animal science and biotechnology objective ba011.01: summarize the physiological needs of animals...

Animal Science and Biotechnology

Objective BA011.01: Summarize the physiological needs of animals for growth and reproduction.

Physiological Needs of Animals

Food/ NutrientsAnimals CANNOT produce their own food

Must consume other living organisms for energyRespiration

Converting sugars to chemical energyOccurs in the mitochondria

Some nutrients can be absorbed through environmental conditions- i.e.: sunlight


OxygenUsually absorbed by animals from the airOccasionally absorbed through water or

other means (ex- fish)All animals are AEROBIC

Aka- they will die without oxygen


WaterOther than air, the single most important

factor in the survival of all animalsAnimals can only last a few days at most

without water, though they can last days without food.


Other Important Inorganic NutrientsVitamins

B12, A, E, C, etc.Minerals

Calcium, Phosphorus, etc.

Immune System Characteristics

Lymph System In advanced animalsUtilizes white blood cells and antibodies to

attack any antigens in the blood of an organism

Vaccines help the body form antibodies more quickly, while under less stress


Objective BA011.02: Analyze the impact of biotechnology on animal disease prevention, diagnosis, and management

Animal Disease Diagnosis

ELISA testsUtilize antigens to determine the presence

of antibodies for a given pathogen in a blood sample

Antibodies indicate the presence of a particular pathogen being fought

The tests are usually produced from antigens extracted from research animals

Animal Disease Diagnosis

Bacterial InfectionsAre tested in animals by biotechnology by

culturing samples in an incubatorDifferent agar medias can be used to

determine the presence of different bacteria upon examination after growth

Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment

Biotechnology has enabled researchers to produce animals with genetic resistance to many pathogensUse gene segments from naturally resistant

organismsFind the gene in sharks that makes them

resistant to cancer for use in humansProduce animals with gene segments coding for

the production of proteins to attack potential parasitic organisms


The production of antibodies in one organism for use in another is an important biotechnology technique used in vaccinesJumpstarts the immune system of an animalAlso used in humans


The utilization of genes coding for the production of certain medical compounds (including antibiotics) in a variety of livestock enables agriculturalists toProvide preventative medication in semi-

controlled doses to populations on a large scale


Objective BA011.03: Discuss the role of genetic engineering and biotechnology on improving animal breeding

Biotechnology Techniques in Animal Breeding

Artificial InseminationProcess of extracting and diluting semen

from a male animal for use in a female animal

Allows for outstanding genetic characteristics to be spread through a population rapidly with minimal expense and high success

One ejaculate can produce more than 60 semen straws in cattle and horses


Knockout AnimalsUsed to determine the function of specific

genes, by creating animals without these genes


CloningRarely used in animals

Expensive and large amounts of tissue damageUsed for research or to preserve the most

outstanding traits and characteristicsUsually requires the use of specialized sex

cells, though recent advancements with enucleation have led to applications for cloning other cells


In Vitro FertilizationProcess involving the removal of embryos

from a female for fertilization and insertion into surrogate mothers for development

Expensive and chancy (embryos could be rejected by the surrogates)

Many haploid cells and embryos may be destroyed


In Vitro FertilizationA more common method is transferring

fertilized eggs from a super-ovulated female to other females

One female can produce many times more offspring

Problems with Biotechnology in Animal Reproduction

Genetic DiversityCould possibly decrease with increased use

of biotechnologyLess diversity in breeds/ species Most important negative aspect of increased use

of biotechnology

Problems with Biotechnology in Animal Reproduction

Expense/ Technical KnowledgeSome processes can easily be completed

on the farmMany techniques still require expensive

laboratory equipment or facilities.


