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BRIEFING PAPER

Number 02720, 25 April 2019

Animal Experiment Statistics

By Georgina Sturge

Inside: 1. Background 2. Overall trends in procedures 3. Types of procedure 4. Species and origin 5. Severity of procedures 6. Field of research 7. Type of establishment 8. Animal Experiments in the EU 9. Reference table

Number 02720, 25 April 2019 2

Contents 1. Background 4 1.1 Legislation 4 1.2 Regulatory framework 4

2. Overall trends in procedures 5

3. Types of procedure 6 3.1 Creation and breeding of GA animals 6 3.2 Experimental procedures 7

4. Species and origin 8 4.1 Origin 9

5. Severity of procedures 11

6. Field of research 12

7. Type of establishment 14

8. Animal Experiments in the EU 16

9. Reference table 19

Cover page image copyright: By Jason Snyder from Washington, DC, United States (WT and TK rat photo) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons from Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WT_and_TK_rat_photo.jpg

The statistics in this briefing are for Great Britain, unless specified otherwise. Statistics for Northern Ireland are published separately by the Northern Ireland Department of Health.

All the data used in this briefing is in the online Appendix which can be downloaded in Excel format.

Statistics on procedures involving animalsGreat Britain

In 2017, there were 3.79 million procedures completed involving regulated living animals.

This was the lowest annual number since 2010. Despite a recent fall in the annual number, this was 18% higher than in 2007 and 42% higher than in 1997.

The numbers now are generally lower than their peak in the 1960s and 1970s, although we do not havecompletely comparable figuresbefore and after 1987.

In 2017, 1.89 million (49.8%) of procedures were experiments and 1.90 million (50.2%) were instances of the creation or breeding of genetically altered (GA) animals.

Three quarters of procedures involved mice. Since 2007, fish havebeen the second most common animal used; prior to this it was rats.

The majority of procedures (56%) were for basic scientific research. Twenty-seven per cent were regulatory procedures (incuding safety testing) and 14% were for translational/ applied research, which includes the development of drugs and treatments for humans.

Procedures are classified by severity, in terms of the harm that they involve. Most procedures cause some degree of harm (mild, moderate, or severe) and in 7% of procedures the animal did not recover.

Source: Home Office Experiments on Living Animals Statistics 1977; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 1988; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Time Series Tables, 2008 and 2017.

The terminologychanged in 1987

Number 02720, 25 April 2019 4

1. Background

1.1 Legislation The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 19861 (ASPA) regulates the use of protected animals in any experimental or other scientific procedure which may cause pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to the animal. Under the Act, protected animals are any living vertebrate other than man and any living cephalopod. Scientific procedures covered by the Act are controlled using a triple licensing system enforced by the Home Office. This requires a personal licence for the scientific investigator, a licence for the establishment where the procedure is to take place, and a project licence which contains details of the animals to be used and the procedures to be performed. The Act requires that a cost/benefit analysis be performed weighing the likely adverse effects on the animals against the likely benefit arising from the procedure. The UK has a policy to limit the number of animals used in science through replacement, reduction, and refinement of research design – the ‘3Rs’. This requires licence applicants to demonstrate that they have considered using non-animal alternatives as far as possible. Revised legislation came into force in 2013, transposing EU Directive 2010/63/EU.2 This also requires EU Member States to submit data on specific indicators annually to be synthesised and published by the European Commission. In the light of the UK’s departure from the EU, the Animals in Science Regulation Unit (ASRU) has stated that “other than minor changes to references to the Directive [EU Directive 2010/63/EU] that are embedded in ASPA, no further legislative action is needed for animals in science regulation around EU exit.”3

1.2 Regulatory framework The Animals in Science Regulation Unit (ASRU) is the regulator of the use of animals in science. Its responsibilities include licensing and monitoring licensed establishments for compliance. The Animals in Science Committee (ASC) is an independent committee which advises the Home Secretary on matters relating to animal testing in the UK. Prior to 2013, this was done by the now-disbanded Animal Procedures Committee (APC). Annual reports from both can be found online.

