animal kingdom 1

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Animal KingdomAnimal KingdomThe animal kingdom is classified into three subkingdoms:The animal kingdom is classified into three subkingdoms:

11-- Subkingdom Protozoa:Subkingdom Protozoa:It includes seven phyla as the individuals possess one cell whichIt includes seven phyla as the individuals possess one cell which

performs all physiological activities.performs all physiological activities.

22-- Subkingdom Parazoa:Subkingdom Parazoa:It includes one phylum "Phylum" Porifera" as the individualsIt includes one phylum "Phylum" Porifera" as the individuals

have simple multicultural structures, and they commonly referredhave simple multicultural structures, and they commonly referredas sponges.as sponges.

Their cells are not differentiated in proper tissues.Their cells are not differentiated in proper tissues.

33-- Subkingdom Metazoa:Subkingdom Metazoa:It includes manyIt includes many-- celled animals, classified to different phyla.celled animals, classified to different phyla.

The body of the included animals consists of several cells whichThe body of the included animals consists of several cells which

are well differentiated into distinct types forming specializedare well differentiated into distinct types forming specialized

tissues, organs, and in many phyla systems could betissues, organs, and in many phyla systems could be

differentiated.differentiated.



The phyla included in such subkingdom which areThe phyla included in such subkingdom which are

of our interest, and possess members that affect theof our interest, and possess members that affect theagricultural production could be outlined as follows:agricultural production could be outlined as follows:

Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum NemathelminthesPhylum Nemathelminthes

Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Annelida

Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda

Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca

Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata



11-- Subkingdom Protozoa:Subkingdom Protozoa:Protozoan phyla include over Protozoan phyla include over 6565..000000 species, spread all over species, spread all over

the world wherever life exists. Members of Protozoa are unicellular,the world wherever life exists. Members of Protozoa are unicellular,

eukaryotic (nucleated) organisms. Although protozoans are singleeukaryotic (nucleated) organisms. Although protozoans are single

cells, they are also complete organisms. The cell must perform notcells, they are also complete organisms. The cell must perform not

just certain functions but also must retain the ability to perform all of just certain functions but also must retain the ability to perform all of

the functions demanded of an organism.the functions demanded of an organism.

Characteristics of Protozoa:Characteristics of Protozoa:

11.. Protozoa areProtozoa are singlesingle--celled (unicellular)celled (unicellular) microscopic, eukaryoticmicroscopic, eukaryotic

organisms that are noted for ability to move independently.organisms that are noted for ability to move independently.

22.. Protozoa live in many different environments. They can drift in theProtozoa live in many different environments. They can drift in the

ocean, creep across vegetation in fresh water rivers and ponds, crawlocean, creep across vegetation in fresh water rivers and ponds, crawl

in deep soil, and even reproduce in the bodies of other organisms.in deep soil, and even reproduce in the bodies of other organisms.



33.. Most Protozoa areMost Protozoa are heterotrophicheterotrophic, obtaining their nutrients from their , obtaining their nutrients from their

hosts by ingesting small molecules or cells. These particles arehosts by ingesting small molecules or cells. These particles are

usually broken down in food vacules, membraneusually broken down in food vacules, membrane-- bound chambersbound chambers

that contain digestive enzymes. Some arethat contain digestive enzymes. Some are saprozoicsaprozoic and other areand other are

autotrophicautotrophic as inas in EuglenaEuglena..

44. Many species are free living, while others are parasites. Many species are free living, while others are parasites..55.. Free living live in any habitat where water or moisture is available atFree living live in any habitat where water or moisture is available at

same time during the year.same time during the year.

66.. Many species make upMany species make up zooplanktonzooplankton, a population of organisms that, a population of organisms that

constitutes one of the primary sources of energy in aquaticconstitutes one of the primary sources of energy in aquatic

ecosystems. They are the beginning of the food chain.ecosystems. They are the beginning of the food chain.

77.. Some free living protozoa live in the soil.Some free living protozoa live in the soil.



