

i

1 CHINANDJE i

670 15.26 34.16 20 RAINF. 1

i

1 CADJIE i

1100- 15.27 34.26 8 RAINF. 1

i

! CONDEDZI i

780 15.31 34.20 17 RAINF. t

i

1 ZOBUE t

' ' 898 15.36 34.26 15 RAINF. 1

1 TETE 1 -

149 16.11 33.35 18 HETEO. 1

V

C D U J

U J

en

I-

C ^ C D C D r^-. c o r -^ c=> O N —< C M i - o L T J

t . O j D D

C D CSl C Q C M

'LTV C O C D -vS- t o •<=*• L O r--* -%o —«

• • J D L O OT I / 3 <—t

'M C M O N C D C D M S •*3"

C D O N ---O L D C M CSl C D C M f""D l -O

• D O c o - . o N O C M r-*. C D -«a- t - o

/ I

O N M I I -4D C D P-v C M C M O N

C D f o c o c o

r -^ O N r o O N M D c o % o •«.*• c o

•-O M D U D

-43 r-o - o CD co r-o

CO CO. NO UO CD Csl t ^ )

C O " -O C D O N CM <rD

r--. <3- c o -«a- C D •<=*• - - o M D C D C D O N

C M C O ( O « t f M 3 iDD -cJ- f N • * * * U"7 •

- H O - I i n l -O C D C O C O —•« C D ^ C M CSl C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M i - H

i-O —H

« T C D • « * C O r ^ .

•CD - — - •—« : z : C D : > •

rzs rz: z tx: CD •—I t~ i Ou O O

'CEf

" « Z O O i—i - « x c c c e 3 = ^ 5 - Q _ o _

»-~) C D * ^ > 3 E C_D U J CD =s: ^D C O < C O :z: —- :z: - * C D •

C D U-J 3 £ = D C D

C D C O

:ac C D

»—< ( X . J3C -<C D>- W C O C D U J V*J O C t — U J -<C a . I O J i - M

I — U J Ï2Z

•*r UJ — i 2 z : = ) CD < r -M 3 : o r -SC • — . TTD C D U _ U .

r-M C D C D • — - c=s i — : s z

- a Z D • — < U J i a . i I — sT. •—* C D i x j Z l X i—i I — Z U f

IN

< X .

• H •

c a* ft <

- 5$ -

I I 2 I MONTH R R a b FORMULA I .

I . ... . t • 2i. • i •-• • J . • •

I JAM 0.94 -0.97 182.4 -0.0532 ET « 182.4 - 0,0532A I ' . . . • • • • • , '.. . - - : . . . . . , '

I FEB 0.96 -0.98 162.8 -0.0453 ET » 162.8 - 0.0453A I I HAR 0.94 -0.97 175.4 -0.0520 ET = 175.4 - 0,0520A I I APR 0.97 -0.98 158.8 -0.0465 ET « 158.B - 0,0465A I . I HAY 0.94 -0.97 153.7 -0.0480 ET » 153.7 - 0.04B0A I I JIM 0.83 -0.91 144.1 -0.0484 ET » 144.1 - 0,0484A I ' I JUL not calculated I i AUS not calculated I I SEP not calculated I I OCT not calculated I I NOV 0.85 -0.92 211.0 -0.0497 ET « 211.0 - 0,0497A I I DEC 0.95 -0.97 187.7 -0.0526 ET • 187.7 - 0,0526A

Appendix A3i Correlation betiteen altitude and evapotranspiration (using 6 stations tentioned in ch.3.6)

V

59

Appendix B: CROP REQUIREMENTS

Bl: Crop c l i m a t i c ' a d a p t a b i l i t y groups

V -r

60

1 ATTRIBUTES _ SPRING «CAT «KITE POTATO PHASEOLUS BEAN SUNFLOWER (TEC) 1

1 Species Triticua aestivua T. durua

Solanua tuberosua Phaseolus spp. Helianthus annus 1

1 Photosynthesis pathway C3 C3 C3 C3 1

1 Crop adaptability group I I I 1 1

i . . . (

1 6roning period (days) ! V

100-130 90-150 90-120 .100-120 1

1 Harvested part 1 ' '

seed tuber seed seed 1

1 Hain product/use .4 . ik v . v * * * - i '•'

grain Vegetable grain oil 1

! Growth.habit * Deterainate Indeterainate Deterainate '; Deterainate • !

