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Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology

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Page 1: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Animal Form & Function

Physiology

AP Biology

Page 2: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively charged proteins & nucleic acids

Na+/K+ pumps maintain high [Na+] outside cell and high [K+] inside cell

Page 3: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential Membrane potential = -70 mV

Page 4: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Nerve Impulse Transmission Depolarization Stimulus causes Na+ gates to open Na+ rushes into cell

Page 5: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Nerve Impulse Transmission Repolarization Na+ gates close & K+ gates open

K+ rushes out of cell

High [Na+] inside cell

High [K+] outside cell

Page 6: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Nerve Impulse Transmission Hyperpolarization K+ gates slow to close

More K+ moved out than necessary

Page 7: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Nerve Impulse Transmission

Refractory period

Na+/K+ pumps move Na+ out of cell K+ into cell

Restores resting potential distribution of Na+ and K+

Page 8: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Transmission Across a Synapse

Synapse Gap between neurons

Page 9: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Transmission Across a Synapse

Stimulus reaches synaptic end bulb

Page 10: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Transmission Across a Synapse

Ca2+ gates open Ca2+ enters end bulb

Page 11: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Transmission Across a Synapse

Vesicles with neurotransmitter migrate to presynaptic membrane

Page 12: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Transmission Across a Synapse

Vesicle fuses with presynaptic membrane

Page 13: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Transmission Across a Synapse

Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft

Page 14: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Transmission Across a Synapse

Neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft

Page 15: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Transmission Across a Synapse

Neurotransmitter binds to receptor protein

Page 16: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Transmission Across a Synapse

Postsynpatic neuron depolarizes

Page 17: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Muscle Contraction

Sliding filament model

Page 18: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Muscle Contraction

Sliding filament model Depolarization of muscle causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+

Page 19: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Muscle Contraction

Sliding filament model Ca2+ exposes binding sites on actin Myosin heads bind to actin Cross bridges form

Page 20: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Muscle Contraction

Sliding filament model Myosin heads lose ADP + P Myosin heads change shape Actin pulled toward center of sarcomere

Muscle contracts

Page 21: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Muscle Contraction

Sliding filament model ATP binds to myosin heads Cross bridges break Muscle relaxes

Page 22: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Muscle Contraction

Sliding filament model

Page 23: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Steroid Hormone

Steroid hormone enters cell

Page 24: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Steroid Hormone

Steroid hormone enters cell

Binds to receptor

Page 25: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Steroid Hormone

Steroid hormone enters cell

Binds to receptor

Hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus

Causes transcription DNA transcribed

RNA translated

Page 26: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Protein Hormone

Protein hormone too big to enter cell

Page 27: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Protein Hormone

Protein hormone too big to enter cell

Binds to receptor

Page 28: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Protein Hormone

Protein hormone too big to enter cell

Binds to receptor

Activates enzyme

Page 29: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Protein Hormone

Protein hormone too big to enter cell

Binds to receptor

Activates enzyme Enzyme used to make cyclic AMP

Page 30: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Protein Hormone

Protein hormone too big to enter cell

Binds to receptor Activates enzyme Enzyme used to make cyclic AMP

Cyclic AMP targets cell responses

Page 31: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Kidney

Filtration Formation of filtrate

Waste, nutrients, water, ions, proteins move from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule

Page 32: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Kidney

Reabsorpton Nutrients, ions, & water move from filtrate back into blood

Page 33: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Kidney

Secretion Ions & wastes more from the blood into the filtrate

Page 34: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Kidney

Bowman’s capsule Filtrate production Blood pressure forces small solutes, water & ions from blood into capusule

Page 35: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Kidney

Proximal convoluted tubule

Reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients

Page 36: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Kidney

Loop of Henle Descending limb Water reabsorbed Wall permeable to water but not solutes

Page 37: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Kidney

Loop of Henle Ascending limb Wall impermeable to water and solutes

Cells actively pump Na+ and Cl- out of tubular fluid

Page 38: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Kidney

Distal convoluted tubule

Secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins

Variable reabsorption of water and Na+

Page 39: Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology. Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively

Kidney

Collecting duct Variable reabsorption of water and ions

Variable secretion of water and ions

Balancing act - homeostasis


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