animal diversity & systems
DESCRIPTION
Animal Diversity & Systems. From Invertebrates to Vertebrates. The “Big 5” of Kingdom Animalia. Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Motile No cell walls. Taxonomy Review. Kingdom Phylum (or Division) - Class -Order - ??? - ??? - ??? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Animal Diversity & Systems
From Invertebrates to Vertebrates
The “Big 5” of Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• Heterotrophic• Motile• No cell walls
Taxonomy Review
• Kingdom– Phylum (or Division)
- Class -Order
- ??? - ??? - ???
Which group is the largest? Which is the smallest?
Student Misconceptions:
1. SpongeBob really wears “so called” square-pants.
2. SpongeBob can actually digest “crabby patties”.
3. SpongeBob can “run and play” as seen on TV.
Phylum Porifera• Ex: sponges• aquatic• No tissues/organs
• Filter feeders (intracellular digestion)
• Diffusion w/surrounding water
• Hard spicules for protection
Digestive System• Intracellular digestion
– Can only eat tiny foodparticles
(smaller than cells)– Ex: sponges
• Extracellular digestion– Can eat big food; must
have gut of some type– Ex. All other animals
Digestive System• Incomplete digestive
system– Only one opening;
inefficient!– Ex: jellyfish &
flatworms• Complete digestive
system– Two openings
(mouth & anus)– Ex: all other higher
animals!
Phylum Cnidaria
• aquatic• Radial symmetry• Stinging cells to get food• Incomplete digestive
cavity• Simple muscle & nerve
cellsEx: jellyfish, corals, sea anemones
Animals exhibit symmetry:• Asymmetry
– No symmetry– ex: sponges
• Radial Symmetry– No front/back, only top/bottom– Ex: jellyfish
• Bilateral Symmetry– Front/back/top/bottom– Ex: most all other animals
• Nerves allow for movement and sensory input• Cephalization – is the centralization of nerve tissue to
the head region – better movement/ brain formation
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Flat!• Aquatic or parasitic• Bilateral – head region• Tissues, but no organs
• Incomplete digestive system
• Simple muscles & nerves
• No body cavity
Ex: Planaria (free-living); tapeworms
& flukes (parasitic)
Having a body cavity allows for more specialization of organs:
• Acoelomates– No cavity; Ex:
flatworms
• Pseudocoelomates– “false” cavity; Ex:
round worms
• Coelomates– True cavity; Ex:
earthworms & all higher
Phylum Nematoda
• Ex: roundworms, pinworms• round• Most are parasitic
• Complete digestive system• Bilateral symmetry• Pseudocoelomate
Nervous System - Nerves allow for movement and sensory input•Some animals like sponges, have no nervous tissues.•Others, like the jellyfish have some cells to detect stimuli.•Most animals developed nerves and a brain.
Phylum Mollusca
•Soft bodies•Mantle secretes shell•Bilateral symmetry•Coelomate•Complete digestive system
Phylum MolluscaClass Gastropoda
“stomach-foot” molluscs
ex: snails & slugs sensory tissue
1 shell* herbivores/predators
Phylum MolluscaClass Bivalvia
“two shell” molluscs
ex: clams, oysters, scallops
filter feeders aquatic
Phylum MolluscaClass Cephalopoda
“head-foot” molluscs closed circulatory system
ex: octopus, squid, nautilus brain; great vision & mvmt
No shell use ink against predators
Phylum Echinodermata“spiny skin”
Sea stars; sea urchins; sand dollars; sea fans
Complexity of Form
• Coelomates– True cavity; Ex:
earthworms & all higher
– Body sections are sign of more complexity in function
– Appendages (like arms, legs and antennae show complexity too
Compartments allow for specialization of function
Phylum Annelida• Ex: earthworm, leech• Segmented (ringed)• Typically in soil; some
parasitic or aquatic
• Coelomate – true cavity• Brain & sensory tissue• Hermaphrodites
Skeletal – Muscular System
• Exoskeletons - like on arthropods
• Endoskeletons - like bones
Muscles allow for movement, but must pull on something rigid
- could pull on…- water filled tubes - shells
Phylum Arthropoda“jointed feet”
• Jointed appendages• Body segments• Exoskeleton of chitin• Coelomate• Bilateral symmetry
Class Insecta
Phylum ArthropodaClass Insecta
• Wings & 6 legs• 3 body segments• Compound eyes• Trachea & spiracles for
respiration• Terrestrial
Most numerous group of animals and most endangered – many
specialized adaptations
Phylum ArthropodaClass Arachnida
Spiders
Scorpions
Mites
Ticks
Phylum ArthropodaClass Arachnida
• 8 legs• No wings or antennae• 2 body segments• Compound/simple eyes• Some spin silk/webs• Carnivores/parasites• Terrestrial
Abdomen Cephalothorax
Phylum ArthropodaClass Crustacea
Crayfish
Lobsters
Crabs
Shrimp
Roly-polies
Phylum ArthropodaClass Crustacea
• 10 legs (front usually modified to catch prey)