1 Life span: Natural annual annual annual annual . 1 1 Cultivated annual annual annual annual

1 Yield: < Location terainal inflorescence underground stea lateral inflorescence terainal inflorescence 1 .. Formation LT LTT HE. LT ; 1 . Period 1 " i t * '' '- •

1 Suitable theraal zones HCT/CT HCT/CT HCT/CT HCT/CT

Appendix Bl: Cliaatic adaptability attributes of crops

TEC - Teaperate Cultivar TRC - Tropical Cultivar

LTT - Last tm-thirds of growth cycle HE - Hiddle to end of growth cycle LT - Last third of growth cycle

NT - Hara Tropics NUT - Haderately Kara Tropics HCT - Moderately Cool Tropics CT - Cool' Tropics

61

ATTRIBUTES 6flfflJMD«JT SOYBEAN UPLAND RICE TOBACCO

Species Arachis hypogea Glycine eax Oryza sativa Hicotiana tabacua

Photosynthesis patbaay C3 • C3 C3 C3

Crop adaptability group II II II II

SroMing period (days) 90-120 90-120 110-130 100-130

Harvested part seed seed seed leaf

Haiti product/use grain (L), oil, cake grain ' * oil, cake

grain narcotic

firouth habit Indeterminate Indeterminate Determinate Determinate

Life span: natural cultivated

annual annual

annual ' annual

annual annual

annual . annual

Yield: Location lateral inflorescence foraation BE

** ' period Suitable major cliiates «T/WT-

lateral inflorescence HE

BT/KNT

terminal inflorescence LT

JT/hUT

Leaf LTT

HT/HVT

Appendix Bl : Cliutic adaptability attributes of crops (continued)

ATTRIBUTES \ SUHFUSfER (TRC) . COTTON ' SKEET POTATO •* CASSAVA .

1 Species Kelianthus annus Z 6ossypiui hirsutui Ipoeoea batatas -Ranihot esculent

1 Photosynthesis pathiiay -C3 •:. C3 _ C3 C3

1 Crop adaptability group II > II . ; II 4

!. II 1

1 fjrowing period (days) 100-120 , 170-180 i 120-150 j

180-330 i i

1 Harvested part seed seed tuber l

tuber

! Hain,product/use

1 Bronth habit

. oil

Determinate

fibre, oil, cake

.Indeteninate r

tuber, starch, glucose, alcohol, syrup Indeteninate

carbohydrate:

Indeteninate:

1 Life span: natural 1 i •.„*» '.' cultivated

annual ••• 'annual-. -. -

annual/perennial ; w annual

short teri perennial annual

perennial annual '

1 Yield: Location teriinal inflorescence 1 '„ " Formation ,,LT;

lateral inflorescence • HE

root • LTT

root • . - . LTT

1 peiod — — - .. _ „ .... . - . — . ._. . > .. . - .. 1 Suitable eajor dilates HT/hlT HT/KHT HT/HHT HT/KHT

Appendix Bl: Cliutic adaptability attributes of crops (continued)

63

1 ATTRIBUTES TROPICAL KAIZE - TROPICAL S0R6HUK TEMPERATE HAIZE TEKPERATE SORSHUH 1

1 Species Zea aays Sorghui bicolor Zea lays Sorghui bicolor 1

t Photosynthesis pathnay C4 M C4 C4 !

i Crop adaptability group HI III IV IV i

1 Growing period (days) 90-120 90-120 >120 >120 1

1 Harvested part seed seed seed seed !

1 Bronth habit Deteriinate Deteriinate Deteriinate Deteriinate 1

1 Life span: Natural t Cultivated

annual annual

annual annual

annual annual

annual 1 annual 1

1 Yields Location teriinal inflorescence 1 Formation LT 1 period 1 Suitable lajor cliiates IT/MIT

teriinal inflorescence LT

KT/KHT

teriinal inflorescence

HCT/CT

teriinal inflorescence 1 LT !

