ann rumble, ph.d. johnnie m. martin ohio university-chillicothe
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Sarcasm in Computer-mediated Messages: Do Emoticons :) Help or Hurt Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Non-literal Messages?. Ann Rumble, Ph.D. Johnnie M. Martin Ohio University-Chillicothe 13th International Conference of Social Dilemmas August 24th, 2009. Strict Reciprocity. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Sarcasm in Computer-mediated Messages:Do Emoticons :) Help or Hurt Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Non-literal
Messages?
Ann Rumble, Ph.D.Johnnie M. Martin
Ohio University-Chillicothe13th International Conference of Social Dilemmas
August 24th, 2009
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Strict Reciprocity Reciprocity
Doing what the other person did the last time Tit-for-Tat
Nice Forgiving Retaliatory Clear
BUT… TFT/strict reciprocity is a reactive strategy
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A stumbling block of reciprocity Reciprocity in noisy environments
What if unintentional noncooperation exists in an environment?
Robert Axelrod Error/Noise is one of the most important factors in
understanding how to resolve conflict at both mirco and macro levels
Simulations of uncertainty and noise Strong evidence that both will increase noncooperation in social
dilemmas (Bendor, 1993; Bendor, Kramer, & Stout, 1991; Kollock, 1993; Wu & Axelrod, 1996;Wu & Axelrod, 1997)
Behavioral data Van Lange and colleagues have confirmed simulations results
in behavioral experiments (Van Lange et al, 2002; Van Lange et al, 2003)
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Rumble, Van Lange, & Parks, 2009 Noise: F(1,114)=12.21, p=.001
55.5
66.5
77.5
8
Block1
Block2
Block3
Block4
Block5
Block6
Block7
Cooperative Behavior
No Noise Noise
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What are real-world sources of noise that may interfere
with cooperation?
Communication channels in Cyberspace
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“ The Internet is filled with junk and jerks… the signal-to noise ratio, it is said, is bad
and getting worse.”
Peter Kollock, in his chapter in Communites in Cyberspace, 1999
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Growing and continued dependence on text or email messaging As of August 2008, there were 1.3 billion e-mail users
worldwide (Radicati Group).
86% of the U.S. owns a cell phone and an estimated 75 billion text messages are sent each month
Used to communicate in multiple settings, such as, social networks, workplace, and academic settings
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Sarcasm Sarcasm-the non-literal use of language that can
be verbally aggressive and directed at a specific target
Deciphering the meaning is facilitated through the use of non-verbal behaviors, and social-cultural stereotypes such as occupation, status, and gender of the sender (Katz, 2004)
Understanding sarcasm requires both the ability to understand the speaker’s belief about the listener’s belief and the ability to identify emotions (Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Tomer, R.,& Aharon-Peretz, J.,2008 )
What happens if sarcasm is misunderstood?
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Emoticons Emotion can be shown in electronic messaging
through the use of emoticons. An emoticon is the merging of the words emotion
and icon. Examples:
:) Smile
;-) Wink
:-( Sad
:-0 Surprise
:-@ Angry
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Study 1: Do emoticons help or hurt emotional reactions to sarcastic email messages? Hypothesis: Sarcasm can be misperceived in email
communication which can lead to increases in negative feelings and decreased positive feelings, but emoticons may reduce these feelings
Participants 80 OUC undergraduates
Independent variable: Message type and Emoticons Dependent variables: Negative feelings and Positive
feelings.
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Sarcastic messageFrom SENDER
To RECEIVER Subject RE: Last night?!
Sent Mon, 26 Aug 2005 1:45:19 Hey… Wow, it was a little embarrassing! Yeah you were acting extremely stupid… J Maybe you will be able to show your face to everyone in a couple of months… J Well, whatever… see you soon! L8er! -----Original Message----- From: Receiver Sent: Monday, August 26, 2005 11:00 AM To: Sender Subject: Last night?! What did you think of the party on Saturday? Sorry if I was acting stupid…I have a lot of crazy stuff going on right now and I haven’t been myself. Well, hopefully we hang out later this week… TTYL!
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No Humor messageFrom SENDER
To RECEIVER Subject RE: Last night?!
Sent Mon, 26 AUG 2005 1:45:19 Hey…How about getting together on Thursday for a bite to eat? Maybe we could go to that new restaurant on High St. that everyone is raving about… What do you think? Well , just let me know… see you soon! L8er! -----Original Message----- From: Receiver Sent: Monday, August 26, 2005 11:00 AM To: Sender Subject: Last night?! What did you think of the party on Saturday? Sorry if I was
acting stupid…I have a lot of crazy stuff going on right now and I haven’t been myself. Well, hopefully we hang out later this week… TTYL!
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Main effect of message type Negative Feelings
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
5
No HumorSarcasm
Positive Feelings
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
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Impact of Emoticons in Sarcastic messages
Negative Feelings
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
5
EmoticonsNo Emoticons
Positive Feelings
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
Knows How to Use Sarcasm
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
EmoticonsNo Emoticons
Ability to Crack People Up
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
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Summary of Study 1 Sarcasm increases negative feelings and
reduces positive feelings in email messages compared to neutral messages
But, if emoticons are used the sarcastic message may be easier to decipher as humor, thus positive feelings increase and negative feelings decrease
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Study 2: Do emoticons help or hurt behavioral reactions to sarcastic text messages?
Introduction of alternative communication channels during social dilemma task
Sarcasm may increase noncooperative behavior in a social dilemma, but the presence of emoticons may reduce this noncooperation
Participants 58 OUC undergraduates
Independent variables: Message type and Emoticons Dependent variable: Cooperative behavior and emotional
reaction
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Give Some Game Participants were told they would interact with
an unknown other on a task All participants actually interacted during the social
dilemma task with the pre-programmed strategy of tit-for-tat
Participants were told they would receive messages from the other person during the course of the task, but were not able to send them.
For each trial, the participant had 10 coins to either keep or give away; the participant’s coins are worth $0.50 to the participant, and $1.00 to the unknown other; the same was true for the unknown other.
As an incentive, participants were told that the amount of points they accumulated would determine their chances of receiving prizes.
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Sarcastic Messages Not the brightest crayon in the box now, are
we? I refuse to star in your psychodrama Aw, did I step on your poor little bitty ego? Is it time for your medication or mine?
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Results: Emotional ReactionHow much do you trust the other
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5No message/ NoemoticonsNo message/EmoticonsSarcasm/NoemoticonsSarcasm/Emoticons
I dislike the other person
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
4
Knows How to Use Sarcasm
0
1
2
3
4
5
Other person made me feel pleased with my choices
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
4
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Results: Cooperative Behavior
2
2.5
3
3.5
44.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
Block 1 Block 2 Block 3
No message/NoEmoticonNo message/Emoticon
Sarcasm/ No Emoticon
Sarcasm/Emoticon
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Summary of Study 2 Noise from alternative channels may impact
cooperative behavior Emoticons do lessen the impact of
sarcastic messages on emotions and cooperative behavior
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Conclusion and future directions Explore additional ways that noise may
enter into a social dilemma Methods for correcting the effect of noise Cyberspace interactions need to be better
understood to reduce the “signal to noise ratio”
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Thank you to my junior co-author, texting guru, and long distance data analyzer!
…who also happens to be my 17 year old daughter!
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Sarcasm in Computer-mediated Messages:
Do Emoticons :) Help or Hurt Emotional and Behavioral
Reactions to Non-literal Messages?
Ann Rumble, Ph.D.Johnnie M. Martin
Ohio University-Chillicothe13th International Conference of Social Dilemmas
August 24th, 2009