1 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/14/contents 2http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:276:0033:0079:EN:PDF 3 Animals in Science Regulation Unit annual report 2017

5 Animal Experiment Statistics

2. Overall trends in procedures In the calendar year 2017, 3.79 million procedures were performed using living animals subject to the provisions of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. This number was 4% lower than in 2016 but 18% higher than in 2017. The number of procedures involving animals rose from a low of approximately 1.4 million in 1945 to a high of 5.61 million in 1971. The number gradually decreased, reaching a modern-day low of 2.66 million in 1998. The number rose again to a recent peak of 4.14 in 2015 and has fallen since. Data for the period prior to 1987 relates to experiments performed under the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876. Data from 1987 onwards concerns procedures performed and recorded under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. The 1987 data is provided for both measures, showing that the 1986 Act had wider coverage.

Source: Home Office Experiments on Living Animals Statistics 1977; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 1988; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Time Series Tables, 2008 and 2017. Notes: As a result of revised legislation in 2013, the data collection methodology changed, meaning that comparisons between years before and after this period should be made with caution. The principal difference is that previously the number of procedures started was recorded but from 2014 the number of completed procedures was recorded.

Recent rises in animal experimentation have been attributed to an increase in the breeding of genetically altered (GA) animals. Although they are classified as regulated procedures, many of these procedures merely count the number of new animals bred using GA animals or their descendants. This is explained further in Section 3.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1946 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016

SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURES INVOLVING ANIMALS IN GREAT BRITAIN

Millions

Experiments

Scientific procedures

Number 02720, 25 April 2019 6

3. Types of procedure Scientific procedures involving live animals do not always take the form of experiments on animals. In 2017, over half (50.2%) of all recorded procedures were instances of breeding genetically-altered (GA) animals for scientific use. The creation/ breeding of new animals includes the creation of new lines of GA animals and the reproduction of established lines of GA animals.4

3.1 Creation and breeding of GA animals

The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 regulates the breeding of an animal which is “bred from, or is the descendant of, an animal whose genes have mutated or been modified.” (1986 Act, Section 2(3B)). These are known as genetically altered (GA) animals. Since 2007, the Home Office has published data on the number of procedures involving the creation and breeding of GA animals. The number of procedures recorded in this class includes both the parents used for breeding and their offspring.5

Sources: 2002-2006: Individual reports by year: Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain. Annex, Table 3; 2007-2016: Home Office Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2017: time-series tables.

4 Note that “This category also includes some animals that were bred with the intention

of producing genetically altered animals, but resulted in nongenetically altered animals being born (5% of procedures involving the creation/breeding of genetically altered animals in 2017).” Home Office, Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2017: 24.

5 There is an exception to this where, if a wild type animal is mated with a GA animal, the wild type parent is not recorded and neither are any wild type offspring (User Guide to Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2017: 39).

0

1

2

3

4

1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2011 2016

SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURES ON ANIMALS BY PROCEDURE TYPE

Published data not disaggregated prior

to 2007

Millions

Experimentalprocedures

Creation/breeding of genetically altered animals

7 Animal Experiment Statistics

As the chart indicates, while the number of experimental procedures involving animals has remained largely constant over the last ten years, the number of GA breeding procedures has risen almost every year. The number of GA breeding procedures being performed rose by 63% between 2007 and 2017 (the period for which we have consistent data). This is not quite equivalent to saying that more GA animals are being born each year through these procedures. The data on procedures records attempts to create animals using GA parents but some of these do not result in live offspring being created and others (approximately 5%) result in non-GA animals being born.

3.2 Experimental procedures In 2017, 1.89 million experimental procedures on live animals were completed. These are shown in the chart below. The main categories of procedure type are: • Basic research procedures are designed to study the structure,

functioning, and behaviour of living organisms. These include studies in toxicology.

• Regulatory procedures are carried out to satisfy legal requirements in producing substances, materials, chemicals, including the testing of their safety, and other types of testing.

• Translational/ applied research procedures are designed to address human and animal diseases and include experiments to develop drugs and treatments.

In 2017, the majority (55%) of experimental procedures were undertaken for basic research, 27% for regulatory uses, 17% for translational/ applied research, and a small number for other purposes.