HCT/CT I 1

Appendix 81 : Cliiatic adaptability attributes of crops (continued)

64

Appendix C: AGRO-CLIMATIC EVALUATION

CI: Adapted LGP evaluation rules C2: Agro-climatic suitability ratings by

thermal zone and LGP

Appendix CI: Adapted LGP evaluation rules - suitability ratings indicated in number of days - presented data for LGP ranges as far as calculated

MAIZE (Lowl. Var.)

Low Inputs

SI 150-219

S2 135-149 and 220-244

S3 120-134

S4 95-119

N <95

High Inputs

51 140-214

52 125-139 and 215-239

53 110-124 and 240-269

54 90-109

N <90

MAIZE (HIGHLAND VARIETIES) LOH AND HIGH INPUTS (by applicable thermal zone)

(Suitability ! class

Cm-Wm Thermal zone

Cma Cmb

SI

S2

S3

S4

155-229

140-154

125-139

110-124

<110

160-239

150-159

140-149

120-139

<120

185-260

170-184

160-169

140-159

<140

SORGHUM (Lowl. Var.)

Low Inputs

51 145-209

52 135-144 and 210-219

53 115-134 and 220-234

54 90-114 and 235-264

N <89 and >265

High Inputs

51 140-204

52 115-139 and 205-219

53 100-114 and 220-239

54 85-99 and 240-269

N <84 and >270

66

SQRGHUN (HIGHLAND VARIETIES) LOU AND HI6H INPUTS (by applicable thermal zone)

Thermal zone Suitability Cm-Wm Cma Cmb

class

51 155-214 160-219 185-234

52 •135-154 and >215 150-159 and 220+ 170-184 and 235+

53 120-134 140-149 .160-169

54 105-119 125-139 140-159

N <105 <125 <140

UPLAND RICE

Low Inputs High Inputs

SI >230 SI >230

S2 190-229 S2 190-229

S3 170-189 S3 170-189

S4 120-169 S4 120-169

N <119 N < 119

NHEAT

Low Inputs High Inputs

51 140-204 ' SI 140-204

52 125-139 and 205-219 S2 125-139 and 205-219

53 110-124 and 220-254 S3 110-124 and 220-254

54 95-109 and 255-274 S4 95-109 and 255-274

N <95 and >275 N <95 and >275

67

PHASEOLUS BEAN (Te«p. Var.)

Low Inputs High Inputs

51 135-204 SI 135-214

52 125-134 and 205-214 S2 125-134 and 215-264

53 110-124 and 215-224 S3 110-124 and 265-274

54 90-109 and 225-249 S4 90-109

N <90 N <90

GROUNDNUT

Low Inputs High Inputs

51 155-214 SI 150-234

52 135-154 and 215-249 S2 135-149 and 235-249

53 115-134 and 250-284 S3 115-134 and 250-269

54 100-114 S4 90-114 and 270+

N <99 N <90

Low Inputs

SOYBEAN

High Inputs

SI 140-189 SI 140-214

52 125-139 and 190-214 S2 125-139 and 215-239

S3 110-124 and 215-284 ,S3 110-124 and 240-269

S4 90-109 S4 90-109

N <90 N <90

68

Low Inputs

SWEET POTATO

High Inputs

SI 155-239 SI 155-269

S2 140-154 S2 140-154

S3 130-139 S3 130-139

S4 105-129 S4 105-129

N <105 N < 105

Low Inputs

UASSAVh

High Inputs

SI - SI >220.

