animal characteristics heterotrophs – must ingest others for nutrients multicellular – complex...
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Animal Characteristics • Heterotrophs– must ingest others for nutrients
• Multicellular– complex bodies
• No cell walls– allows active movement
• Sexual reproduction– no alternation of generations– no haploid gametophyte
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9 Major Phyla of the Animal Kingdom
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PoriferaCnidaria
Platyhelminthes
sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms
NematodaMollusca Arthropoda Chordata
Annelida Echinodermata
mollusks
multicellularity
Ancestral Protist
tissues
bilateral symmetry
body cavity
segmentation
Animal Evolution
coelom
starfish vertebrates
endoskeleton
segmentedworms
insectsspiders
backbone
specialization & body complexity
specialized structure & function,muscle & nerve tissue
distinct body plan; cephalization
body complexity digestive & repro sys
digestive sys
body size
redundancy,specialization, mobility
body & brain size, mobility
radial
bilateral
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Animals show distinctive ‘body plans’
• Asymmetry – no pattern – sponges
• Radial Symmetry – some sponges and– sea anemone –no head or sides
• Bilateral symmetry – Usually show cephalization– Often move from place to place– crayfish/human
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• “It is not birth, marriage, or death, but gastrulation, which is truly the most important time in your life.” Lewis Wolpert (1986)
• The development and arrangement of the basic embryonic layers (ectoderm → skin and nervous system, mesoderm → muscle and bone, and endoderm → digestive tract) establishes the basic body plan.
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Tissue Organization• SPONGES – have no true tissues– Animal body plans vary in organization of tissues
– Sponges lack true tissues– In other animals, cell layers formed during
gastrulation give rise to tissues and organs– Some animals have only ectoderm and endoderm,
but most animals also have mesoderm– ectoderm → skin and nervous system – endoderm → digestive tract– mesoderm → muscle and bone, and circulatory
system
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Body Cavity also used to characterize organisms
– The body cavities of animals vary– Flatworms have a solid body and lack a coelom– A pseudocoelom is partially lined by tissue derived
from mesoderm– A true coelom is completely lined by tissue derived
from mesodermConnecting structures called mesenteries connect
inner tissue to outer tissue and suspend internal organs. Only found in true coelomates
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No coelom
Flatworms= acoelomates
Pseudocoelom
nematodes
True CoelomAnnelids and higher organisms
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INVERTEBRATES• Animals that lack backbones• Occupy almost every habitat on Earth!• They make up 97% of all animals