88.. Parasitic protozoa usually have complex life cycles that take place inParasitic protozoa usually have complex life cycles that take place in

the cells, tissues and blood stream of their host. Several speciesthe cells, tissues and blood stream of their host. Several species

cause serious human diseases, including malaria, Amebiccause serious human diseases, including malaria, Amebicdysentery.dysentery.

99.. All protozoa reproduce All protozoa reproduce AsexuallyAsexually, usually by, usually by binarybinary fissionfission, in which, in which

protozoan divides into two identical individuals. Some speciesprotozoan divides into two identical individuals. Some species

reproduce byreproduce by multiplemultiple fissionfission which is a from of cell division in awhich is a from of cell division in anumber of identical individuals and or cysts in certain conditions.number of identical individuals and or cysts in certain conditions.

Protozoa also can reproduceProtozoa also can reproduce sexuallysexually by forming male and femaleby forming male and female

gametes or by conjugation (gametes or by conjugation (P arameciumP aramecium).).

1010.. Locomotion through pseudopodia as in amebas, flagella as inLocomotion through pseudopodia as in amebas, flagella as inEuglenids and cilia as in ciliates.Euglenids and cilia as in ciliates.

1111.. Some species possess chrom atophores and eye spots as inSome species possess chrom atophores and eye spots as in

EuglenaEuglena..



1212.. AerobicAerobic respiration is the rule in many protozoans by simple diffusion.respiration is the rule in many protozoans by simple diffusion.Some are however capable of Some are however capable of anaerobicanaerobic respiration in the absencerespiration in the absenceoxygen in the surrounding media.oxygen in the surrounding media.

1313.. Excretion of catabolic nitrogenous wastes takes place by diffusionExcretion of catabolic nitrogenous wastes takes place by diffusionthrough the body surface.through the body surface.

1414.. Irritability, all protozoans respond to the environmental condition in theIrritability, all protozoans respond to the environmental condition in the

media like temperature, moisture, light, «.. etc. encystment is amedia like temperature, moisture, light, «.. etc. encystment is acommon phenomenon to resist unfavorable environmental conditions.common phenomenon to resist unfavorable environmental conditions.

Classification of protozoan phyla:Classification of protozoan phyla:

Subkingdom Protozoa includes seven phyla:Subkingdom Protozoa includes seven phyla:

AA-- Phylum: SarcomastigophoraPhylum: Sarcomastigophora11-- Subphylum:Subphylum: MastigophoraMastigophora

Class:Class: PhytomastigophoraPhytomastigophora

Autotrophic, free living protozoa, Ex. Autotrophic, free living protozoa, Ex. EuglenaEuglena..



Class: ZoomastigophoraClass: Zoomastigophora

Heterotrophic, mostly parasites, Ex.Heterotrophic, mostly parasites, Ex. PhytomonasPhytomonas,, Tric homonasTric homonas

22-- Subphylum: OpalinataSubphylum: Opalinata

Mostly parasites, Ex.Mostly parasites, Ex. OpalinaOpalina,, P r oto palinaP r oto palina..

33-- Subphylum: SarcodinaSubphylum: SarcodinaFree living, parasites or symbiotantsFree living, parasites or symbiotants

Super Super--class: Rhizopodaclass: Rhizopoda

ItIt includesincludes 88 classes. saprophytic or parasitic protozoans.classes. saprophytic or parasitic protozoans.

Super Super--class: Actinopodaclass: Actinopoda

It includesIt includes 44 classes. Mostly marine, planktonic, some species areclasses. Mostly marine, planktonic, some species arefresh water.fresh water.

BB-- Phylum: LabyrinthomophoraPhylum: Labyrinthomophora

Small group living on algae, mostly marine.Small group living on algae, mostly marine.



CC-- Phylum: ApicomplexaPhylum: Apicomplexa

All species are parasites, it includes two class, class All species are parasites, it includes two class, class SporozoaSporozoa is theis the

most important. Ex.most important. Ex. Eimeria, BabesiaEimeria, Babesia..

DD-- Phylum : ApicomplexaPhylum : Apicomplexa

All are parasites on lower invertebrates and vertebrates especially All are parasites on lower invertebrates and vertebrates especiallyfishes.fishes.

