Animal Tissue

Compiled by Wenny Pintalitna

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organ system

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FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES

Epithelial Tissue(Covering)

• Tightly-joined closely-packed cells(sel-sel yang padat,rapat, ketat)

• One side of epithelium exposed to air, other side attached to a basement membrane, a dense mat of connective tissue

(salah satu sisi jar.epitel berhubungan ke lingkungan external dan satu sisi lagi melekat pada membran basal,jar.ikat)

• Covers outside of the body and lines internal organs and cavities

(menutupi seluruh permukaan tubuh)

• Provides surface for absorption, excretion and transport of molecules

(membantu penyerapan, ekskresi dan transpor molekul)

Types of Epithelial

Tissue• Cell shape

– Squamous– Cuboidal– Columnar

• Number of cell layers– Simple– Pseudostratified– Stratified

• RELATE STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION!

Connective tissue(Framework)

• Binding and support of other tissues

(mengikat dan menyokong jaringan lain)

• Large amount of extracellular matrix

(banyak mengandung matiks extraselular)

• Extracellular matrix consists of network of fibers in liquid, jelly-like or solid matrix

Muscle Tissue(Movement)

• Composed of long cells called muscle fibers

• Contraction movement

Nervous Tissue(Control)

• Transmits nerve impulses from one part of an animal to another

(menyampaikan impuls saraf dari satu bagian menuju bagian lain)• Consists of a cell body and

long extensions called dendrites (towards cell body) and axons (towards another cell or an effector)

(terdiri atas badan sel, dendrit, axon)

Axon

Dendrite

Cell body

Tissue Type Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve

Cell Shape Flattened, cuboidal, columnar

Irregular or round Elongated Cell appendages branched

Cell Arrangement

Single multilayered

Scattered in matrix

In sheets or bundles

Isolated or networked

Location Body covering or lining organs or

cavities

Supports other organs

Lining internal organs, make

skeletal muscles

Concentrated in brain and spinal cord + all over

the bodySurface Feature

of CellsCilia, microvilli - - -

Matrix Type Basement membrane

Varied – protein fibers + liquid, gelatinous, firm

to calcified

- -

Matrix Amount Minimal Extensive Absent Absent

Unique Feature No direct blood supply, except for

glands

Cartilage has no blood supply

Can generate electrical signals,

force and movement

Can generate electrical signal

Epithelial Tissue

Compiled by Wenny Pintalitna

Epithelia comes in 2 forms:1. Glandular epithelia 2. Membranous epithelia

Functions:• Protection• Absorption• Filtration• Excretion• Secretion• Sensory reception

Types of Epithelium

a. Shape of the cell• Cuboidal (like dice)• Columnar (like bricks on end)• Squamous (flat like floor tiles)

b. Number of cell layer• Simple epithelium: a single layer of cells• Stratified epithelium: multiple tiers of cells• Pseudostratified

• Simple Squamous Epithelium• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium• Simple Columnar Epithelium• Stratified Epithelium• Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium• Transitional Epithelium

“ciliated” literally = eyelashes(see next page)

Stratified: regenerate from below

Rare…

Rare…

Glandular epithelia

Some epithelia, called glandular epithelia because absorb or secrete chemical solutions.• Glands• Line the lumen of the digestive and respiratory

tracts form a mucous membrane

Classification of glands

• By where they release their product– Exocrine: external secretion onto body surfaces

(skin) or into body cavities– Endocrine: secrete messenger molecules

(hormones) which are carried by blood to target organs; “ductless” glands

• By whether they are unicellular or multicellular

Exocrine glandsunicellular or multicellular

Unicellular: goblet cell scattered within epithelial lining of intestines andrespiratory tubes

Product: mucinmucus is mucin & water

Multicellular exocrine glands

Epithelium-walledduct and asecretory unit

Examples of exocrine gland products

• Many types of mucus secreting glands• Sweat glands of skin• Oil glands of skin• Salivary glands of mouth• Liver (bile)• Pancreas (digestive enzymes)• Mammary glands (milk)

Endocrine glands

• Ductless glands

• Release hormones into extracellular space– Hormones are messenger molecules

• Hormones enter blood and travel to specific target organs

• Transitional

Transitional

Simple Cuboidal

Simple Squamous

Simple Columnar

• Colon

• Intestine

• Duodenum

• Loose Connective Tissue• Dense Connective Tissue• Adipose Tissue• Cartilage• Bone• Blood

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1. True Connective Tissuea. Loose Connective Tissueb. Dense Connective Tissue

2. Supportive Connective Tissue

a. Cartilageb. Bone

5. Liquid Connective Tissuea. Blood

Classes of Connective Tissue: note the cell types and great variety of subclasses

Connective tissueFunctions mainly to bind and support other tissues. Three major components• Fiber collagenous fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers• Cell• Matrix

Classes of Connective Tissue

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Classes of Connective Tissue

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Classes of Connective Tissue

Classes of Connective Tissue

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Classes of Connective Tissue

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Membranes that combine epithelial sheets plus underlying connective tissue proper

• Cutaneous membranes– Skin: epidermis and dermis

• Mucous membranes, or mucosa– Lines every hollow internal organ that opens to the outside

of the body• Serous membranes, or serosa

– Slippery membranes lining the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities

– The fluid formed on the surfaces is called a transudate• Synovial membranes

– Line joints

(a) Cutaneous membrane

(b) Mucous membrane

(c) Serous membrane

• Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Smooth Muscle Tissue• Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Biology 100Human Biology

Organ Systems

Organ Systems

Anatomical Terminology

Relative Position 1. Superior = above; Inferior = below;

2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back;

3. Ventral = front; Dorsal = back;

4. Medial = center; Lateral = side;

5. Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side

6. Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk;

7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.

Anatomical Terminology

Body Sections (cuts, planes)

1. Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions. Midsagittal (median) = equal right and left portions.

2. Transverse Cut: (or horizontal): divides the body into superior and inferior portions

3. Coronal Cut: (or frontal): divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

4. Cross-section: cut at 90 degrees to long axis of the object

5. Oblique section: cut at an angle across an object

6. Longitudinal section: cut with the long axis of an object

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Terminology