Source: Home Office Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2017

1,044

505

322

12 2 10

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

BasicResearch

Regulatory Translational/Appliedresearch

Protection of thenatural

environment

Preservation ofspecies

Highereducation or

training

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES BY PURPOSE, 2017

Millions

Number 02720, 25 April 2019 8

4. Species and origin In 2017, the most prevalent species used in all procedures was rodents, which were used in 80% of all procedures. Mice were the most prevalently-used sub-species, being used in 73% of all procedures. The use of different species differs by broad procedure type. Mice were involved in 86% of GA breeding procedures but used in 60% of experiments. By contrast, rats were used in 12% of experiments but only made up 1% of GA breeding procedures.

Source: Home Office Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2017: data tables, table 1 . denotes that a percentage is not applicable.

The charts below show the percentage of all procedures involving each species, over time. Note that the chart for mice has a different scale to the others. Rodents have remained the largest group over time although rats have been used less over the last twenty years, being replaced with mice. There has been change in the use of some other species, most notably for fish, which were used in 14% of procedures in 2017. This is compared to their being used in 3% of all procedures in 1987, the earliest year for which we have comparable data. Around half of the 514,000 procedures involving fish in 2017 were instances of GA fish being bred. The growth in the use of fish, in number and as a proportion of all procedures, is partly driven by a rise in the popularity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as research subjects. Despite the rise in the use of fish over the long term, the 2017 figure is around 90,000 lower than the peak of fish use (605,000) in 2008.

NUMBER OF SPECIES TYPE USED, BY PROCEDURE TYPE

Numbers in thousands

Species/ Sub-species

Rodents, comprising: 1,365 74% 1,695 87% 3,047 80%

Mouse 1,095 60% 1,687 86% 2,782 73%

Rat 234 12% 8 1% 242 6%

Other rodents 36 2% 0 . 24 1%

Fish 308 14% 206 13% 514 14%

Bird 130 7% 2 0% 132 4%

Ungulates 66 3% 0 0% 61 2%

Amphibian/ reptile 8 0% 1 0% 10 0%

Carnivores 5 0% 0 . 4 0%

Primate 3 0% 0 . 3 0%

Other mammal 1 0% 0 0% 1 0%

Total 1,886 100% 1,903 100% 3,789 100%

Total proceduresCreation & breeding

of GA animalsTotal experimental

procedures

9 Animal Experiment Statistics

The use of birds in experiments fallen in the long-term from 273,000 in 1987 to 132,000 in 2017. The number of procedures involving birds has remained relatively constant in the last 5 years, at an average of 141,000. The lowest number of procedures on birds recorded in a year was 105,000 in 2004. Other mammals, reptiles, and amphibians make up the remainder of animals involved in procedures. Of the mammals, ungulates (horses, goats, pigs, sheep and cattle) were used in 66,000 procedures (2% of the total), carnivores (cats, dogs, and ferrets) in 4,000 procedures, and primates in 3,000 procedures. Reptiles and amphibians were used in 10,000 procedures. The Home Office has also collected data on the use of cephalopods since 1994 but there are no recorded instances of their having been used.

Sources: Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 1988; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Time Series Tables, 2008 and 2017: Table 2.1.

4.1 Origin Ninety-seven per cent of the animals used for the first time in procedures in 2017 were born in the UK. The large majority of these (1.7 million or 92% of the total) were born in licensed establishments and a fraction (104,000 or 6%) were not born in licensed establishments.

Of those animals that were born abroad, 35,000 were imported from the EU, 3,000 from the rest of Europe, and 10,000 from the rest of the world.

SPECIES BY PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL PROCEDURES

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

1987 1997 2007 2017

Mouse

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

1987 1997 2007 2017

Rat

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

1987 1997 2007 2017

Bird

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

1987 1997 2007 2017

Fish

Number 02720, 25 April 2019 10

The animals being imported from the rest of the world included 2,200 non-human primates; mainly macaques. Roughly two thirds (61%) of imported primates came from Africa and the remainder from Asia.6

6 A detailed breakdown by species appears in Table 2.1 of Annual Statistics of Scientific

Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2017.