EE-- phylum: Microsoporaphylum: Microsopora

Parasites on arthropods and some lower vertebrates.Parasites on arthropods and some lower vertebrates.

FF-- Phylum : AscetosporaPhylum : Ascetospora

Small group that is parasites in invertebrates and some vertebrates.Small group that is parasites in invertebrates and some vertebrates.

GG-- Phylum : CiliophoraPhylum : Ciliophora

Most species free living, but many commensal, some parasiticMost species free living, but many commensal, some parasiticEx.Paramecium,Ex.Paramecium, Balant idium, V or t icellaBalant idium, V or t icella..



Economic importanse of protozoa:Economic importanse of protozoa:

Protozoa are found wherever life exists and require moistureProtozoa are found wherever life exists and require moisture

whether they live. They from a large part of the floating plankton. Theywhether they live. They from a large part of the floating plankton. They

may have positive influence on the soil fertility through decayingmay have positive influence on the soil fertility through decaying

organic matter to be more easier for plants to absorb by some ciliatedorganic matter to be more easier for plants to absorb by some ciliated

protozoans. Others, like flagellated protozoans may play an importantprotozoans. Others, like flagellated protozoans may play an important

role in fixing nitrogen in the soil through encouraging the nitrogen fixingrole in fixing nitrogen in the soil through encouraging the nitrogen fixing

bacteria Azotobacter. On the other hand some Rhizopods may have abacteria Azotobacter. On the other hand some Rhizopods may have a

negative influence by feeding on such bacteria or the decaying organicnegative influence by feeding on such bacteria or the decaying organic

matter. Some of the most important diseases of humans, domesticmatter. Some of the most important diseases of humans, domestic

animals and economic plants are caused by parasitic protozoa.animals and economic plants are caused by parasitic protozoa.

Some parasitic protozoans will be discussed in derails.Some parasitic protozoans will be discussed in derails.



Ex.Ex. 11-- Club root of Cabbage:Club root of Cabbage:

Roots of cabbage, cauliflower, raddish, turnip and other CruciferousRoots of cabbage, cauliflower, raddish, turnip and other Cruciferousplants are attacked by a pathogenic protozoan,plants are attacked by a pathogenic protozoan, P lasmodi o phoraP lasmodi o phora

brassicabrassica related to order Mycetozida, phylum Sarcomastigophora.related to order Mycetozida, phylum Sarcomastigophora.

Symptoms:Symptoms:The first symptoms on aboveThe first symptoms on above± ±ground parts vary with environmentalground parts vary with environmental

conditions. Temporary flagging (wilt) of leaves in the middle of brightconditions. Temporary flagging (wilt) of leaves in the middle of bright

days is often the first sign in cabbage and cauliflower. Plants may later days is often the first sign in cabbage and cauliflower. Plants may later

wilt permanently or they may recover to a condition of retarded growth.wilt permanently or they may recover to a condition of retarded growth.

Thus, stunting may be the only evidence of disease above ground.Thus, stunting may be the only evidence of disease above ground.Infected roots enlarge rapidly after infection to from "clubs" or Infected roots enlarge rapidly after infection to from "clubs" or

swellings on the roots, which take on a variety of shapes. In someswellings on the roots, which take on a variety of shapes. In some

hosts the clubbed roots take on a spindle shape, in others a sphericalhosts the clubbed roots take on a spindle shape, in others a spherical

shape along the root axis.shape along the root axis.



Disease Cycle:Disease Cycle:

P. brassicaP. brassica is capable of surviving in the soil for is capable of surviving in the soil for 77--1010 years or longer years or longer

as resting spores. The resting spores can be spread from field to field byas resting spores. The resting spores can be spread from field to field by

infested soil, contaminated water supplies, infected transplants, infestedinfested soil, contaminated water supplies, infected transplants, infested

soil on farm machinery, and even by roving animals such as cattle. Whensoil on farm machinery, and even by roving animals such as cattle. When

soil conditions dictate, the resting spores of the pathogen geminate tosoil conditions dictate, the resting spores of the pathogen geminate to

produce zoospores, which are able to "swim" by means of flagella toproduce zoospores, which are able to "swim" by means of flagella to

infect susceptible plant root hairs. The germination of resting sporesinfect susceptible plant root hairs. The germination of resting spores

requires moist, acid soil and can occur over a wide temperature range of requires moist, acid soil and can occur over a wide temperature range of

((1212 --2727 C). Disease development is favored by high soil moisture andC). Disease development is favored by high soil moisture and

soil temperatures between, (soil temperatures between, (1818 ± ± 2525C).C).



