animal behavior. what is behavior? anything an animal does in response to a stimulus stimulus:...
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ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
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What is Behavior?
Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus
Stimulus: environmental change that directly influences an organism
Example: change in day length, heat
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Innate behavior: Inherited
Natural selection favors certain behaviors
Behavior that helps survival is passed on to offspring
Examples: fixed action responses: unchangeable behavior that once begun, won’t stop till it is finished (toad sees prey, flips out tongue)
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Reflexes: Automatic Responses
Simplest form of behavior
Simple automatic response to a stimulus that involves no conscious control
Example: jerking hand from hot stove
Fight or flight response
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Instinctive Behavior
Complex pattern of innate behavior
Longer than a reflex
Example: greylag goose rolling eggs
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Internal and external cues
A. Circadian rhythm: 24-hour wake-sleep cycle regulated by light (some nocturnal)B. Migration: instinctive seasonal movement by animals (birds, whales)C. Hibernation: inactivity during cold weatherD. Estivation: state of reduced metabolism during periods of extreme heat
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E. Suckling: mammal babies instinctively know how to get nourishment from their mother
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F. Taxis:
responsive movement of a free-moving organism or cell toward or away from an external stimulus, such as light.
Positive phototaxis: movement toward light
Negative phototaxis: movement away from light
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Social Behavior:1. Dominance Hierarchy
“Pecking order”
Social ranking within a group
Usually a dominant male (“alpha male”) may sire most of young
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2. Courtship behaviorCourtship behavior: actions males and females carry out before mating
Insures that members of the same species find each other and mateMay protect male from being eaten long enough to mate
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3. TerritorialityPhysical space an animal defends against own speciesMay include breeding, feeding, or mating areas or all threeReduces competition so improves survivalPheromones may mark boundaries
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4. Communication: ants and beesusing pheromones
Bees “dance” to show hive members the way to food
Ants
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5. Aggressive Behavior
Intimidates others of same speciesUsed to defend young, territory, foodTeeth baring, growling, bird callsRarely leads to death, just submission
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Learned Behavior: behavior changes through practice or experience
Habituation: repeated stimulus not associated with a reward or punishment, so animal eventually ceases to respond
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Learned behavior: Imprinting
At a critical time in its life, animal develops a social attachment to another object
Usually irreversible
Mostly in birds
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Learned behavior: Trial and Error
Animal receives a reward for a certain response
Motivation speeds up this type of learning
Usually, satisfies a need such as hunger
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Learned behavior: Classical conditioning (Pavlov’s dog)
“Learning by association”
One stimulus associated with another to receive reward
Eventually, first stimulus no longer needed
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Learned behavior: Insight
Most complex type of learning
Animal uses previous experience to respond to a new situation
Much of human learning occurs by insight
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Which is it?