11 Animal Experiment Statistics

5. Severity of procedures As part of the 2014 changes in data collection methodology it was decided that the severity of experimental procedures be recorded. The measure of severity relates to harm that occurs as a result of procedures (it excludes harm resulting from non-procedural processes, such as transport). It captures actual harm, recorded after a procedure.7 The severity categories are: • Sub-threshold: causing less pain than inserting a hypodermic

needle according to good veterinary practice. • Non-recovery: procedures are those which were carried out

under general anaesthesia from which the animal did not recover. • Mild: pain or suffering is slight or transitory and the animal

returns to its normal state within a short period of time. • Moderate: causing significant and easily detectable pain to the

animal but which is non-life threatening. • Severe procedures cause a major departure from the animal’s

normal state of health and normally include long term disease processes.8

The chart below shows the proportion of procedures carried out in 2017, by severity rating. Experimental procedures had higher severity ratings, on the whole, with regulatory procedures the most Creation and breeding procedures had a high rate of sub-threshold cases – many ‘procedures’ in this category simply refer to regulated births, which are classified as sub-threshold unless the offspring have defects.

7 Actual severity can differ from the expected severity of an experiment and the Home

Office has a set of rules for recording procedures where this is the case. 8 Home Office, Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain

2017.

Number 02720, 25 April 2019 12

Source: Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2017: data tables, tables 3.1 and 8

6. Field of research Procedures are classified by field of research, within each broad type of procedure (basic research, translational/ applied, or regulatory research). Within basic research, the single largest category is study of the nervous system (243,000 procedures or 23% of all basic research). Together with the next largest categories – immunology and oncology – these make up 32% of all basic research procedures. Within translational/ applied research, ‘human cancer’ and ‘human infectious diseases’ are the two largest categories, responsible for 155,000 procedures each (or 48% of all translational research). Within regulatory research, quality control is the largest category of research, with 145,000 procedures performed in 2017 (30% of regulatory procedures). The majority of these procedures fall into the sub-category of ‘batch potency testing’, which has a higher rate of severe-rated procedures (53,000 or 49% of these procedures are severe). Consistent time series data on field of research is available up to 2013. Procedures used to be classified as: • Toxicology, meaning “the safety evaluation of the effects of

substances on man, animals or the environment, mainly medical treatments.”9

• Non-toxicology, which included everything else; for example, nutrition, cancer research, immunology, genetics, and anatomy.

9 Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Home Office, Great Britain

2012

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

BasicResearch

Regulatory Translational/applied

Applied research

Total experimental Total creation/breeding of GAA

Sub threshold Mild Moderate Severe Non - recovery

SEVERITY OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES BY TYPE, 2017

Experimental procedures All procedures

13 Animal Experiment Statistics

Around 9% of procedures in 2013 were, for the purpose of safety testing known as ‘toxicology’, in official statistics. The chart below shows trends in toxicological procedures prior to 2013. Most of the general fall has been due to fewer procedures in pharmaceutical areas such as safety, efficacy, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and residue tests (these would now fall under the category of regulatory research).

Source: Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2013, Time Series Tables: Table 24

From 2014 the data collection methodology changed resulting in difficulties in comparing previous data on which research fields used animals in experiments.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

TOXICOLOGY AND NON-TOXICOLOGY PROCEDURES, 1995-2013, THOUSANDS

Non-toxicology

Toxicology

Number 02720, 25 April 2019 14

7. Type of establishment Any place at which procedures on animals regulated by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 must hold an establishment licence. The Animals in Science Regulation Unit (ASRU) is responsible for licensing. In 2017, it licensed and regulated 160 establishments.10 All but 3 of these were amended, rather than newly-granted, licences. Procedures also require a project licence to cover the specific research being performed. At the end of 2017, 2,585 project licences were in force, which was 2% lower than in 2016. A person carrying out a regulated procedure must hold a personal licence and there were 16,109 of these in force at the end of 2017. Universities and medical schools accounted for 1.9 million procedures in 2017, or 49% of the total. The chart shows the general trend away from a landscape dominated by commercial organisations. In 1988, 61% of all procedures were performed by such organisations whereas in 2017 the figure had fallen to 25%. In nominal terms, the number of procedures carried out by commercial organisations has fallen by more than half (56%) since 1988. This decline is attributed to two factors: first, the increase in fundamental research involving GA animals at universities, and second, the general fall in procedures undertaken for toxicological purposes.

