animal rights & welfare chapter 4. terms animal rights ▫the position that animals should not...
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Animal Rights & WelfareChapter 4
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Terms• Animal Rights
▫The position that animals should not be exploited
• Animal Welfare▫The position that animals
should be treated humanely• Confinement Systems
▫Animals are confined to cages or pens in partially enclosed or totally enclosed buildings so that production improves through closer control of the environment
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Terms
• Ecoterrorism▫Terrorism or crimes
committed under the disguise of saving nature
• Factory Farming▫Practice of keeping
chickens in cages and veal calves in small crates
• Humanize▫To believe that animals
have the same rights as humans and to treat them as humans
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Terms• Intensive Operations
▫ Farming operations in which the farmer or manager tries to increase output through better breeding, feeding and management
• Specieism▫ Belief that any use of animals by
humans reflects a bias or that humans are superior to animals
• Unethical▫ A belief that something is going
against one’s moral principles and values
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Terms
•Vivisection▫Research consisting of surgical operations
and experiments to study the structure and function of organs.
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Current Topics In Animal Rights & Welfare• Animals as Property• Scientific testing• Animal Agriculture• Caged Animals• Entertainment Animals• Veganism• Factory Farming• Fish & Fishing• Vivisection• Hunting • Use of furs
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Check It Out!
•Animal rights vs Animal welfare has a long history
•Pgs 32-34
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1641
•First laws to protect farm animals•“The Body of Liberties”•Massachusetts bay colony
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1828
•First anticruelty lab passed by New York
•“Each person who shall maliciously kill, main, or wound any horse, ox, or other cattle, or sheep, belonging to another, or shall maliciously and cruelly beat or torture such animal whether belonging to himself or another, shall upon conviction, be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor.”
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1866
•American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)
•Formed for welfare of disabled horses•America’s first humane society•Founded by Henry Bergh
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1867
•“An Act for the more effectual prevention of cruelty to animals.”
•Ten sections•41 states and DC have laws based on it
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1906
•Animal Transportation Act▫Protect animals traveling long distances by
rail•95% of animals today are transported by
truck▫Law was never amended to include them
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1958
•Humane Slaughter Act•Amended in 1970s to include handling
prior to slaughter
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1964• Ruth Harrison
▫Animal Machines: The New Factory Farming Industry
• Focused on the use of antibiotics & hormones• Investigation led to laws concerning treatment:
▫Chickens▫Turkeys▫Pigs▫Cattle▫Sheep▫Rabbits
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1966• Public Law 89-544 (AWA)• Laboratory Animal Welfare Act• Regulated dealers who handled research:
▫Dogs▫Cats▫Hamsters▫Guinea Pigs▫Rabbits ▫Primates
• First amendment authorized regulation of other warm bloods
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1970
•Horse Protection Act•Regulates show business•Specific to gait alteration
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1970s
•It all began…•Modern Animal Rights Movement•Urban vegetarians•Draws activists from philosophy, theology,
and human rights
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1970s
•Peter Singer▫Animal Liberation
•Founder of modern animal rights movement
•Book condemned use of animals in food and research
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1976
•Amendment to AWA prohibited animal fighting
•Regulated commercial transport
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1985
•Improved Standards for Laboratory Animals Act▫Issued additional standards for research
animals▫Standards for dog exercise▫Physical environment standards
•Institutional Animal Care & Use Committees▫Minimal pain and distress▫Anesthetics, analgesics & tranquilizer use▫Consider alternative to painful procedures
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1986
•Animal Liberation Front•$$$$$ of damage at
Oregon State•Set fires at University of
California-Davis•Independence day attack
at Texas Tech
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1989•Farm Animal and Research Facilities
Protection Act•Applied to premise where animals are kept for:
▫Food▫Ag Research▫Testing▫Education
•Federal crime to disrupt activities•$10,000 fine•Passed in August 1992
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1990
•“March for the Animals”•15-24,000 people
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1990
•Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act▫Pet protection provisions
•Covers 4 institution categories▫Dogs & Cat breeders▫Zoos▫Circuses▫Research Facilities
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1992
•Animal Enterprise Protection Act•Protects:
▫Zoos▫Aquariums▫Circuses▫Rodeos▫Fairs▫Auctions▫Packing Plants ▫Commercial & Academic Enterprises
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1997
•Ecoterrorism•10,000 mink released
from a fur ranch•½ the animals died in
fighting each other•1,300 of the animals
recaptured would die later
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Do Animals Have Rights?
•Animal Rights▫Same as humans▫Specieism▫Feel pain▫Humans are
animals
•Animal Welfare•Humanely
without cruelty•Should receive
proper care•Can be used in
research when alternatives are unavailable
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Should animals be used for food?•Animal Rights
▫Inhumane▫Meat is
unhealthy▫Constant
housing▫Physiological
and behavioral problem
▫Large corporations who care about profits
• Animal Welfare• Best interest of
farmers to care for animals
• Intensive operations
• Confinement systems
• Protection from the elements
• 97% of farms are family owned
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Should animals be used in experiments?• Animal Rights
▫Unethical▫Unnecessary▫Exaggerated value▫Misleading tests could
danger human health▫Pound seizures, Draize
Testing, * Classical LD50
▫6 million animals used in experimentation
• Animal Welfare• Biomedical
research limited or stopped
• Organ transplants• # of animals used is
declining• 90% are rats/mice• Bovine Corneal
Opacity Test• Plastic models • Tissue Culture
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Does the type of animal used matter?
•Monkeys vs Mice?•Dogs vs Rats?•Why?•Does it matter what
test is being conducted?
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Should hunting and trapping be allowed?•Animal Rights
▫Inhumane▫Unnatural▫“Joy of killing”▫Stop use of dogs▫“Regulations =
providing animals to hunt”
▫Hunting food is not necessary
• Animal Welfare• Prime source of $$ for
preserving wildlife• Tradition• Population control• Focus public attn on
wildlife• Initiates of wildlife
laws• Harvest only surplus
animals
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Some Odds and Ends
•USDA implements regulation of most animal welfare laws
•Charles Stenholm & Senator Howell Heflin cosponsored the Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992
•Rabbits are used in the Draize Eye Test because they don’t have tear ducts
•Approximately 1 million animals are used in ed facilities for dissection annually
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Odds and Ends
•The LD50 test determines the dose required to kill 50% of a test population
•Primates make up about ½ of 1% of experiment animals
•Crushed monkey spinal cords were necessary to make the polio vaccine