• 2 sets antennae• 2 body segments• Gills for respiration• Aquatic; “swimmerets”
(roly-polies = terrestrial)
Phylum ArthropodaClass Chilopoda
• Ex: centipedes• 1 pair legs per segment• 1 set antennae• Predators, often poison
Phylum ArthropodaClass Diplopoda
• Ex: Millipedes• 2 pair legs per segment• 1 set antennae• Herbivores/detritivores
(eat dead stuff)
The End
Embryo Formation
• Label on your paper:A = zygote E = blastula G = gastrula
Animal Reproduction• Sexual – exchange gametes• Asexual – no gamete exchange• Internal Fertilization – usually smaller #s of
offspring; more parental care• External Fertilization - usually larger #s of
offspring; less parental care
Embryo Formation
• Label on your paper:A = zygote E = blastula G = gastrula
Circulatory System• Simple diffusion
– Nutrients move in and out from surrounding water
• Open circulatory system– Have heart but no blood
vessels, just cavities for blood
• Closed circulatory system– Have heart & blood
vessels
Respiratory System• Some animals move gases by simple diffusion.• Most have developed special structures to
move gases. These include:– skin, spiracles, book lungs, gills, lungs
Phylum Echinodermata• Radial symmetry*• Water vascular system =
system of tubes for mvmt & transport
• No brain; has nerve ring• Regeneration
Complete Metamorphosisin Insects
Organ systems in animals work together to do certain things:
• Integumentary – Protects against pathogens; helps regulate body temperature, keratin formed from epidermis waterproofs skin, forms hair and nails; body covering
• Skin; epidermis, keratin; dermis, sebaceous glands (oil) and sweat glands
• Skeletal – Provides structure; supports and protects internal organs; axial includes skull, vertebral column and rib cage; appendicular includes limbs; support; what muscles pull on
• 206 bones; osteocytes, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, joints; fixed, moveable; ligaments, tendons
Organ systems in animals work together to do certain things:
• Muscular – Provides structure; supports and moves trunk and limbs; moves substances through body; skeletal – conscious movement; cardiac – heart; smooth – unconscious movement like digestive tract; movement
• Muscles (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth) • Nervous – Cerebrum controls intelligence/creativity; cerebral
cortex controls and coordinates body movements and senses; medula oblongata helps monitor and maintain other body systems (homeostasis); somatic n. system controls voluntary system; autonomic n. system controls activities that are not under conscious control
• Brain; cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla oblongata; spinal cord, nerves; cell body, dentrites, axon; sensory neurons, motor neurons, synapse, sense organs, receptors; five senses.
Organ systems in animals work together to do certain things:
• Circulatory – Transports nutrients, and wastes to and from all body tissues. Pulmonary circulation – right side of heart; systemic circulation – left side of heart; rbc – hemoglobin/O2; wbc – immune response; platelets – clotting.
• Heart; right atrium/ventricle, left atrium/ventricle; blood vessels – veins, arteries, capillaries; blood – red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.
• Respiratory – Carries air into and out of lungs, where gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged, breathing is mechanical movement of air, respiration is diffusion of O2/CO2 across membranes; gas exchange
• Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm
Organ systems in animals work together to do certain things:
• Digestive – Stores and digests food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates waste, stomach – HCL, pepsin; pancreas – enzymes, insulin; liver – bile (breaks down fats); break down food
• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines
• Excretory – Eliminates waste; maintains water and chemical balance; ammonia converted to urea
• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, skin, lungs
• Reproductive – Produces ova and milk in females, sperm in males, and offspring after fertilization
• Ovaries, uterus, mammary glands (in females), testes (in males)
Organ systems in animals work together to do certain things:
• Immune – Provides protection against infection and disease
• Lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells (lymphocytes)
• Endocrine – Maintains homeostasis; regulates metabolism, water and mineral balance, growth and sexual development, and reproduction
• Glands ex: adrenal – metabolism, stress; thyroid – growth/develop; pancreas – insulin; hypothalamus – controls pituitary; testis – testosterone; ovary - estrogen