Although club root has been found in soils exhibiting a wide pH Although club root has been found in soils exhibiting a wide pH

range fromrange from 44..55--88..11, the disease is primarily associated with acid soils., the disease is primarily associated with acid soils.

Within the infected plant roots, the organism develops rapidly,Within the infected plant roots, the organism develops rapidly,

causing an increase in the number and size of cells, which results incausing an increase in the number and size of cells, which results in

"clubbing" During the development of the organism in the plant, new"clubbing" During the development of the organism in the plant, new

zoospores are produced; these are capable of infecting the same plantzoospores are produced; these are capable of infecting the same plant

or adjacent plants and, thus, repeating the cycle. Eventually, restingor adjacent plants and, thus, repeating the cycle. Eventually, resting

spores are formed within the diseased plant tissue, and these arespores are formed within the diseased plant tissue, and these are

released into the soil when the plant roots disintegrate.released into the soil when the plant roots disintegrate.



Club root cabbageClub root cabbage

Plasmodiophora brassicaPlasmodiophora brassica



Treatment and Prevention:Treatment and Prevention:There are several approaches to the control of club root, all of which mayThere are several approaches to the control of club root, all of which may

be used where appropriate. The first defense should be aimed at excludingbe used where appropriate. The first defense should be aimed at excluding

the disease by avoiding the purchase or use of infected transplants.the disease by avoiding the purchase or use of infected transplants.

Regardless of your source, inspect all seedlings before transplanting andRegardless of your source, inspect all seedlings before transplanting and

discard any diseased plants. If transplants are to be grown, care must bediscard any diseased plants. If transplants are to be grown, care must be

taken to use clean or sterile soil mixes for the seed bed.taken to use clean or sterile soil mixes for the seed bed.

If infected plants have occurred in a garden, a tong rotation of crops (If infected plants have occurred in a garden, a tong rotation of crops (55

years) combined with liming may reduce or completely control the disease.years) combined with liming may reduce or completely control the disease.

The pH of the soil should be raised toThe pH of the soil should be raised to 77..22 or higher with hydrated lime.or higher with hydrated lime.Family crop as part of the rotation crop.Family crop as part of the rotation crop.

Although resistant cultivars of cabbage are not readily available, there is Although resistant cultivars of cabbage are not readily available, there is

at least one, Badger Shipper, that has a fair amount of resistance. In someat least one, Badger Shipper, that has a fair amount of resistance. In some

situations this cultivar may solve the control problem.situations this cultivar may solve the control problem.



22-- White spot diseaseWhite spot disease

The largest protozoan parasite of fish, ciliatedThe largest protozoan parasite of fish, ciliated I c hthyo phthiriusI c hthyo phthirius

mul t ifilismul t ifilis, phylum Ciliophora, phylum Ciliophora

Symptoms:Symptoms:Clinically fish become hyperactive with fish flashing and cuttingClinically fish become hyperactive with fish flashing and cutting

against rocks or sides of aquariums. As the trophozoites enlarge theyagainst rocks or sides of aquariums. As the trophozoites enlarge they

cause hyperplasia of the epidermis with white spots forming on the skincause hyperplasia of the epidermis with white spots forming on the skin

and gills. Severely infected fish may have respiratory problems and die.and gills. Severely infected fish may have respiratory problems and die.

Histologically there is epidermal hyperplasia with the encystedHistologically there is epidermal hyperplasia with the encysted

trophozoite present in the epidermis.trophozoite present in the epidermis.



Disease Cycle:Disease Cycle:

The life cycle is direct and there are three phases of the lifeThe life cycle is direct and there are three phases of the lifecycle of this protozoa.cycle of this protozoa.

