annex 2 - case studies final report: valorisation of organic waste in binh dinh province

8/4/2019 Annex 2 - Case Studies Final Report: Valorisation of Organic Waste in Binh Dinh Province

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ANNEX 2CASE STUDIES FINAL REPORT

VALORIZATION OF ORGANIC WASTE IN BINH DINH PROVINCE

Foreword

In Vietnam, the cost of landfilling is rising rapidly. That are cost of land, public complaints

and view of city. Alternative processing technologies, such as composting or anaerobic

digestion, offer some potential for recovery of value from organic wastes by producing soil-

enhancing composts and, in the case of anaerobic digestion, biogas.

Therefore, anaerobic digestion and composting are both being considered as possible routes

for treatment of the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid wastes, and it is anticipated that

their use will become more widespread over the coming years. The implementation would be

of no question mark in many countries but municipal waste properties in Vietnam are

different from other countries. Unsorted municipal waste makes application of bio-digestion

or composting difficult.

The list of cases to be studied within Binh Dinh Organic Waste Valorization component

formulated based on the analyses above, the list includes all current practices in organic waste

treatment and management within Vietnamese circumstance. This report can be used to prove

that there are chances for composting, re-feeding animals, bio-digestion of municipal organic

waste in the provincial / regional / national strategic planning.

Table 1 gives an overview of all current techniques being applied to treat organic municipal

waste within the cases visited. The waste from kitchens, restaurants, canteen are presented in

other schemes given the fact that they are reused for re-feeding animal and animal waste is

recycled to compost or to raise worm.


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Table 1. Summary of all technology currently applied in Vietnam to treat organic municipal waste

Locati

onN

o.Input

Capacity

Ton/d

Current practices within a plant / location

Separation

Grin

ding

De-

wateri

ng

Break

ing

Sievin

g

Mixing

with

additiv

es

Aerob

ic

comp

ost

Forced

ventilat

ion

Turni

ng

Reuse

leacha

tes

Anaero

bic

treatme

nt

Incenera

tionAt

source

At

plant

Viet

tri

1 Viet Tri

city

120-150No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes

Hanoi 2 Co Bi 0.6 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No

3 Gia Lam 80 Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No4 Hong Ky

1

5 PHT2

Hue 6 Thuy

Phuong

200No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes

Hoi

An

7 Tra Que 0.3Yes No

Binh

Dinh

8 Nhon

Phu

1.5No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No

Dalat 9 Xuan

Huong

1.7No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No

10 Xuan

Tho

0.0006Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No

11 Market 25 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No

12 Farm 15 Yes Yes No Yes No yes Yes no yes yes no no

HCMC

13 HuongTrung3

14 Kitchen

refuse4

1See in text at relevant chapter for Hanoi cases studied

2See in text at relevant chapter for Hanoi cases studied

3 See in text in the report for HCMC cases4 See in text in the report for HCMC cases


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1. Phu Tho:Date: Nov. 911, 2010, Viet Tri Phu Tho, Hanoi VietnamParticipants: Thuy, Ha, Dung

Location: Viet Tri Waste Treatment Co. Viet Tri city, Phu Tho province

Meeting with mr. Tran Xuan Tao (head of business division ), mr. Bui Thuong (director)

Viet Tri WTP Co. directed by Viet Tri URENCO for the treatment of all solid waste in

the city. The plant is small established in 1998 with potential capacity to treat only 60

tons/d while at this current time the plant receives 120 tons municipal waste/d.

Fresh waste is manual separated (see image), humidity / temperature and forced

ventilation controlled by internal temperature of compost, mechanical sieving and

additional E.M (effective microorganism).

60% of waste collected and transported to the plant is organic waste, which is

compostable. Compost product produced daily is approximately 30tons. This product is

sold into three quality levels with different prices ranged from 80,000VND/ton to

300,000VND/ton depending on the finesse of compost. There are 80 staff in the company

in which 60 direct workers. For 1 ton of fresh waste, the factory spends 100,000VND/ton

for treatment (electricity for spraying water, leachates, forced ventilation, ).The procedure is presented in the figure, the whole process for automatic control in

temperature, forced ventilation and spraying water or leachates consumes 30,000 to

40,000KW electricity per month.

Figure 1. Separation fresh municipal waste at plant.


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Although there is large amount of compost stored on-site but the director shares with the

consultant that there is less than 10% non-compostable waste has to go to landfill.

