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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I. DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING HOW TO RESPOND. SIGNAL: VEHICLE OF INFORMATION 1) MUST PROVIDE (POTENTIAL) BENEFIT TO SENDER AND THE RECEIVER -SO, AN OWL HEARING A MOUSE MOVE AND USING THIS SOUND TO LOCALIZE IT IS NOT COMMUNICATION -SOUND MOVEMENT: CUE, NOT SIGNAL -OWL HEARING: EAVESDROPPING, NOT COMMUNICATING II. SIGNAL COMPONENTS: SIGNAL CONTENT – WHAT DOES THE SIGNAL CONVEY? SIGNAL DESIGN – HOW IS THE SIGNAL DESIGNED TO BEST CONVEY THE CONTENT TO THE RECEIVER - SUBJECT TO SELECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND OF THE RECEIVER BIASES

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Page 1: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

I. DEFINED

-PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING HOW TO RESPOND.

SIGNAL: VEHICLE OF INFORMATION

1) MUST PROVIDE (POTENTIAL) BENEFIT TO SENDER AND THE RECEIVER

-SO, AN OWL HEARING A MOUSE MOVE AND USING THIS SOUND TO LOCALIZE IT IS NOT COMMUNICATION

-SOUND MOVEMENT: CUE, NOT SIGNAL-OWL HEARING: EAVESDROPPING, NOT COMMUNICATING

II. SIGNAL COMPONENTS:SIGNAL CONTENT – WHAT DOES THE SIGNAL CONVEY?

SIGNAL DESIGN – HOW IS THE SIGNAL DESIGNED TO BEST CONVEY THE CONTENT TO THE RECEIVER

- SUBJECT TO SELECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND OF

THE RECEIVER BIASES

Page 2: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONIII. CONTEXT

A. PARENT OFFSPRING

BEGGING IN CHICKS

-BEGGING SIGNALS HUNGER STATE (SIGNAL CONTENT)

-MORE ACTIVE (LOUD AND FREQUENT) GETS MORE FOOD

TEST: FLYCATCHERS BY OTTOSON ET AL. 87

-MALE OR FEMALE FITTED WITH CHIP THAT ACTIVATES RECORDING OF BEGGING UPON APPROACH

-PARENT WITH CHIP FED THE CHICKS MORE OFTEN THAN PARENTS WITHOUT CHIPS

-SUGGESTS THAT BEGGING COMMUNICATES HUNGER STATUS OF CHICK

Page 3: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONIII. CONTEXT

A. PARENT OFFSPRING

DISTRESS AND HELP CALL IN CROCODILES

- EGGS ARE LAID IN NESTS THAT HARDEN

1. UPON HATCHING, YOUNG CROCODILE CALL FOR HELP TO BREAK FREE

2. WHEN THREATEND, YOUNG CROCODILES CALL FOR HELP

http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/potm-oct00.html

Page 4: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONIII. CONTEXT

B. GROUP COMMUNICATION: RECOGNITION OF KIN IN A LARGE GROUP

e.g., RHESUS MACAQUES BY RENDALL ET AL. 96

-LIVE IN GROUPS-CAN INDIVIDUALS RECOGNIZE KIN BASED ON VOCALIZATIONS “CONTACT CALLS”-RECORDED AND PLAYED BACK RECORDINGS TO SEE RESPONSE-SIGNIFICANTLY RESPONDED TO KIN: QUICKER AND LONGER-SUGGESTS THAT CALL IS FOR RECOGNITION

Page 5: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONIII. CONTEXT

B. DOMINANCE: AVOID CONFLICT

-FIGHTS CAN BE VERY COSTLY, SO ANIMALS

SHOULD EVOLVE SIGNALS TO AVOID

PHYSICAL FIGHTS – SIGNALS!

Page 6: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

III. CONTEXT

C. PREY TO PREDATOR

1. GAZELLLE STOTTING REDUCES LIKELIHOOD OF CHASE & CAPTURE

SIGNAL OF GAZELLE CONDITION? BY FITZPATRICK AND FANSHAWE

SIGNAL INDIVIDUAL CONDITION

Page 7: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

III. CONTEXT

C. PREY TO PREDATOR

2. UNPALATIBILITY OR TOXICITY POISON-DART FROGS (DONDROBATIDS)

PITOHUIS OF NEW GUINEA

Both groups have batrachotoxins, neurotoxins that cause paralysis.

Page 8: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONIV. MODES OF COMMUNICATION IN VERTEBRATES

A. VISUAL: BASED ON COLOR AND BLACK & WHITE CONTRASTS

B. SMELL: BASED ON CHEMICALS (OLFACTORY SIGNALS)

C. SOUND: BASED ON DISTURBANCES OF A MEDIUM LIKE AIR OR WATER (AUDITORY)

D. TOUCH: BASED ON STIMULATING SENSORS ON THE SKIN (TACTILE)

E. ELECTRICAL: BASED ON CHANGING OF ELECTRICAL FIELDS

Page 9: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL

clown fish, Amphiprion ocellaris

Paracheirodon axelrodi (red neon tetra)

http://malawicichlids.com/index.htm

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/william_fink/paracheirodon_axelrodi.jpg/view.html
Page 10: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL

Trinidad Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

• dimorphic – males smaller and colorful, females drab and larger

• native to Trinidad &Venezuela

females prefer colorful males

Page 11: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL

electric fish: fish that can perceive and create an electric field

Can generate100V to stun prey

Primarily used like a radar but also used in communication, especially mate choice