S2 >220 S2 190-219

S3 185-219 S3 180-189

S4 160-184 S4 155-179

N <160 N <155

WHITE POTATO

Low Inputs High Inputs

51 155-219 SI 155-209

52 140-154 and 220-239 S2 140-154 and 210-219

53 120-139 and >240 , S3 120-139 and 220-250+

54 not calculated S4 not calculated

N not calculated N not calculated

69

1

SUNFLOWER

• Low Inputs

SI 140-194

S2 195-209

S3 210-229

S4 not calculated

N not calculated

High Inputs

51 140-194

52 195-209

53 -210-229

54 not calculated

N not calculated

COTTON

Low Inputs High Inputs

51 - SI 150-204

52 - S2 140-149 and 205-219

53 145-264 S3 125-139 and 220-255

54 125-144 and 265+ S4 110-124

N <125 N <110

Low Inputs

TOBACCO

High Inputs

SI 140-179 SI 140-179

S2 180-194 S2 180-194

S3 195-224 S3 ;

195-224

S4 225+ S4 225+

N not calculat ed N not calculated

70

ï

Appendix C2: Agroclimatic suitability ratings by thermal zone and LGP

- Agro-climatic suitability rating only indicated for occuring LGP range i.e. 140-229 days

- In brackets agro-climatic suitability rating for short duration crops under high level of inputs/management in zones with extended LGP

MAIZE (LoMland Var.)

Low Inputs _ _ _ _ •._«. i — — i

Cma Cmb I THERMAL ZONE

W Wma Wmb 1000- 1200-1200 1400

Wm-Cm 1000- 1200-1200 1400

Cm-Wm

LGP ZONE (days)

M. M. M. M.

140-149 S2 S2 S2 S2

150-209 SI SI SI SI SI N

210-219 S3 N

220-229 S4 N

THERMAL ZONE

LGP ZONE (days)

W Wma Wmb 1000- 1200-1200 1400 M. M.

Wm-Cm Cm-Wm 1000- 1200-1200 1400 M. M.

High Input;

Cma Cmb

140-209

210-214

215-219

SI SI SI SI SI SI

SI

S2

N

N

MAIZE (Highland Var.) Low and High Inputs

Thermal zone dependant LGP ratings already presented in appendix CI

SORGHUM (Lowland Var.)

Low Inputs

THERMAL W Wma Wmb Wm-Cm Cm-Urn Cma Cmb 1 ZONE 1000- 1200- 1000- 1200- :

1200 1400 '1200 1400 ! LGP ZONE M. M. M. M. !

(days)

140-144 S2 32 S2 S2

145-209 SI SI SI SI SI N

210-219 S2 N

220-229 S3 N

High Inputs

THERMAL W Wma Wn ib Wm-•Cm Cm -Wm Cma Cmb ! ZONE 1000-

1200 1200-1400

1000-1200

1200-1400

LGP ZONE M. M. M. M. (days)

140-204 SI SI si SI SI SI N

205-209 S2 S2 S2 N

210-219- S2 N

220-229 S3 N I i

1

SORGHUM (Highland \/»r.) Low and High Inputs

Thermal zone dependant LGP ratings already presented in appendix CI

79

UPLAND RICE

Low Inputs

! THERMAL W Wma Wn ib Wm-Cm Cm -Wm Cma Cmb ! ! ZONE 1000-

1200 1200-1400

' 1000-1200

1200-1400

I LGP ZONE M. M. M. M. ! (days)

! 140-169 S4 S4 N N N

i 170-189 S3 S4 N N N N

! 190-229 52 S4 N N N N

High Inputs

THERMAL ! ZONE

! LGP ZONE ! (days)

W Wma Wn 1000-1200 M.

ib

1200-1400 M.

Wm-Cn 1000-1200 M.

i Cm-Wm Cma 1200-1400 M.

Cmb !

! 140-169 S4 S4 N N N

I 170-189 S3 S4 N N(S4) N N

I 190-229 S2 S4(S3) N(S4> N(S3/4) N N

WHEAT Low Inputs

THERMAL W Wma Wmb Wm-Cm Cm-Wm Cma Cmb ZONE 1000- 1200- 1000- 1200-

1200 1400 1200 1400 LGP ZONE M. M. M. M.