Compost quality analysis showed that percentage of Ntotal, P2O5, K2O were 2.0%, 0.4%,

1.3%, respectively which is acceptable compost quality (CoFQ No. 11, 2009). Compost

that poor quality (sandy, rough in size) is sold to a military camp for bedding the camp

yard and enhance soil within the camp. The company plans to add value into the existing

compost to make it rich in nutrition. A scheme of good management in production /

technology and marketing will bring good profit to the company together with helping

crop farmer to have good products for their productivities.

Mixed waste

Manual separation (in open field) Non-organic waste

for burning

Organic waste entering compost compartment (20 compartments * 130180m3

volume)

(mixing with E.M, control humidity and temperature (50 - 530))

Turning once per week + spray leachates on compost to reuse nutrion

Forced ventilation via floor air channel 2530days

Resting period (30days), turning using plough machine

Post compost separation (sieving)

Fine particles Rough particles

Package Landfill (on-site)

Figure 3. Sieving at final step before packing


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2. Hanoi:2.1.Integrated small scale organic farm waste management: Hong Ky dairy farm, Soc Son,

Hanoi , Vietnam. This is a typical Garden, Fond, Animal house (VAC) model for small

scale Vietnamese farm in which waste chain is closed by establishing the intake of one

object is taken from the output of the other. Looking at the chart shown under, organic

waste that originally produced by keeping few animals if managed well, income of the

farm is increased tremendously.

This integrated waste management model is suitable for almost any of the 70% of

Vietnamese farmers who keep animals. On farm treatment organic waste (generated from

both animals and farmers kitchen) will save cost for waste treatment at central plant (no

=

At this moment, compost is not yet an assest. The plant sold compost to SouthEast

Highland area via a mediate in Nam Dinh. The contract however terminated due to

the mediator was no longer working in the business. This showed that a good

marketing strategy is very essential for the business. However, a new contract

system is being built up with good prospect (1,000tons/ in 2011). Contract in 2011

is in active with new strategy is to sell to the Northern Mountain markets.

Important notice for this case is that the awareness on compost value of people

involved in this business is not high enough to put more effort and investment

in making compost saleable.

Incoming cash: URENCO

(10USD/ton), recylables (plastic

pellets, bricks), compost (50,000 to

300,000VND/ton).

Expense: operation electricity

(20millions VND/month), water,

labour cost (85 personels *

1.5millions VND/month)

It is environmental important to consider that:

If one point within the chain of organic waste management in the farm wouldbe broken (for example non-functional biogas due to maintenance as what

we observed during the visit) a back up plan to handle all manure produced

by cows and horses should be prepared, e.g. having a secondary bio-digester

so that whenever needed pipes used to collect manure can be shifted from

one biogas system to the other.

In term of soil nutrition balance, the amount of liquid manure fertilized to thegrass field should be controlled to just meet the nutrition required but this

amount should not be surpluses


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Dairy cows + white horse

Waste*

(drop feed, hair, skin, sneezing particles, urine, feaces)

Liquid Solid

Bio - Digester (17m3) Vermiculture

Bio-energy Effluent Worm Worm manure Worm castings

Frog / Layer Fertilizer

organic vegetables

Beddings Elephant grass

cost for collection, transportation and treatment). Otherwise, farm waste discharged to the

open environment will pollute water (water surface, underground water).

Within the farm, organic waste generated from daily activities of the farmers family can beadded (after cutting into fine size) into the vermiculture.

2.2.Recycling organic matter in animal manure for vermiculture in small scale: PHTearthworm farm (Soc Son, Hanoi, Vietnam) www.triagiunquePHT.com.vn. Within a

simple set up, an area of 400m2

covered with earthworm semi-concrete basins. Input is

purely cattle manure that traders collect, transport and sell to the farmer. The distance for

transportation cattle manure to the farm is approx. from 3 4km to 20km.

Figure 4. Cow barn and manure storage before entering biogas system


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In a context that small scale farms are still popular in many parts of Vietnam, especially

in Binh Dinh province, this model contributes to a simple but cost effective solution to

treat organic waste from animal production while increase farm income.

2.3.Agricultural and Environmental Service Cooperatives Co Bi commune, Gia Lam district,Hanoi Vietnam. In a community with 1,200 households in which 700 households with

activities related to agriculture, in a consecutive arrangement, waste collected by a wastecollection team comprised of 10 cooperative members. Waste is collected according to

whether it is organic (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday) or non-organic (the rest ofthe week). Inputs include waste collection fee (2,000VND/head/month), salary paid bylocal government, selling recyclables, and compost. Outputs include waste collection, re-separation, composting. The remainder of waste that non-recyclable is returned to

Urenco (98,000VND/tons).

