animal tisue

8/11/2019 Animal Tisue

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ANIMAL TISSUE

PRESENTED BY :

aroen rasyid


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ANIMAL TISSUE

The basic unit of life is thecell and the cells ofcomplex organisms areorganized into tissues .


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In vertebrates, tissues are derivedfrom the three layers of the embryo:

the ectoderm (outer layer) gives rise to the skinand tissues of the nervous systemthe mesoderm (middle layer) gives rise to muscle,

bone, and many of the reproductive, urinary andcirculatory organsthe endoderm (inner layer) gives rise to thelining of the digestive tract and organs derivedfrom it such as the lungs.


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Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are embryonic tissues that give rise to all of the tissues, organs,and organ systems in the body.


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The four major types of tissues :epithelial connective tissue muscle nervous tissue

Function of Epithelial Tissue :

Protection

AbsorptionSecretionSensory


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Epithelial tissues

Structural Characteristics:Epithelia forms boundariesThe lininng and covering of the inner ( gut ) or outher ( skin) surfaceTightly adherent cellsOne surface of the tissue is freeThe other adheres to a basement membrane


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The shapes of epithelial cells :

squamouscuboidalcolumnar


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Types of Epithelial Tissues:1 Simple epithelium - Cells arranged in a single

layer.A Simple squamous epithelium Composed of irregularCells are thinFlat cells with elongated and elliptical nucleiSquamous cells are wider than they are tall.

Found: line lungs; line blood vessels(endothelium).Function: adapted for osmosis, diffusion and

secretion


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Fig : Simple squamous epithelium

a nucleus of a cell forming the alveoluswall

b nucleus of a cell forming the capillarywall

c red blood cells inside capillaryd cell that forms the large circle of

simple squamous forming thealveolus.


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B.Simple cuboidal epithelium

Regularly shaped block-like cells with spherical nuclei.Found: line kidney tubules; cover ovaries; glands Function: adapted for secretion of fluid like mucus or

enzymes; absorption (microvilli increase surface area)


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C. Simple columnar epithelium

Tall, elongated, column-like cells. Columnar cells are taller than they are wide. Found in the lining of the stomach, intestine,

gallbladder, and uterine tubes. Function: absorption of foods (microvilli); move

sperm (cilia); secretion of mucus (goblet cells).


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Fig: Simple squamous, Simple cuboid,

Simple columnar


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2 Stratified epithelium - Cells arranged in two or more layers

A.Stratified squamous epitheliumStratified squamous epithelia vary in thicknessdepending on the number of cell layers present.found: epidermal layer of skin; linesmouth,esophagus, vagina and anal canal function: wall of protection against waterloss,abrasion infection


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B. Cuboidal stratified epithelium Several layers of cuboidal cells

C Stratified columnar epitheliaFound in the largest excretory ducts of some

glands. The parotid gland, a large salivary gland


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D. Pseudostratified epithelia

The epithelium will look stratified but it is not - hence itsname "pseudostratified". Found in the excretory ducts of many glands.


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E.Transitional EpitheliaThe shape of the cells in the surface layer of atransitional epithelium varies with the degree ofdistension of the organs whose lumen is lined by thistype of epithelium.In the 'relaxed' state of the epithelium, it seems to be

formed by many cell layers.Found in the excretory urinary passages (the renalcalyces and pelvis, the ureter, the urinary bladder, andpart of the urethra).


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Figure : Structure and function ofepithelial tissue


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Connective Tissue

The major component of connective tissueis non-cellular fibers and other proteins(the extracellular matrix).

Connective tissue contain three kinds offibers :Collagen fibers provide strength andflexibilityElastic fibers provide elasticityReticular fibers are small and branched


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The main kinds of Connective tissuein vertebrate are :

Loose Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue Adipose tissue Cartilage Bone

Blood Tissue


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Fig : The kinds of Connective tissue in vertebrate


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Function of the connective tissue

Binding Support

Protection Insulation Transport


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Loose onn ective Tissue

Loose connective tissue contains a greaterproportion of cells and the extracellular matrixis not as well organized.

Loose connective tissue is frequently found justbelow sheets of epithelial tissue and aroundblood vessels .