(days)

140-204 N N S3 S3

205-219 N

220-229

I

S3 S2 SI

S4 S3 S3

S4

S2 S2

S3

1200 1400 1200 1400 LGP ZONE M. M. H. M.

(days)

140-204 N N S3 S3

205-219 N

220-229

High Inputs

THERMAL W Wma Wmb Wm-Cm Cm-Wm Cma Cmb ZONE 1000- 1200- 1000- 1200-

S3(S2) S2 SI

S4(S3) S3 S3

S4

S2 S2

S3

74

PHASEOLUS BEAN (TEHP.VAR.) Low Inputs

THERMAL W Wma ZONE

LGP ZONE (days) •

140-204 S3 S2 SI SI

205-214 S3

215-229

High Inputs

! THERMAL W Wma Wn ib Wm-Cm Cm-Wm Cma Cmb ! ! ZONE 1000-

1200 1200-1400

1000-1200

1200-1400

! LGP ZONE M. M. M. M. I (days)

! 140-214 S3 S2 St SI SI SI SI SI SI !

i 215-229 -

S2 S2 !

Wmb Wm-Cm Cm-Wm Cma Cmb 1000- 1200- 1000- 1.200-1200 1400 1200 1400 M. M. M. M.

51 SI SI

52 S2 S2 S2 S2

S3 S3

GROUNDNUT Low Inputs

THERMAL W Wma Wmb Wm-Cm Cm-Wm Cma Cmb ZONE 1000- 1200- 1000- 1200-

1200 1400 1200 1400 LGP ZONE M. M. M. M.

(days)

140-154 S2 S2 S3 S4 N

155-214 SI S2 S3 S3 S4 S4 N N !

215-229 N N !

High Inputs

THERMAL W Wma Wmb Wm-Cm Cm-Wm Cma Cmb ! ZONE 1000- 1200- 1000- 1200- 1

1200 1400 1200 1400 LGP ZONE M. M. M. M.

(days) "

140-149 S2 S2 S3 S4

1 1

1 1

1

150-229 SI , S2 S3 S3(S2) S4(S3) S4(S2/3) N N :

7 Ü

SOYBEAN Low Inputs

THERMAL ! ZONE

! LGP ZONE i (days)

W Wma Wir 1000-1200 M.

b 1200-1400 M.

Wm-1000-1200 M.

Cm • 1200-

1400 M,

Cm-Wm Cma Cmb !

1

! 140-189 1

SI SI SI S2 S2 S2 S4

i 190-214 S2 S3 S3 S4 N N !

I 215-229 N N !

High Inputs

THERMAL ! ZONE

! LGP ZONE ! (days)

W Wma Wmb 1000- 1200-1200 1400 , M. M.

Wm-Cm Cm-Wm Cma 1000- 1200-1200 1400 M. M.

Cmb !

i 140-214

! 215-229

SI SI SI S2 S2(S1) S2 S3(Sl/2) S4

S4(S2/3)

N :

N :

/

SHEET POTATO Low Inputs

THERMAL W Wma WIT b Wm-Cm Cra-Wm Cma Cmb ! ZONE 1000-

1200 1200-1400

1000-1200

1200-1400

! LGP ZONE M. M. M. M. (days) «

! 140-154 S2 S2 S3 S3 N

! 155-229 SI S2 S2 S2 S3 S3 S4 S4

High Inputs

THERMAL W Wma Mm b Wm-Cm Cm-Wm Cma Cmb ZONE 1000-

1200 1200-1400

1000- 1200-1200 1400

LGP ZONE M. M. M. M. (days)

140-154 S2 S2 S3 S3 N

155-229 SI S2 S2 S2 S3(S2) S3(S2) S4 S4

*

CASSAVE Low Inputs

! THERMAL W Wma Wmb Wm-Cm Cra-Wm Cma Cmb ! ! ZONE 1000-

1200 1200-1400

1000-1200

1200-1400

! LGP ZONE 'H., M. M. M. ! (days)

1 140-159 N N N N N

i 160-184 S4 S4 N N N N

i 185-219 S3 S4 S4 N N N !