Manure (cattle / pig)

Traders / farmers

Dilute with water (resting time min. 4h, max 24h) + spraying E.M

Semi-concrete basin (20cm height of the basin, optional length),

bedding with leaves, ricestraw + castings from previous worm

basin. Roofing with coconut leaves, plastic fleece

Pour diluted manure on top of the worm basin

Havesting

Worm Worm Manure Worm Casting

Fresh worm (tortle, frog)

Dried worm (supplement for human nutrition)Worm manure (fertilizer)

Worm castings (new worm basin, fertilizer)

100m2

of land, worm farmer can deliver:

1. 250300kgs fresh worm 30kgs dried worm(400,000VND/kg)

2. 3 tons/month worm castings (1,200VND/kg)Investment:

1. Land2. Labour (4 people * 2millions VND/month)3. Cattle manure * 7,000VND/bag 30kgs)4. E.M (2,000VND/litre)


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This waste will then be put in Gia Lam landfill. The purification of organic waste is

responsible of household themselves but the waste collectors are very proactive incorrecting any misplacements. The idea of collecting waste into two different days aims

to assure that there is no misplacement during collection and transportation. Vehicles tocollect waste are also defined by two different colours. The organization chart can be

seen as below:

Discussed with mr. Thuong, head of the cooperative, some drawbacks were occurred

such as: quality of separated waste was low due to the facts that low awareness of

households, waste collectors altitude (finishing the work as fast as possible spending littletime in raising awareness, and still there is no reward/penalty scheme).

1,200 households

(pay for waste collection 2,000VND/person/month)

Waste

Organic Non-organic

Collect Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday

(vehices and equipments provided by GiaLam district PC)

Compost plant Waste collection point

Spray diluted Biomix (1kg/1tons waste) Urenco (98,000VND/ton)

Mixing well (one per week)

(60days)

Compost

(use by own cooperatives members)

Figure 5. Compost after 1 month and Biomix, a combination of E.M (powder) and enzyme.


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Solution applied the assessment of separation quality is done at the collection point near

by the composting plant. If there is mixed waste, the waste collectors should receivewarnings or penalty if misplacements repeated. This according to the cooperative head is

to encourage waste collector to be proactive in not only to collect waste but also in

awareness raising.

Not always all organic waste is composted at the plant of the cooperative because cropseasonal effect. For certain period of the year when crop is not in high demand for

compost (e.g. rainy season), separated organic waste is transferred to a waste treatment

plant managed by Gia Lam district Urenco.

2.4.Municipal waste treatmentcomposting plant Gia Lam Urenco, Kieu Ki commune, GiaLam district, Hanoi Vietnam. The plant (a landfill included) covers an area of 14ha, in

which 7ha for waste treatment and composting, the other part is landfill with sanitaryfacility. The compost plant of the factory operates in 2007 2008 including 22compartments capacity of 200m

3each. Total physical investment was approx. 20 billions

VND with all mechanics produced by Vietnamese factories. Harmonizing with

consecutive organic waste collection at each communes, trucks with organic colour sentto collect waste 4 times per week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday).


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Figure 6. Images from topdown, left to right: fresh sorted organic waste (waiting for coming organic waste to be compost thisbatch of well sorted organic is always very high quality compost), segregation belt at plant, colours differentiated trucks fororganic and non-organic waste, forced ventilation system, compost compartments, compost with unsorted waste, final products

before packing, aerorated system to treat wastewater (leachate) from landfill, landfill near by the composting factory.

On average, 8 to 10 tons of organic waste are collected per shift. Besides, waste thatgathered at the plant includes also mixed-waste (approx. 70tons/day), this waste is

entered separation chain which is manually segregated by worker of the plant. There is in

total 18 staff (including direct workers) working in the plant. Excluding organic matter(approx. 55%) and recyclables the quantity of non-biodegradable waste that go to near by

landfill is approximately 5060%.In an effort of trying to reduce as much as possible organic matter that ending up in thelandfill causing leachates, all waste that collected (after briefly separation large size

particle and specific waste from artisan villages which are 100% non-biodegradables) are

composted. This methodology helps to reduce workload for manual separation at the


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start, much lower leachates from the landfill, very high percentage of humus compost,

however, the huge quantity of waste too soon occupied the compost facilities.