Page 12: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL

electric fish mate choice by

Page 13: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL

olfactory (chemical) signaling in minnows and pikes

FLATHEAD MINNOW BY CHIVERS AND COLLEAGUES

-WHEN MINNOW IS TAKEN BY PIKE, RELEASES CHEMICAL CUES

-ATTRACTS OTHER PIKE AND INCREASES HANDLING TIME – SOMETIMES ALLOW FOR ESCAPE (5 OF 13 IN THE EXPERIMENT DID)

Page 14: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL, AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY

VISUAL – Poison dart frogs

two color forms of Dendrobates pumilo in Panama

Pre

fere

nce

fo

r o

wn

Co

lor

Page 15: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL, AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY

AUDITORY –

-males call out in Spring

-females prefer (approach) long calls

http://beheco.oupjournals.org/content/vol11/issue6/images/large/bhec-11-06-09-f01.jpeg
http://beheco.oupjournals.org/content/vol11/issue6/images/large/bhec-11-06-09-f01.jpeg
Page 16: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL, AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY

AUDITORY AND VISUAL ARE NECESSARY!

e.g., Poison Dart Frog by Narins and colleagues

Is call and visible vocal sac necessary?

-just calls, no fake frog: approach, no aggression

-calls with various visual signals: see graph

*Need both sound and pulsating vocal sacto initiate aggression

Page 17: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL AND OLFACTORY

OLFACTORY – SALAMANDER

Many salamanders use chemical secretion to mark territories and to attract mates

e.g., California Slender Salamander

-tested with moss with own chemicals vs. foreign

-more aggressive (ATR – trunk raised) and retreat

behavior when smelling foreign chemical

Page 18: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

3. REPTILES: VISUAL AND OLFACTORY

VISUAL – ANOLIS DEWLAP PUSH UP DISPLAYS – FENCE LIZARDS AND AUSTRALIAN AGAMIDS

THREAT DISPLAYS ARE USED TO DEFEND TERRITORIES

http://galliform.bhs.mq.edu.au/lizard2/

Page 19: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

3. REPTILES: VISUAL AND OLFACTORY

OLFACTORY – MARSHALL LIZARD

e.g. Lacerta monticola lizard by Martin and Lopez

Page 20: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

4. BIRDS: VISUAL AND AUDITORY

Page 21: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

4. BIRDS: VISUAL AND AUDITORY

VISUAL SIGNALS – VOGELKOP BOWERBIRDS

Page 22: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

4. BIRDS: VISUAL AND AUDITORY

AUDITORY – Song Sparrow

Page 23: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

4. BIRDS: VISUAL ANDAUDITORY

usually both, in a complex courtship

e.g., White-collared manakins in Central America

- complex dance, which involves rapid flight between samplings near ground- extension of elaborate and bright plumage- vocalizations (grunts)- snapping of wing feathers

Page 24: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND AUDITORY (ALSO TOUCH)

-BODY SIZE

-WEAPON SIZE

-PHYSICAL BATTLES

Page 25: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND AUDITORY

e.g., fallow deer by Clutton-Brock and colleagues-males aggregate in leks to attract females-groan rate correlates with mating success

Page 26: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND AUDITORY

experiment – men wore shirt for two nights in a row, and women were blindfolded and allowed to sniff shirts. Choose most attractive smell and relate this to MHC alleles

e.g., olfactory – Humans and MHC

results 1:

women not taking oral contraceptives: found disimilar males more attractive than similar males

women taking contraceptives: found similar males more attractive than dissimilar males

results 2: odors of MHC-dissimilar men reminded women of their ex- or current partners more often than MCH-similar males

freq

uen

cy

Page 27: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION

5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND AUDITORY (ALSO TOUCH)

e.g., all four in wolves

howling: long-distance signaling to pack

growling: aggressive

whimpering: submissive

aggressive: teeth exposed, ears and hair erect

urine and chemicals from scent glands communicate territory

wolves reciprocally groom

pack mates – social bonds

submissive: ears tucked, body low

Page 28: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

VI. SIGNAL DESIGN

HOW DO SIGNALS EVOLVE?

A. BASED ON ECOLOGICAL FACTORS

e.g., VISUAL SIGNALS

-ANIMAL SIGNALS HAVE TO CONTRAST THE

ENVIRONMENT (NOISE) AND BE CONSPICUOUS

-ENVIRONMENT SHOULD SELECT FOR SPECIFIC

SIGNALS THAT BEST FIT THAT ENVIRONMENT

(PART OF PROCESS CALLED SENSORY DRIVE)

-e.g., IN DARK HABITATS, MORE BRIGHT PATCHES

THAN OPEN HABITATS

Phylloscopus warblers of India

Page 29: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

VI. SIGNAL DESIGN

HOW DO SIGNALS EVOLVE?

A. BASED ON ECOLOGICAL FACTORS

Karen Marchetti (UCSD) on Phylloscopus warblers of India

Number of Bright Patches Correlate with Lighting Conditions

Page 30: ANIMAL COMMUNICATION I.DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

VI. SIGNAL DESIGN

HOW DO SIGNALS EVOLVE?

B. BASED ON RECEIVER PHYSIOLOGY

e.g., Rodd and colleagues’ work on guppies

-Females prefer orange males

-But different populations have different degree of preference for orange and amount of orange in males

-guppies feed on orange fruits that fall to the rivers

-tested several different food types, most populations preferred orange food

-extent of preference for orange related to extent of preference for orange males!


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