animal evolution – the invertebrates characteristics of animals multicelled heterotrophic...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Animal Evolution – Animal Evolution – The InvertebratesThe Invertebrates
![Page 3: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Characteristics of Animals
• Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes
• Require O2 for respiration
• Sexual & perhaps asexual reproduction
• Motile at some stage
• Develop from embryos
![Page 4: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Here’s Something New:Symmetry!
RadialRadial BilateralBilateral
![Page 5: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Gut
• Region where food is digested and then absorbed
• Saclike gut– One opening for taking in food and expelling
waste
• Complete digestive system– Opening at both ends; mouth and anus
![Page 6: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Body Cavities – Acoelomate (no coelom)
epidermisgut cavity
no body cavity; region between gut and body wall packed with organs
![Page 7: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Body Cavities – Pseudocoel (false coelom)
epidermis gut cavity
unlined body cavity (pseudocoel) around gut
![Page 8: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Body Cavities - Coelom
gut cavity
peritoneumlined body cavity (coelom)
![Page 9: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Segmentation
• Repeating series of body units
• Units may or may not be similar to one another
• Earthworms - segments appear similar
• Insects - segments may be fused and/or have specialized functions
![Page 10: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Animal Origins
• Originated during the Precambrian
(1.2 billion - 670 million years ago)
• From what? Two hypotheses:
– Multinucleated ciliate became
compartmentalized
– Cells in a colonial flagellate became
specialized
![Page 11: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sponges
• No symmetry
• No tissues
• No organs
• Reproduce sexually
• Microscopic
swimming-larval
stage
![Page 12: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Nematocyst before triggering
After triggering, nematocyst pierces prey
Cnidarians (jellyfish)• Only animals that
produce nematocysts (stinging cells)
• Nerve net
• Hydrostatic skeleton
• Saclike gut
![Page 13: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Flatworms
• Acoelomate, bilateral, cephalized animals
• All have simple or complex organ systems
• Most are hermaphrodites
![Page 14: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Three Classes
Turbellarians (planarians)
pharynx
FlukesFlukes
TapewormsTapeworms
![Page 15: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Segmented worms
• Have digestive,
nervous,
excretory,
and
circulatory systems
Annelids
![Page 16: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Polychaetes (Bristleworms)
• Most are marine
• Bristles extend from paired, fleshy parapods on each segment
• Head end is specialized
![Page 17: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Predators and parasites
• Less obvious body segmentation
• Most have sharp jaws
Leeches
![Page 18: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Bilateral, soft-bodied coelomate
• Most have a shell
• Mantle drapes over body and secretes shell
• Most have a fleshy foot
• Many have a radula for shredding food
Mollusks
![Page 19: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Gastropods
• Bivalves
• Cephalopods
Molluscan Diversity
![Page 20: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cephalopods
• Only the nautilus retains external shell
• Other cephalopods are streamlined, active swimmers
• All move by jet propulsion– Water is forced out of mantle cavity through a
funnel-shaped siphon
• Have large brains relative to body size
![Page 21: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cuttlefish Body Plan
• Closed circulatory system with heart and accessory heart
anus
siphon
gill heartaccessory heart
shell
brain
reproductive organ
stomachdigestive glandradula
![Page 22: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Roundworms
• False coelom• Complete digestive system
gonadpharynx intestine
false coelom
eggs in uterus anus
muscularized body wall
![Page 23: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• The phylum with the greatest number of species
• Four lineages:– Trilobites (all extinct)
– Crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, barnacles)
– Chelicerates (spiders, mites, scorpions)
– Uniramians (insects, centipedes, millipedes)
Arthropods
![Page 24: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Adaptations for Success
• Hardened exoskeleton
• Jointed appendages
• Fused and modified segments
• Respiratory structures
• Specialized sensory structures
• Division of labor
![Page 25: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Most are marine, some freshwater, a few terrestrial
• Head has two pairs of
antenna, three pairs
of food-handling
appendages
Crustaceans
Copepods
Crayfish
Barnacles
Lobsters
Shrimps
Crabs
Isopods (pillbugs)
![Page 26: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Crab Life Cycle
Larval and juvenile stages molt repeatedly and grow in size
