anie workshop information ethics in africa in cooperation with scecsal 2012 nairobi, june 3, 2012...
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ANIE WorkshopANIE WorkshopInformation Ethics in AfricaInformation Ethics in Africa
In cooperation with SCECSAL 2012In cooperation with SCECSAL 2012Nairobi, June 3, 2012Nairobi, June 3, 2012
Rafael CapurroRafael CapurroInternational Center for Information EthicsInternational Center for Information Ethics
Distinguished Researcher in Information Ethics, University of Distinguished Researcher in Information Ethics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USAWisconsin-Milwaukee, USACapurro-Fiek-FoundationCapurro-Fiek-Foundation
http://www.capurro.de/home-eng.htmlhttp://www.capurro.de/home-eng.html
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
1.1. Social Media in AfricaSocial Media in Africa
2.2. Ethics of Social MediaEthics of Social Media
3.3. ProspectsProspects
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
1.1. Social media in AfricaSocial media in Africahttp://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol24no1/ushahidi.html
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Infographic social media in AfricaInfographic social media in Africa
In: The Globe and Mail, Nov. 30, 2011In: The Globe and Mail, Nov. 30, 2011http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/social-media-in-africa/article2235087/ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/social-media-in-africa/article2235087/
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
Sébastian Seibt: First Twitter map of Sébastian Seibt: First Twitter map of Africa reveals a connected continent. Africa reveals a connected continent. In: France 24, International news, In: France 24, International news, 27/1/201227/1/2012
http://www.france24.com/en/20120127-africa-twitter-smartphone-maphttp://www.france24.com/en/20120127-africa-twitter-smartphone-map
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
““What is perhaps a positive surprise is What is perhaps a positive surprise is that there is not one country in the that there is not one country in the whole of Africa where Twitter is not whole of Africa where Twitter is not used,” said Watkinson.used,” said Watkinson.
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Robert Watkinson, associate director of Portland Communications.Robert Watkinson, associate director of Portland Communications.
SeeSee http://www.portland-communications.com/locations/nairobihttp://www.portland-communications.com/locations/nairobi
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
The map reveals that the number of The map reveals that the number of tweets is not necessarily related to tweets is not necessarily related to the wealth of a particular country. the wealth of a particular country. Kenya ranked ahead of Nigeria and Kenya ranked ahead of Nigeria and Egypt, despite those two countries Egypt, despite those two countries being wealthier, more populous, and being wealthier, more populous, and regular sources of headline news.regular sources of headline news.
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
““Kenyans generally consume much Kenyans generally consume much more mobile internet data per user more mobile internet data per user than the Nigerians. For example, this than the Nigerians. For example, this could be the very reason why Kenya could be the very reason why Kenya generates more geo-located tweets generates more geo-located tweets than others,” said Watkinson.“than others,” said Watkinson.“
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
André-Michel Essoungou: André-Michel Essoungou:
A social media boom begins in Africa. A social media boom begins in Africa. Using mobile phones, Africans join Using mobile phones, Africans join the global conversation.the global conversation.
From From Africa RenewalAfrica Renewal, December 2010, page 3, December 2010, page 3http://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/vol24no4/social-media-boom.htmhttp://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/vol24no4/social-media-boom.htmll
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
„„In recent months Facebook — the In recent months Facebook — the major social media platform major social media platform worldwide and currently the most worldwide and currently the most visited website in most of Africa — visited website in most of Africa — has seen massive growth on the has seen massive growth on the continent. continent.
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
The number of African Facebook users The number of African Facebook users now stands at over 17 million, up from now stands at over 17 million, up from 10 million in 2009. More than 15 per 10 million in 2009. More than 15 per cent of people online in Africa are cent of people online in Africa are currently using the platform, compared currently using the platform, compared to 11 per cent in Asia. Two other social to 11 per cent in Asia. Two other social networking websites, Twitter and networking websites, Twitter and YouTube, rank among the most visited YouTube, rank among the most visited websites in most African countries.“websites in most African countries.“
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
„„Erik Hersman, a prominent African Erik Hersman, a prominent African social media blogger and social media blogger and entrepreneur who helped drive entrepreneur who helped drive development of the ground-breaking development of the ground-breaking platform Ushahidi (see platform Ushahidi (see Young Young AfricansAfricans putput technology to technology to newnew usesuses), ), is equally enthusiastic. is equally enthusiastic.
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
In an e-mail to In an e-mail to Africa RenewalAfrica Renewal he notes he notes that "with mobile phone penetration that "with mobile phone penetration already high across the continent, already high across the continent, and as we get to critical mass with and as we get to critical mass with Internet usage in some of Africa's Internet usage in some of Africa's leading countries (Kenya, South leading countries (Kenya, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, Egypt) … a Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, Egypt) … a seismic shift will happen with seismic shift will happen with services, products and information." services, products and information."