Objective BA011.04: Evaluate the function of hormones in animal growth and body regulation

Function of Animal Hormones

Control animal growth and behaviorInitiate physiological responses

necessary for the reproduction of animals

Located in specialized glands throughout the bodyPituitary gland, thyroid gland

Function of Animal Hormones

Anabolic SteroidsSpecialized hormones that are partially

responsible for muscle growth and development

Even with prolonged use, steroid use in animals has little effect on muscle and bone

USDA and FDA have approved the use of low levels of hormones in beef cattle, dairy cattle, and hogs

HORMONE USE IN POULTRY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED

Examples of Animal Hormones

Bovine Somatotropine (BST)Naturally occurring hormone in dairy cows

that controls the process of milk productionExtra BST produced by bacteria can be

injected into dairy cattle to increase milk production

Examples of Animal Hormones

Hormones important in sexual reproduction and characteristicsEstrogen

Produced in large quantities in femalesFeminine characteristicsControls the menstrual cycle

TestosteroneCommon in varying levels in malesCan lead to aggression- castration


Objective BA012.01: Practice biotechnology techniques utilized in animal breeding.

Performing Artificial Insemination

Analyzing the breeding potential of an animalUtilizes EPDs

Likelihood that an offspring will possess the same beneficial characteristics of the parent


Semen Collection/ AnalysisSemen is collected from male animals either

by hand or through the use of an artificial vagina

Sample is analyzed to measure concentration and test motility/ viability

Motility- movement of individual sperm cellsViability- # or % of active and functional sperm

cells in a sample


Semen Collection/ AnalysisSample is then divided into 80+ straws and

flash frozen for long term storageExtension solutions- semen can be diluted and

stored for long periods of timeSemen can remain viable for over 30 yearsSperm can be sexed, but it requires expensive

equipment utilizing lasers: can measure larger amounts of genetic material in female sperm cells


Monitoring and Prepping the FemaleFemale is monitored to predict time of

ovulationCan use hormones to induce ovulation in an

entire population or herd “Standing” is a good sign that ovulation is close

If timing is not correct, artificial insemination is useless because fertilization won’t happen


Thawing SemenStraws should be stored in a container

using liquid nitrogen to maintain subzero temperatures

Straws should be quickly removed from the container, shaken, an immediatedly placed in a water bath at 99 F for 15 seconds

Shaking removes water from the exterior to avoid breaking the seal


Inseminating the FemaleMost methods utilize a specialized gun to

deliver the semen from the straw to the femaleThe inseminator (that’s the person) inserts the

gun into the vagina of the female, through the cervix, to release the semen into the uterus

The other hand of the inseminator is gloved and inserted into the rectum to palpate the location of the cervix and guide the gun through without damage

Performing In Vitro Fertilization & Embryo TransferGathering Eggs

In Vitro- Eggs are usually removed from the ovaries in large quantities through simple surgery

Embryo Transfer- Eggs are fertilized in the uterus of the female

Female given hormone to induce super-ovulationDuring ovulation, the female is inseminated

(results in many viable embryos)A special catheter is used to take out the fertilized

eggs from the womb and into surrogate mothers

Performing In Vitro Fertilization & Embryo Transfer

Benefits of In Vitro FertilizationRequires the smallest amount of semenEnsures the production of viable embryos,

which can be stored indefinitelyOften used in cloning because the sperm or

egg can be genetically manipulated prior to fertilization


Objective BA012.02: Trace the process of cloning in animals

Cloning History

First animal cloned was a tadpole in 1957

First animal cloned from diploid cells was Dolly the sheep in 1996

In 2002, a private company claimed to have successfully cloned the first human child

Animal Cloning Process

The simplest method is the division of fertilized eggs (embryos)

All methods are expensive and result in large losses of developing embryosDolly was the only success out of 300+

attempts


Most require the use of sex cells to obtain genetic materialUnder normal conditions, diploid cells in

animals rarely differentiateDolly was cloned from DNA removed from a

mammary cell placed into an enucleated egg


ToolsMicromanipulator is the most important tool

Used to divide cells, remove DNA, enucleate cells, and reinsert DNA

Animal Cloning Issues

Most animal clones produced are not “true clone” since their production utilizing enucleated eggs DOES NOT alter all nucleic acidsClones retain the mitochondrial DNA of the

original egg

Animal Cloning Issues

Environmental factors limit the effectiveness of clones in producing exact physical replicas of animalsClones may have identical DNA, yet have

different color patterns, be a different size, and exhibit different mental/physical characteristics depending on ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS

animal science and biotechnology objective ba011.01: summarize the physiological needs of animals...

Documents

animals animals

animal breeding slide

animal science

animal disease prevention

advanced animals

research animals

humans slide

growth slide