![Page 27: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Originated in seas
• A few are still marine: horseshoe crabs, sea spiders
• The arachnids are all terrestrial
Spiders Mites
Scorpions Chiggers
“Daddy longlegs” Ticks
Chelicerates
![Page 28: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Insect Diversity
• Insects are the only winged invertebrates
• There are more than 800,000 known species
• Most successful species are small in size and have a great reproductive capacity
![Page 29: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Insect Body Plan
• Thorax usually has three pairs of legs and one or two pairs of wings
• Abdomen contains most internal organs and specialized structure for reproduction
• Three-part gut
• Malpighian tubules attach to midgut and
serve in elimination of wastes
![Page 30: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Insect Headparts
antenna labrum
palpsmaxilla
labium
mandible
Grasshopper
Butterfly
Fly
Mosquito
![Page 31: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
adult
adult
adult
youngegg
nymphsegg
larvaeegg
Growth and molting
Incomplete metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis
Types ofInsect
Development
![Page 32: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Echinoderms
• Deuterostomes
• Almost all are marine
• Body wall has spines or plates of calcium
carbonate
• No brain
• Adults are radial with bilateral features
![Page 33: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Echinoderm Diversity
• Crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars)
• Sea stars
• Brittle stars
• Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars
• Sea cucumbers
![Page 34: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Water Vascular System: Sea Star
sieve plate
ring canal
ampulla
part of the water-vascular system
![Page 35: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Animal Evolution – The Vertebrates
Chapter 23
![Page 36: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Chordates
• Most are coelomate, bilateral animals
• All share four features:– Notochord supports body
– Nervous system develops from dorsal nerve cord
– Embryos have pharynx with slits
– Embryos have tail that extends past anus
![Page 37: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Lancelet Body Plan
NOTOCHORD
PHARYNX WITH GILL SLITS
TAIL EXTENDING PAST ANUS
DORSAL, TUBULAR NERVE CORD
![Page 38: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Invertebrate Chordates
• Many of the animals that preceded
vertebrates were like the simplest
chordates – the urochordates
– Sea squirts
– Other tunicates
![Page 39: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Larval Form of a Sea Squirt
nerve cord
gut
notochord
![Page 40: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Adult Tunicate pharynx
with gill slits
oral opening (water in)
atrial opening (water out)
![Page 41: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Cephalochordates
• Lancelets
• Fish-shaped filter feeders that lie buried in sediments
• Chordate characteristics of adult:– Notochord lies under dorsal nerve cord– Pharynx has gill slits– Tail extends past anus
![Page 42: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Hagfish Body Plan
tentacles gill slits (twelve pairs) mucus glands
![Page 43: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Trends in the Evolution of Vertebrates
• Shift from notochord to vertebral column
• Nerve cord expanded into brain
• Evolution of jaws
• Paired fins evolved, gave rise to limbs
• Gills evolved, gave rise to lungs
![Page 44: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Craniates
• Cranium is a chamber of cartilage or bone that encloses all or part of a brain
• First craniates evolved by 530 million years ago
![Page 45: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Evolution of Jaws
• First fishes
lacked jaws
• Jaws are
modifications of
the anterior gill
supports
supporting structures for gill slits
gill slits
jaw, derived from support structure
spiracle (modified gill slit)
jaw support
jaw
![Page 46: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
tunicates lancelets hagfishes lampreys
cartilaginous fishes
ray-finned fishes
lobe-finned fishes
lungfishes amphibians “reptiles” birds mammals
lungs or swim bladder
amniotes
tetrapods
jawed vertebratesvertebrates
craniatesancestral chordates
Evolution of Fishes
![Page 47: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Jawed Fishes
• Most diverse and numerous group of
vertebrates
• Two classes:
– Cartilaginous fishes
– Bony fishes
![Page 48: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Cartilaginous Fishes
• Most are marine predators
• Cartilaginous skeleton
• Main groups:
– Skates and rays
– Sharks
– Chimaeras (ratfishes)
![Page 49: Animal Evolution – The Invertebrates Characteristics of Animals Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require O 2 for respiration Sexual & perhaps asexual](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e895503460f94b8dc39/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
caudal fin
dorsal fins
pectoral fin (pair)
pelvic fin (pair)anal fin
Bony Fishes
• Includes 96 percent
of living fish species
• Three subclasses:
– Ray-finned fishes
– Lobe-finned fishes
– Lung fishes