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Will Mutua: Will Mutua:
Africa Facebook Phenomenon Nigeria, Africa Facebook Phenomenon Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa.Kenya, South Africa.
In: Afrinnovator, January 4, 2011In: Afrinnovator, January 4, 2011
http://afrinnovator.com/blog/2011/01/04/africa-facebook-phenomenon-nigeria-http://afrinnovator.com/blog/2011/01/04/africa-facebook-phenomenon-nigeria-
kenya-south-africa/kenya-south-africa/
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
„„Facebook has become a bit of a Facebook has become a bit of a phenomenon amongst African youth. phenomenon amongst African youth. In Kenya it is not uncommon to find In Kenya it is not uncommon to find young people walking around, or young people walking around, or sitting in sitting in matatus matatus glued to their glued to their mobile screens, not reading text mobile screens, not reading text messages or dialing but following the messages or dialing but following the happenings in their Facebook happenings in their Facebook ‘friendverse’. ‘friendverse’.
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
So we thought we’d take a quick look So we thought we’d take a quick look at whether this situation is unique to at whether this situation is unique to Kenya or there’s a trend in other Kenya or there’s a trend in other parts of Africa. We took a look at parts of Africa. We took a look at specifically Nigeria, Kenya and South specifically Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa, representing west, east and Africa, representing west, east and southern Africa.“southern Africa.“
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„„NigeriaNigeria
Some interesting news from Nigeria, Some interesting news from Nigeria, according to a blog post by Loy according to a blog post by Loy Okezie, is the fact that Facebook has Okezie, is the fact that Facebook has just overtaken Yahoo to become just overtaken Yahoo to become Nigeria’s most visited site.“Nigeria’s most visited site.“
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„„KenyaKenya
Moses Kemibaro last year wrote a Moses Kemibaro last year wrote a piece on the growth of Kenya’s piece on the growth of Kenya’s Facebook population.There have Facebook population.There have been conflicting claims concerning been conflicting claims concerning the actual number of Kenyans on the actual number of Kenyans on Facebook, Moses claimed over 1 Facebook, Moses claimed over 1 Million based on his research.“Million based on his research.“
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
„„South AfricaSouth Africa
South Africa so far is by far the largest South Africa so far is by far the largest Facebook population. According Facebook population. According to SocialBakers the country boasts to SocialBakers the country boasts over 3.4 million people on Facebook over 3.4 million people on Facebook exceeding 6% of the total population exceeding 6% of the total population and 65% of South Africa’s online and 65% of South Africa’s online population.“population.“
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
„„From what we’ve found we can also From what we’ve found we can also conclude that Facebook is definitely conclude that Facebook is definitely the place to go to reach Africa’s the place to go to reach Africa’s urban youth. On average, the 18-25 urban youth. On average, the 18-25 age bracket represents the lion’s age bracket represents the lion’s share of Africa’s Facebook share of Africa’s Facebook population, population,
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which sounds pretty reasonable given which sounds pretty reasonable given the fact that this is the generation the fact that this is the generation which is being exposed to the which is being exposed to the Internet and World Wide Web Internet and World Wide Web currently, they are also a fair amount currently, they are also a fair amount of the general population of Africa, of the general population of Africa, they are educated, urbanized and they are educated, urbanized and highly exposed to the modern highly exposed to the modern world.“world.“
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2. Ethics of Social Media2. Ethics of Social Media
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Some ethical values as related to Some ethical values as related to social media and the Internet:social media and the Internet: Freedom of mutual recognition Freedom of mutual recognition Self-determinationSelf-determination Equality of opportunitiesEquality of opportunities Rules of social fair playRules of social fair play Informed consentInformed consent Social and political participationSocial and political participation
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
Some ethical conflicts as related to Some ethical conflicts as related to social media and the Internet:social media and the Internet: Digital divideDigital divide Media monopoliesMedia monopolies Digital cannibalismDigital cannibalism Cultural dependencyCultural dependency Manipulation and misuseManipulation and misuse Social control and surveillanceSocial control and surveillance
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
This is a debate on freedom and fair This is a debate on freedom and fair societies in the digital age in Africa societies in the digital age in Africa towards the construction of African towards the construction of African identities based on mutual respect identities based on mutual respect and recognition of the qualities, and recognition of the qualities, capabilities, resources and histories... capabilities, resources and histories... of African peoples.of African peoples.