Sources: Home Office, Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain: Time Series Tables 2008 and 2017 Note: 1988-2006 Universities and polytechnics were reported separately until 2016 when they were aggregated.

The table below shows a detailed breakdown of procedures by establishment for 2017 and the change in this number over time. One thing to note is that the number of procedures carried out at NHS hospitals and laboratories is 74% lower than in 1988 and 11% lower

10 Animals in Science Regulation Unit annual report 2017.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

PROCEDURES INVOLVING ANIMALS, BY ESTABLISHMENT

Thousands

Universities and medical schools

Commercial organisations

15 Animal Experiment Statistics

than in 2007. Meanwhile procedures by non-profit organisations have quadrupled since 2007, with these establishments performing the third most procedures in 2017.

Source: Home Office, Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2017 & 2008: Table 11.

NUMBER OF PROCEDURES BY ESTABLISHMENT, THOUSANDS

Comparing the 2017 numbers with 1988 and 2008

EstablishmentNumber in

2017% of

proceduresChange

since 1988Change

since 2007

Universities, medical schools 1,898 50% 133% 19%

Commercial organisations 934 25% -56% -30%

Non-profit-making organisations 628 17% 443% 390%

Government departments 165 4% 150% 66%

Other public bodies 147 4% -36% -68%

NHS hospitals & laboratories 18 0% -88% -53%

Total 3,789 100% 9% 4%

Number 02720, 25 April 2019 16

8. Animal Experiments in the EU As of 2014, EU member states are required to publish annual statistics on the use of animals in scientific procedures, with 2014 having been the first year they had to do so (Directive 2010/63/EU). The European Commission is responsible for compiling this data but it is not required to do so for the first time, under the new legislation, until November 2019. The latest compiled data published by the EC is from 2011 and uses narrower definition of animal experiments Academics from Cruelty Free International have compiled the data that has been published since the change in legislation.11 They note inconsistencies across member states in following the reporting template.

The total number of animals used for scientific research in EU member countries in 2014 was approximately 12.8 million.12 The UK performed the most procedures involving animals in 2014, with a total of 3.89 million.13 Germany used 2.80 million and France 1.77 million. There is a considerable gap to the fourth country, Spain, which performed 820,000 procedures.

11 Taylor, K. and Rego, L. 2016. EU statistics on animal experiments for 2014. ALTEX -

Alternatives to animal experimentation. 33, 4 (Nov. 2016), 465-468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14573/altex.1609291.

12 Sweden and Portugal had not yet reported their numbers at the time of compiling. 13 This figure is slightly higher than that reported in the Home Office’s Annual Statistics

for 2014 because that release only covers Great Britain and Eurostat covers the UK.

PROCEDURES ON ANIMALS BY EU MEMBER STATE, 2014

Top 10 rankings

UK 3,887,296 UK 60 Hungary* 1.90Germany 2,798,463 Belgium* 59 UK 1.71France* 1,769,618 Ireland* 49 Belgium* 1.66Spain 821,570 Denmark 36 Czech Republic* 1.48Italy 698,059 Germany 35 Ireland* 1.17Belgium* 664,471 Netherlands 33 Germany 0.95Netherlands 563,769 France* 27 Netherlands 0.85Poland* 233,323 Finland 27 France* 0.82Czech Republic* 231,397 Austria 25 Spain 0.79Ireland* 226,684 Czech Republic* 22 Denmark 0.76

Total 12,808,506 25 0.91

* These countries did not report the number of GA animals bred but not used in experimental procedures. This means there is a possibility of under-counting, relative to the others.