Adult phaseAdult phase-- it is embedded in the skin or gills of the fish, causingit is embedded in the skin or gills of the fish, causing

irritation (with the fish showing signs of irritation) and the appearance of irritation (with the fish showing signs of irritation) and the appearance of

small white nodules. As the parasite grows it feeds on red blood cells andsmall white nodules. As the parasite grows it feeds on red blood cells andskin cells. After a few days it bores itself out of the fish and falls to theskin cells. After a few days it bores itself out of the fish and falls to the

bottom of the aquarium.bottom of the aquarium.

Cyst phaseCyst phase-- after falling to the bottom, the adult parasite forms into aafter falling to the bottom, the adult parasite forms into a

cyst with rapid cell divisions occurringcyst with rapid cell divisions occurring..Free swimmingFree swimming phasephase-- after the cyst phase, aboutafter the cyst phase, about 10001000 freefree

swimming young swim upwards looking for a host. If a host is not foundswimming young swim upwards looking for a host. If a host is not found

withinwithin 22 toto 33 days, the parasite dies. Once a host is found the wholedays, the parasite dies. Once a host is found the whole

cycle begins a new.cycle begins a new.



These three phases take aboutThese three phases take about 44 weeks atweeks at 7070 F but onlyF but only 55 days atdays at 8080 F. For F. For

this reason it is recommended that the aquarium water be raised to aboutthis reason it is recommended that the aquarium water be raised to about 8080

for the duration of the treatment. If the fish can stand it, raise the temperaturefor the duration of the treatment. If the fish can stand it, raise the temperature

even higher up toeven higher up to 8585..

Treatment and Prevention:Treatment and Prevention:

It is only the freeIt is only the free-- swimming stage of the parasite that is susceptible toswimming stage of the parasite that is susceptible to

treatment; neither the trophonts under the epithelium or the tomont cysts cantreatment; neither the trophonts under the epithelium or the tomont cysts can

be killed. So any treatment plan has to be carried out over a period of time inbe killed. So any treatment plan has to be carried out over a period of time in

order to kill the emerging parasites. This in turn depends on temperature. Atorder to kill the emerging parasites. This in turn depends on temperature. At 77C the life cycle will take six weeks whereas atC the life cycle will take six weeks whereas at 2525 C it will be complete in aC it will be complete in a

week. Tomites (free swimming) stage could be killed by treating water withweek. Tomites (free swimming) stage could be killed by treating water with

malachite green, Formaline or KMnOmalachite green, Formaline or KMnO44..



** An alternative treatment is prolonged salt immersion at An alternative treatment is prolonged salt immersion at 11--22 pptppt

(parts per thousand), i.e.(parts per thousand), i.e. 11--22 grams per liter.grams per liter.

**Water should be monitored during the treatment course in caseWater should be monitored during the treatment course in case

there is any loss of filter activity.there is any loss of filter activity.

** It is believed that fish that survive an attack of the disease have anIt is believed that fish that survive an attack of the disease have an

in creased immunity against future attacks.in creased immunity against future attacks.



White spot diseaseWhite spot diseaseIchthyophthirius multifilisIchthyophthirius multifilis



Ex.Ex. 33 Coccidia:Coccidia:Coccidia cause a greater economic loss among domestic andCoccidia cause a greater economic loss among domestic and

wild animals in temperate climates. They are of major importance towild animals in temperate climates. They are of major importance topoultry raisers and produce serious disease in rabbits and cattle.poultry raisers and produce serious disease in rabbits and cattle.Many other animals frequently suffer from their attacks. The coccidianMany other animals frequently suffer from their attacks. The coccidianare most commonly parasites of the epithelial cells of some parts of are most commonly parasites of the epithelial cells of some parts of the intestine, although some species attack the liver and other the intestine, although some species attack the liver and other

organs.organs.

Eimeria perf ormanceEimeria perf ormance andand E . st eidaeE . st eidae of rabbits are representativeof rabbits are representative

examples of coccidian.examples of coccidian.