For the case of Gia Lam district Hanoi, a model of waste management can be expresed asthe following chart:

Waste

Sorting athousehold

Uunsorting waste:Household,office, hospital,

canteen, streetwaste

Collection

- Organic (Mon, Wed, Fri, Sun)

- Non - organic (the other days)

Communewaste

collectors

Urenco

Composting

Compost atcommune

facility

Compost atplant

The organic particle that is not well

separated from the mixed waste will

release leachates no matter how

integrated the factory is.

Weighing

1

stSeparation chain

Separated drums (5cm

2)

2

ndOrganic waste separation (big

size)

Compost compartments (2125days)

(spraying E.M, leachates, forced ventilation, turning)

Resting compost (19days), turning

Sieving (2mm

2)

Packaging

Separated organic waste

collected by communes

Mixed waste collected by

Urenco worker


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3. Hue: Thuy Phuong Municipal Waste Treatment and Composting Plant, Tam Sinh Nghia Co..Taking over from Hue Urenco in 2006, the factory was renovated and applied to new

technology which innovated by domestic technology. The factory is responsible for treating

municipal waste from Hue city (200tons/day), however, there is still 3050% waste not

collected. All waste entered the factory without separation at source. Total organic waste inthe whole waste is approx. 60 to 65%, in which the compost products is about 20 to 25%.

Activities within the plant include three compartments: segregation, recycling, and

composting recruiting 180 staff (including administrative people). At this current time,

recycling plastic to produce plastic pipes stopped, workers of this compartment are shifted to

work into two others.

Facilities in the plant include segregation conveyor belts, magnetic rollers (to pick up

metals), plate sievers, drum sievers, plastic and light particles blower, incinerator, driers,

composting compartment, humidifier (for adjusting moisture in final compost), packaging.Protocol for forced ventilation is 24/7 operation with interval of ventilator is 4h on4h off

At the end of the processing, waste sent to landfill is lower than 10%. The integrative

procedure helps this plant to produce final compost at fine particle (2mm2) with high humus

percentage.


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Figure 7. Images from top down, left right: manual segregation on two sides of waste conveyor belt, drum siever, wirecontainer where blowed plastic is collected, second metal picking using magnetic roller, sorted waste to enter compostcompartment, incinerator with drier next to, compartment where final products are produced, humidifier of final products,packing, products

Incineratorsdriers: the incinerator operates in two stages: preliminary burn and secondaryburn, waste entered is burned under temperature of 700 to 8000C, hot air and dust emitted are

Mixed waste gathered at the plant by Urenco Hue

Manual segregation

Grinding to get particle of 10cm

2in size

Aerated static piling inside composting compartments (15 compartments,

size: 6m*18m*2.5m height)

adding EM, molasses, additional N(within 30days, turning once per 10days, forced ventilation)

end of this step, the compost reaches humidity of 3035%

Sieving to select humus (large size still)

Drying using heat from incinerator

(100tons/day capacity of the drier)

Resting (60days) (7 compartments, size 6m*18m*2.5m height)

at this stage, compost size is approx. 20mm2

Sieving to select 3mm

2

at this stage, compost contains approx. 17% humidity

Compost entering a process to enhance quality

(additives, urea, humidity)


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supposed to go filtering (cyclone, charcoal, water),

hot air leads to a drier drum where 100 tons of

semi compost is being dried everyday.

Via a branched company Thuan Sinh Nghia with main function in marketing, compost

products produced by the plant at this moment is very marketable in SouthEast highland cropand industrial plantation farmers, however, the factory is undergoing negative balance for

compost. This is explained as a strategy to promote compost to crop farmers who are not yetfamiliar with using compost as a good soil enhancer. At later stage (year 2011) the price of

compost will increase. Currently, compost prices 1,000VND/kg, most of the market locates

in SouthEast highland, reaching there, the compost plus transportation prices 2,000VND/kg.

The plant director board aims to establish a fertilizer company with future activities are to

buy remaining compost from other waste treatmentcomposting plants, process thesecompost to improve quality and add additives to produce high organic fertiliser, compost

fertilizer would be made in pellet form.

Figure 8. Drawbacks and potential solutions recognized by both the Thuy Phuong Tam Sinh Nghia factory director board and theconsultants

change to other E.Mbetter / earlier segregation organic wastecover with composting fleece

Strong odour emission

better segregation organic waste from the start installation evaporative dus submission in sensitive dus emission area

High dust emission

improvement the technical parts of the incinerator

better reuse heat production for drying compost

Heat loss

change E.Mcover with composting fleece to prevent influences from external weather condition

Long composting time

heat produces by incinerator can be reused to generate electricity

High energy consumption

although mechanic levels seem high but the worker is high in number too (180 people to treat200 tons of waste)

Efficiency

change E.Mmix rough / low quality compost with watery raw waste before composting process start

Too much leachates due to too low dry matter after manual / mechanical sorting (


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Leachate is currently treated by diluting with water / chemicals / E.M and discharge to

environment (after small portion is reused to humidify compost piles). As a solution, the

international consultant advised to feed back into the composting process some of the

compost to mix with the ingoing substrate to increase the initial dry matter content and to

prevent the production of leachate / percolate. This advise is well taken by the vice director.