Procedures per million EUR of GDP

Procedures on animals per 1000 people

Total number of procedures

Sources: 1. Taylor, K. and Rego, L. 2016. EU statistics on animal experiments for 2014. ALTEX - Alternatives to animal experimentation . 33, 4 (Nov. 2016), 465-468. Tab. 1: Animals used in experiments in the European Union in 2014, according to national statistics

2. Eurostat Population on 1 January (tps00001) http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-data/main-tables

17 Animal Experiment Statistics

Controlling for the size of (1) the population of member states and (2) the size of their economies reveals a different picture. The UK performed the most procedures per thousand inhabitants, followed by Belgium, Ireland and Denmark. It should be noted that Belgium and Ireland did not report the number of GA animals bred but not used in experiments. When analysing the number of animals used in relation to GDP, the UK is second to Hungary, which recorded 1.9 procedures per million Euros (€), followed by Belgium, Czech Republic, and Ireland. Again, it should be noted that some of these countries did not report GA breeding procedures. Although this means that not all countries’ figures are directly comparable, cautious comparison still gives an impression of the degree to which countries use animals in science. The charts show 1) the number of procedures involving animals per 1,000 inhabitants and 2) the number of procedures involving animals per million euros (€) of GDP; these are shown for each EU member state which published data for 2014.

Number 02720, 25 April 2019 18

Sources: 1. Taylor, K. and Rego, L. 2016. EU statistics on animal experiments for 2014. ALTEX - Alternatives to animal experimentation. 33, 4 (Nov. 2016), 465-468; 2. Eurostat Population on 1 January (tps00001) http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-data/main-tables

Sources: 1. Taylor, K. and Rego, L. 2016. EU statistics on animal experiments for 2014. ALTEX - Alternatives to animal experimentation. 33, 4 (Nov. 2016), 465-468; 2. Eurostat Gross domestic product at market prices (tec00001) http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/national-accounts/data/main-tables

PROCEDURES INVOLVING ANIMALS, PER THOUSAND INHABITANTS

PROCEDURES INVOLVING ANIMALS, PER MILLION EURO IN GDP

19 Animal Experiment Statistics

9. Reference table

Source: Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 1988; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Time Series Tables, 2008 and 2017: Table 2.1.

SPECIES OF ANIMAL IN ALL PROCEDURES, THOUSANDSSpecies 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Total 3,631 3,480 3,315 3,207 3,242 2,928 2,828 2,842 2,710 2,717 2,636 2,660 2,657 2,715 2,622 2,733 Mouse 2017.3 1850.5 1,745 1,636 1,699 1,449 1,457 1,475 1,455 1,502 1,518 1,591 1,642 1,607 1,658 1,720 Rat 866.3 860.4 882 892 882 833 820 756 694 689 637 576 567 535 500 510 Other rodent 178.6 184.1 172 163 152 132 138 141 134 125 103 93 81 72 62 60 Rabbit 109.9 131.8 113 90 82 80 71 69 61 54 45 38 41 40 34 30 Carnivore 18.7 20.5 21 19 18 17 15 14 15 15 13 12 14 12 12 12 Ungulate 38.7 38.1 35 35 31 34 33 32 55 60 60 68 64 63 37 57 Primate 5.1 6.3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Other mammal 0.9 0.4 0 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bird 273.1 269.5 252 246 227 220 116 190 140 114 121 141 106 124 127 138 Reptile/Amphibian 10.5 11.3 12 13 15 19 18 17 17 17 15 14 15 16 18 18 Fish 112.3 107.5 78 108 132 138 152 140 131 135 120 122 122 243 171 182 Cephalopod .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Continued… 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014¹ 2015 2016 2017

Total 2,792 2,855 2,896 3,012 3,202 3,656 3,620 3,725 3,793 4,110 4,122 3,867 4,143 3,937 3,789 Mouse 1,817 1,919 1,961 2,067 2,222 2,419 2,629 2,670 2,680 3,059 3,077 2,921 3,038 2,866 2,782 Rat 496 465 425 406 386 355 334 305 272 278 266 254 269 249 242 Other rodent 48 38 42 38 37 35 26 20 18 18 31 33 25 29 26 Rabbit 25 22 23 20 20 17 17 15 15 14 15 14 14 15 10 Carnivore 11 11 10 10 9 9 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 6 4 Ungulate 76 75 61 56 48 55 55 53 56 62 63 61 64 67 66 Primate 5 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 Other mammal 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bird 122 105 113 114 128 123 127 142 163 154 141 139 141 151 132 Reptile/Amphibian 17 20 22 21 19 33 21 15 16 14 11 17 20 12 10 Fish 174 195 233 274 328 605 398 491 564 501 507 419 561 536 514 Cephalopod 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BRIEFING PAPER Number 02720, 25 April 2019

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