I 220-229 I

S4 N

High Inputs

THERMAL 1 ZONE

! LGP ZONE ! (days)

W Wma Wn 1000-1200 M.

ib

1200-1400 M.

Wm-C<t 1000-1200 M.

1200-1400 M.

Cm-Wm Cma Cmb !

! 140-154 N N N N N

i 155-179 S4 S4 N •' N

1 180-189 S3 S4 S4 N

i 190-219 - S2 S3 S3 S4 S4 N

i 220-229 S3 S4

WHITE POTATO Low Inputs

THERMAL W Wma Wmb Wm- Cm Cm-Wra Cma Cmb ! ! ZONE 1000-

1200 1200-1400

1000-1200

- 1200-1400

! L6P ZONE M. M. M. M. ! (days)

1 ! 140-154 N N N S4 S2

! 155-219 N S4 S3 S3 S3 S2 SI SI i

! 220-229 S3 S2

High Inputs

THERMAL ! ZONE

I L6P ZONE ! (days)

W Uma WIT

1000-1200 M.

b 1200-1400 M.

Wm-Cm Cm-Wm 1000- 1200-1200 1400 M. M.

Cma Cmb !

1 ! 140-154 N N N S4 S2

i 155-209 N S4 S3 S3(S2) S3(S2) SI

! 210-219 ' •' S3 S2 !

i

i 220-229 S4 S3 !

80

SUNFLOWER Low Inputs

THERMAL W Wma Wmb Win-Cm Cm-Wm Cma Cmb ZONE 1000- 1200-

1200 1400 1000- 1200-1200 1400

LGP ZONE M. M. M. M. (days)

i 140-194 SI SI SI S2 S2 S2 S3 1

1 195-209 S2 S3 S3 S4

I 210-229 N N !

High Inputs

I THERMAL W Wma Wmb Wm-Cm Cm-Wm Cma Cmb ZONE 1000- 1200- 1000- 1200-

1200 1400 1200 1400 LGP ZONE M. M. M. M.

(days)

140-194 SI SI SI S2 S2(S1) S2 S3

195-209 S2 S3(S2) S3 S4

210-229 N(S3/4> N

81

COTTON Low Inputs

! THERMAL W Wma Wmb Wm-Cn Cm-Wm Cma Cmb ! ! ZONE 1000- 1200-

1200 1400 1000-1200

1200-1400

! LGP ZONE M. M. M. M. i (days)

[ 140-144 S4 S4 N N

! 145-229 S3 S3 S4 N N N N N N

High Inputs

i THERMAL W Wma Wm b Wm-Cm Cm-Wm Cma Cmb 1 1 ZONE 1000-

1200 1200-1400

1000-1200

1200-1400

! LGP ZONE M. M. M. M. ! (days)

! 140-149 S2 S2 S3 S4

! 150-204 SI SI S2 S3 S3 S3 S4

! 205-219 S2 S4 S4 N N N !

1 220-229 1 1 '

N N !

/

82

TOBACCO Low Inputs

THERMAL i ZONE

i LGP ZONE ! (days)

W Wma Wn 1000-1200 M.

ib

1200-1400 M.

Wm-Cii 1000-1200 M.

l Cm-Wra 1200-1400 M.

Cms Cmb !

i 140-179 SI SI S2 S3 N

1 180-194 S2 S4 N N

! 195-224 S3 N N N N N :

i 225-229 N N :

High Inputs

1 THERMAL I ZONE

! LGP ZONE ! (days)

W Wma Wmb 1000-1200 M.

1200-1400 M.

Wm-Cm Cm-Wm 1000- 1200-1200 1400 M. M.

Cma Cmb !

! 140-179 SI SI S2 S3 N

i 180-194 S2 './ S4(S3) N(S4) N

i 195-224 S3 N(S4) N N(S4/N) N N !

i 225-229 N N

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83