Fibroblasts -connective tissue cell that specializesin the secretion of collagen and elastin.

Macrophages are cells specialized forphagocytizing foreign materials, bacteria, andcleaning up debris.


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Figure: Loose connective tissue


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Dense Connective Tissue :

Dense connective tissue contains very few cellsand a large amounts of fibers organized intoregular bundles.

Found mainly in tendons and ligaments Tendons = muscle to muscle, or muscle to bone

connections. Ligaments = bone to bone connections . The collagen fibers of dense connective tissue are

more closely packed than those of looseconnective tissue.


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Figure : Dense connective tissue


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Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue It has reduced matrix material and contains

enlarged fibroblasts (cells) that store fat Functions : to store energy, insulate, and provide

padding, especially in the skin and around thekidneys and heart.


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C il


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Cartilage

There are three types of cartilage : hyaline which is the most common elastic which looks a lot like hyaline unless it is specially

stained for elastic fibers fibrous which is not very common and is difficult to

identify.Sitting in this clear matrix are lacunae (small lakes)containing the chondrocytes or cartilage cells .

It also occurs in the human body in the ears, tip ofthe nose, and at joints such as the knee andbetween bones of the spinal column.


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Figure : Elastic Cartilage Tissue

a lacunae with chondrocyte inside b the black material is elastin fibers

found: framework of outer ear

function: provides elastic shape and support .


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Figure : Fibrocartilage Tissue

a chondrocyte cell in lacunae b lacunae containing two chondrocytes c fibers in the matrix mainly collagen

found: pads between vertebrae; knee cartilage

function: withstands tension, pressure and absorbsshock.

Bone


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Bone

Bone forms when calcium salts are deposited around proteinfibers

The calcium salts provide rigidity while the fibers provideelasticity and strength.

the lacunae (where the cells were,c ) the Haversian canal (where the blood vessels were,a ) the canaliculi (where tiny cell processes were,d ) Identify these structures and an Haversian system (osteon)

made up of the canal, lamellae (b )


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Figure : Lacuna and Canaliculi

The bone matrix located between the two rows of lacunae is called alamella and collectively lamellae. The canaliculi located in thelamellae contain protoplasmic processes from the osteocytes thatreside in the lacunae. These processes contact one another in themiddle of the lamella to allow for transport of nutrients andmetabolites from one osteocyte to another. This is how the nutrientsget from the Haversian canal to the outer lacunae and themetabolites move in the opposite direction.


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lood Tissue

Blood is a connective tissue of cells separatedby a liquid (plasma) matrix. Red blood cells(erythrocytes) carry oxygen. White blood cells(leukocytes) function in the immune system.

Plasma transports dissolved glucose, wastes,carbon dioxide and hormones, as well asregulating the water balance for the blood cells.

Platelets are cell fragments that function inblood clotting.

Figure : The blood tissue


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Figure : The blood tissue

a red blood cell (rbc) b white blood cell (lymphocyte) c white blood cell (neutrophil) d white blood cell (eosinophil) e plasma (matrix)

found: in the circulatory system

function: carries oxygen, Carbon dioxide, ions, nutrients andwastes to and from the cells; contains cells for immuneresponse

.


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uscle Tissue

Muscle tissue facilitates movement of the animal by contraction of

individual muscle cells (referred to as muscle fibers). Three types ofmuscle fibers occur in animals (the only taxonomic kingdom to havemuscle cells):

skeletal (striated)

cardiac smooth


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Figure : skeletal (striated) muscle

1.striations2.muscle fiber3. Nucleifound in the diaphragm (breathing), upper esophagus (swallowing),tongue and pharynx (speech)

Fi Th i i f h di ll


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Figure : The striations of the cardiac cells

1.striations 2.nucleus 3.intercalated disk

found: the heart muscle (myocardium)function: autorhythmic cells that contract the heart to pump the blood.


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Figure : The smooth muscle cell

a The smooth muscle

cell is long and slender b The elongated

nucleus in the center ofthe cell


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Figure : The smooth muscle cell

cell membran cytoplasm nucleus found: viseral muscle (digestive system, respiratory

system, urinary system etc.) function: involuntary control of the visera


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