Animal Systems

Organization

• All living things made up of cells• Groups of cells work together to form tissues• Groups of tissues organs organ systems• There are 4 basic tissue types in animals:• 1. Epithelial: covering (eg skin) keeps germs out and protects

the body and organs• 2. Muscle: can contract-relax producing movement• 3. Connective: supports and holds body together (tendons,

ligaments, bone, cartilage)...also blood• 4. Nerve: generates electrical signals for communication

within the body

Digestive

Digestive tract

• Is one long tube• Digestion is the chemical and physical

breakdown of food• to absorb nutrients and minerals• Rid the body of wastes• Digestive system composed of digestive tract

(food moves through) organs and accessory organs (food does not move through

Digestive tract organs/Function• Mouth – physically breaks food into smaller

pieces...saliva contains enzymes (chemicals that break down food) and water for moistening

• Esophagus – muscles contract and relax pushing food to the stomach

• Stomach – holds food and churns food…hydrochloric acid added (kills bacteria, activates some enzymes for chemical digestion)

• Muscles in the stomach contract and relax breaking food down physically

Digestive tract organs/Function• Small intestine – sodium bicarbonate added to

neutralize acid• most of chemical breakdown occurs in the small

intestine by enzymes released from pancreas• nutrients are absorbed• Large intestine – re-absorption of water and

removal of waste

Accessory Organs

• Salivary Glands – produces saliva containing an enzyme breaking down carbohydrates

• Liver – produces bile to help break down fats• Pancreas – produces enzymes for stomach and

small intestine...also produces insulin (controls sugar levels)

• Gall bladder – stores bile from liver

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Circulatory

• Pumps blood throughout the body• Heart-Lungs• Heart-Heart• Heart-Body

• Transports nutrients from digested food• Transports oxygen from respiratory

Heart: Blood Flow Through Chambers

Blood Flow

• Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium• Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium• Heart is relaxed the blood moves through

valves into the ventricles.• The ventricles contract pushing blood out the

arteries.• From RV through pulmonary artery to the lung• From LV through aorta to the body

Blood

• Plasma: 55% of blood. It is composed of 90% water and carries nutrients, proteins, sugar...

• RBCs: 40% of blood. Each cell has millions of hemoglobin molecules...binds to and carries oxygen

• WBCs: defenders of the body• Platelets: small cell fragments help in blood

clotting

Blood Vessels

• Arteries: carry blood away from heart• Have thick walls (muscular-elastic tissue) for expansion

due to pressure of blood pumping

• Veins: carry blood to the heart• Not as thick due to lower pressure• Have one way valves to prevent backflow

• Capillaries: are tiny vessels (one cell thick) joining arteries and veins

Activity

• Heart Sounds • Blood Pressure

Respiratory

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Breathing

• Lung Model• Inhalation: diaphragm moves down and rib

cage up and out • Exhalation: diaphragm moves up and rib cage

down and in• Air exchange is due to difference in air

pressure (moves high to low pressure)

Breathing

• Nose: warms and cleans air• Mouth: misses steps from nose• Pharynx: path for air and food (epiglottis directs food to

esophagus)• Larynx: vocal chords• Trachea: windpipe, cartilage rings• Bronchi: one bronchi to each lung. Cilia and mucus

prevents dust from going into lung• Bronchioles: network of branching for air passage in the

lung• Alveoli: small sacs where gas exchange occurs

Gas Exchange: Capillary-Alveoli

• Diffusion: movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration

• Blood from heart has high carbon dioxide content...it diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli.

• As the blood moves by the air in the alveoli is rich in oxygen and diffuses into the capillary where there is low concentration

Muscular-Skeletal

• The skeleton has 3 types of connective tissue:• Bones are hard and mostly non living composed of

calcium and phosphorus.• Canals inside the bone tissue contain nerves and

blood vessels• Ligaments help to hold the bone together... Elasticity

of this connective tissue allows movement• Cartilage between bones in joints provides low

friction support

• Muscle tissue is composed of long cells arranged in bundles

• The cells shorten and relax producing movement

• Muscles can only pull...not push. They work in opposing pairs (triceps-biceps)

• Muscles are connected by tendons to bones

Nervous

• Central Nervous System: brain and the spinal cord

• Peripheral nervous system: connects the rest of the body to the CNS

• Sensory receptors detect stimuli and send signals to the CNS (brain) for processing and a response.

How systems Interact??

Plant Systems

Plant Tissue

• 1. Epidermal Tissue• Outer surface • 2. Ground Tissue• most of the plant cells• In roots = storage in leaves photosynthesis• 3. Vascular Tissue• Transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant• 4. Meristem Tissue• Where growth occurs

Plant Organs

• 1. Roots• Absorbs water and nutrients from soil• 2. Stems• Transport of materials and support (holds

plant upright)• 3. Leaves• Photosynthesis • 4. Flowers

Flowers

Flowers

• reproductive structure of the plant• Main function is to produce seeds by sexual

reproduction• Males organs, called stamen, produces pollen – the

male sex cells• Flower contains female organs, called pistil, contain

female sex cells called eggs• Pollen and an egg unite to produce a fertilized egg

called a seed• Some seeds surrounded by flesh called fruit