Symptoms:Symptoms:In light cases there are often no symptoms but in severe attacksIn light cases there are often no symptoms but in severe attacksthere is extensive destruction of the epithelium in the chosen sites,there is extensive destruction of the epithelium in the chosen sites,with sloughing of the walls and severe hemorrhage. Also, symptomswith sloughing of the walls and severe hemorrhage. Also, symptomsare loss of appetite, emaciation, weakness, pallor, diarrhea, bloodare loss of appetite, emaciation, weakness, pallor, diarrhea, blood

feces, and sometimes fever.feces, and sometimes fever.



Life Cycle:Life Cycle:

The infection start when the animal swallows ripe oocysts mixing with theThe infection start when the animal swallows ripe oocysts mixing with theinfested food. Each oocyst containsinfested food. Each oocyst contains 44 sporocysts each withsporocysts each with 22 sporozoites.sporozoites.

The sporozoites liberated from ingested oocysts penetrate cells in their The sporozoites liberated from ingested oocysts penetrate cells in their

chosen sites of development, feed on the contents, and named as thechosen sites of development, feed on the contents, and named as the

trophozoites. Then, they grow to schizonts which divide into a cluster of trophozoites. Then, they grow to schizonts which divide into a cluster of

spindlespindle--shaped merozoites. All of the above mentioned steps referred asshaped merozoites. All of the above mentioned steps referred as

schizogony. After one, two, or more schizonic cycles, the merozoites developschizogony. After one, two, or more schizonic cycles, the merozoites develop

into gametocysts to start the gamogony cycle. Two types of gametocysts areinto gametocysts to start the gamogony cycle. Two types of gametocysts are

developed, the macrogametocysts which develop later to macrogametes;developed, the macrogametocysts which develop later to macrogametes;

and the microgametocysts. Which produce later a swarm of minute twoand the microgametocysts. Which produce later a swarm of minute two--

flagellated microgametes. The microgametes fertilize the macrogametes,flagellated microgametes. The microgametes fertilize the macrogametes,

usually after the latter have escaped from the cells which mothered them.usually after the latter have escaped from the cells which mothered them.



The macrogmetes are provided with cyst walls, but a small openingThe macrogmetes are provided with cyst walls, but a small opening

celled a microphyle at one end through which the microgamets arecelled a microphyle at one end through which the microgamets are

able to enter. The resulting zygote is a young oocyst, ready for able to enter. The resulting zygote is a young oocyst, ready for

escape from the host in which it was developed and prepared toescape from the host in which it was developed and prepared to

withstand conditions in outside until opportunity to enter another hostwithstand conditions in outside until opportunity to enter another host

is afforded. The oocysts are undeveloped when they leave the hostis afforded. The oocysts are undeveloped when they leave the host

with the feces and require almost one week to develop. Developmentwith the feces and require almost one week to develop. Developmenttakes place in two steps, (takes place in two steps, (11) a division of the nucleus and cytoplasm) a division of the nucleus and cytoplasm

into four parts called sporocysts, (into four parts called sporocysts, (22) the further development of these) the further development of these

sporoblasts into sporocysts with resistant cyst walls, and the divisionsporoblasts into sporocysts with resistant cyst walls, and the division

of their contents into two sporozoites for each one. The sporocystsof their contents into two sporozoites for each one. The sporocystsare cysts within cysts. The ripe oocysts are considered the infectiveare cysts within cysts. The ripe oocysts are considered the infective

stage which repeat the life cycle as a suitable host swallow, it with itsstage which repeat the life cycle as a suitable host swallow, it with its

food.food.



Treatment and Prevention:Treatment and Prevention:11.. Following of new means and technology in rearingFollowing of new means and technology in rearing

houses.houses.

22.. Isolation of the infected animals, and elimination of theIsolation of the infected animals, and elimination of theseverely infected ones.severely infected ones.

33.. Addition of suitable drugs to food or water are capable of Addition of suitable drugs to food or water are capable of

preventing infection prior to its establishment.preventing infection prior to its establishment.



The complete life cycle of aThe complete life cycle of a

"typical" Eimeria species"typical" Eimeria species

/ / ..

2011/20122011/2012

animal kingdom 1

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