Animal Form & Function

Chapter 40

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Chapter 40 – Basic Principles

Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems

Tissues – groups of cells w/ common structure & function

Organs – groups of tissues w/ common structure & function

Organ System – group of organs that work together

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4 Types of Tissue

1. Epithelial Tissue – covers or lines organs or the body

2. Connective Tissue – supports & binds other tissue

3. Muscle Tissue – responsible for body movement

4. Nervous Tissue – responsible for sensing stimuli & response to the stimuli

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ECMN

How will u memorize the 4 types of tissue?

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Epithelial Tissue

1. Epithelial Tissue Covers the body, lines the organs, & acts as a protective barrier One side is always bound to basement membrane

Underlying supportive surface Other side faces air, environment or fluids

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3 Types of Epithelium

1. Simple – 1 layer of cells

2. Stratified – Multiple layers of cells

3. Glandular – absorb or secrete chemicals (mucus, etc.)

Cells at the Exposed surface Cuboidal – Like dice Columnar – Like brick standing on end Squamous – Like floor tiles

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Connective Tissue (CT)

Supports & binds other tissues

Sparse population of cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix

3 Kinds of CT fibers 1. Collagenous – collagen & inelastic (not demand) 2. Elastic – long fibers made of elastin 3. Reticular – collagen & continuous with collagenous fibers

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Examples of Connective Tissue

Cartilage – shark skeleton – flexible – tip of nose, ears

Bone – not so flexible

Ligaments – connect bone to bone

Tendons – connect muscle to bone

Blood – since it has an extensive extracellular matrix

Loose connective tissue – most widespread

Adipose tissue – loose connective tissue that stores fats

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Muscle Tissue

Skeletal – responsible for voluntary movements Building muscles does not increase # of cells, but does

enlarge the fixed number of muscle cells Also called striated muscle

Smooth – responsible for INvoluntary movements Arterial constriction, bowel movements Lacks striations = smooth

Cardiac – heart muscle Cardiac contractions Striated like skeletal muscle

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SKELETAL MUSCLE

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SMOOTH

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CARDIAC

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Nervous Tissue

Functional unit is the neuron or nerve cells

Sense stimuli & transmit signals across the body Transmit signals to other neurons, glands, muscles, & brain

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2 Important Systems

Coordination & Control

Endocrine System – responsible for hormone production Hormones – chemical signals responsible for long-distance signaling Hormones are released into the bloodstream Bloodstream broadcasts the hormones throughout the body Remember Signal Transduction Pathways?

Nervous System – transmit information between specific locations

Neurons, muscle cells, & endocrine cells

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Homeostasis

Homeostasis is a key concept in animal physiology

Homeostasis – maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

Set Point – reference point for homeostatic mechanism Body has sensors that detect any deviation from the set point If there is a deviation (+ or -), physiological response will return the

body to the set point

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Homeostasis Exercise

Find 2 biological examples of Homeostasis

Explain each of your 2 examples of homeostasis Explain the effects of at least 2 deviations from the set point

1 Positive deviation & 1 Negative deviation Explain the homeostatic response mechanism for each of the

deviations.

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Feedback Systems

Negative Feedback System – Physiological response to a stimulus REDUCES the stimulus

-- Exercise (Stimulus) Body Temp Rises Perspiration (body cooling)

-- Air temperature decreases Shivering Friction (body warming)

Positive Feedback System – stimulus elicits a response that amplifies the effect of the stimulus

Childbirth increased pressure on opening of uterine wall Stimulates increased uterine wall contractions

Greater pressure on opening of uterine wall

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Negative Feedback Mechanismpp. 955 - BIOLOGY

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Positive Feedback Mechanism

pp. 981 - BIOLOGY

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Thermoregulation

Thermoregulation – How animals maintain their internal temperature within a tolerable range

Endotherms – body warmed by heat generated by metabolism Examples: birds & mammals

Ectotherms Gain most of their heat from environment Invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

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Countercurrent Exchange

Reduction of heat loss depends on countercurrent exchange

Birds & Mammals

Antiparallel arrangement of blood vessels Warm blood from the animal’s core goes to the extremities This blood transfers heat to the colder extremities Heat that usually is lost to environment is used to heat extremities

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