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
It is a socio-political as well as an It is a socio-political as well as an academic debate dealing also with academic debate dealing also with transparency of public policy and transparency of public policy and people's participation.people's participation.
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
Why is the debate about privacy and Why is the debate about privacy and publicness so crucial today? I think it publicness so crucial today? I think it is because the difference is because the difference private/public, which is essential for private/public, which is essential for social life, is being perceived in social life, is being perceived in different ways, particularly since the different ways, particularly since the internet, but also already with mass internet, but also already with mass media, free press, etc. media, free press, etc.
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
It is, on the one hand, a debate about It is, on the one hand, a debate about the self-determination of individuals the self-determination of individuals in order to shape their own lives,in order to shape their own lives,
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as well as, on the other hand, on how as well as, on the other hand, on how social media can be used by citizens social media can be used by citizens for an active participation in public for an active participation in public policy.policy.
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Both issues should be based on rules Both issues should be based on rules of fair social interplay.of fair social interplay.
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
3. Prospects3. Prospects
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
The public / privacy debate with regard The public / privacy debate with regard to social media is an important issue to social media is an important issue for the development of free and fair for the development of free and fair information societies in Africa. information societies in Africa.
I can imagine some research questions I can imagine some research questions arising from this debate such as:arising from this debate such as:
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
What are the specific cultural and What are the specific cultural and historical conditions that influence historical conditions that influence this debate on social media in Africa?this debate on social media in Africa?
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What are the bad and good practices What are the bad and good practices with social media in Africa? with social media in Africa?
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How do classical mass media and How do classical mass media and today's social media influence socio-today's social media influence socio-ethical values in African countries ethical values in African countries and cultures and vice versa? and cultures and vice versa?
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Social Media and Information Social Media and Information Ethics in AfricaEthics in Africa
What is the impact of the What is the impact of the development of social media in other development of social media in other countries and cultures outside Africa countries and cultures outside Africa on African societies and cultures? on African societies and cultures?
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How do social media influence How do social media influence political and social changes in Africa?political and social changes in Africa?
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What is the impact of social media on What is the impact of social media on oral cultures and indigenous oral cultures and indigenous languages in Africa?languages in Africa?
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Will Africans invent their own ways of Will Africans invent their own ways of social interplay on the internet? social interplay on the internet?
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ReferencesReferences
Capurro, Rafael: Information Ethics for and from Africa (2007) Capurro, Rafael: Information Ethics for and from Africa (2007) http://www.capurro.de/africa.htmlhttp://www.capurro.de/africa.html
Essoungou, André-Michel: A social media boom begins in Essoungou, André-Michel: A social media boom begins in Africa. Using mobile phones, Africans join the global Africa. Using mobile phones, Africans join the global conversation. In conversation. In Africa RenewalAfrica Renewal, December 2010, p. 3, December 2010, p. 3
http://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/vol24no4/social-media-http://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/vol24no4/social-media-boom.htmlboom.html
Essoungou, André-Michel: Young Africans put technology to Essoungou, André-Michel: Young Africans put technology to new uses. Kenyan software a tool for political participation. new uses. Kenyan software a tool for political participation. In In Africa RenewalAfrica Renewal, April 2010, p. 3, April 2010, p. 3
http://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/vol24no1/ushahidi.htmlhttp://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/vol24no1/ushahidi.html
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Infographic social media in Africa. In Infographic social media in Africa. In The Globe and The Globe and MailMail, Nov. 30, 2011, Nov. 30, 2011
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/social-http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/social-media-in-africa/article2235087/media-in-africa/article2235087/
Internet-Privacy. A Culture of Privacy and Trust for Internet-Privacy. A Culture of Privacy and Trust for the Internet.the Internet.
http://www.acatech.de/uk/home-uk/work-and-http://www.acatech.de/uk/home-uk/work-and-results/current-projects/internet-privacy.htmlresults/current-projects/internet-privacy.html
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Seibt, Sébastian: First Twitter map of Africa reveals Seibt, Sébastian: First Twitter map of Africa reveals a connected continent. Ina connected continent. In France 24 France 24, International , International news, 27/1/2012news, 27/1/2012
http://www.france24.com/en/20120127-africa-http://www.france24.com/en/20120127-africa-twitter-smartphone-map twitter-smartphone-map
Trepte, Sabine and Leonard Reinecke, Leonard Trepte, Sabine and Leonard Reinecke, Leonard (eds.): Privacy Online. Perspectives on Privacy (eds.): Privacy Online. Perspectives on Privacy and Self-Disclosure in the Social Web. Heidelberg: and Self-Disclosure in the Social Web. Heidelberg: Springer 2011.Springer 2011.