In order to improve the system with respects to reducing odour and dust emission, adiscussion between the director and consultants on possible cover fleece / vessel compost

was made. Further communication will be done between both parties.

4. Hoi An People Committee. Primary Separation and Composting at Household Level in HoiAn city.

4.1.Tan Hiep island. Household segregationcomposting. An original plan to visit TanHiep island was cancelled due to rough sea waterway (the island is 20km sea waterway

from the mainland. Instead, a thoroughly meeting was conducted at division of

environment Hoi An PC.

Started in 2005, in the island Tan Hiep segregation waste at source project conducted in

Cam Huong village (94 households). The compost bin was introduced aiming that

household waste after separation organic part could be composted at source. However,

due to the fact that useable land in the island is very limited, only 3 compost bins (40litresvolume) were placed at three public places were too small in volume for composting

organic waste from all projected households. The project was die-young and terminated.

Currently, 2 tons of waste per day after preliminary separation (construction waste left onthe island), all unsorted waste is being transported by sanitary ship (financed by Hoi An

PC) and ended up in a landfill in Hoi An city (Cam Ha landfill).

Figure 9. Explanation from Hoi An PC on the failure of Tan Hiep project

Project failure

limitation of land

on theisland

low awarenessin local

residents

too fewcompost bins


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Seemingly lesson learnt, on the Cu Lao Cham (World Biosphere Zone) (Tan Hiep island

included), the Dans government is funding to establish a waste treatment plant,composting plant and sanitary landfill. The project values at 9billions VND. The factory

is aiming to treat waste from 660 households (approx. 3,000 inhabitants) and waste

generated from tourism (projection of approx. 10tons/day).

After completion of the projected plant, all compost products will assumingly be used to

cultivate 10ha agricultural land in the Cu Lao Cham (at the moment, due to rapid

development in tourism, most of paddy rice field is being converted to vegetables.

4.2.In the mainland of Hoi An, an on-going project on at source waste segregation andcomposting was introduced to the consultants. There is 30 households participated in the

first phase, each household received inception workshop, demonstration on composting

technique, and three compost bins (composite material, 300,000VND each, with three

different colours for three stages of composting). The second phase would include 400

households. Inception works had been done and at this current time, the second phase is

on implementation.

Compost bin made of composite, volume of 40 litres (an average household has 5 heads

* 1.35kgs organic waste produced per day * 30days). At the bottom of the bin there is 4

holes with diameter of 0.5cm to release leachates. A cover on top of the bin to protect

the bin and waste inside from rain water, too much sunshine and rat. A flexibility of thebin material can be that ceramic or clay vase used but the technical design should be

complied.

Preparation of the bin: bedding with leaves, mud, soil, ash to a level of 1/8 of the bin

volume. Everyday waste entered the bin should be mixed well. Moisture control is done

by adding in leave (dried), ash, dried mud; and dryness control by pouring washed ricewater.

Compost in each bin should remain in the bin for at least one month, after that, compost

can be rested to reach ultimate composting stage. In total, three months are needed for acompost batch.


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Figure 10. Images from topdown, leftright: three household size compost bins provided by the Hoi An PC, end-user of thecompost (organic vegetable garden), seaweed free collection by farmer, soil preparation with seaweed as beddings.

The consultants observed that local farmers use seaweed to prepare soil for organicvegetable cultivation. The seaweed is collected with free payment by farmer, being

bedded at the bottom of the heap and covered with a thin layer of soil before new seeds

are cultivated. In term oforganic waste management, this is a good use of local farmerto covert natural organic into productivity. One concern could be that if there is anyheavy metal in such seaweed undetected and those heavy metal would contaminate what

so called organic vegetable.

5. Binh Dinh:5.1.Agricultural and Environmental Service Cooperatives Nhon Phu, Qui Nhon city, Binh

Dinh province. Oganization charts can be described as the follows:

Initiated from a French project, the composting plant established in 2005 with 50% financial

source from French and 50% from Qui Nhon PC. The project activities including 1)

awareness rising, 2) capacity building, and 3) composting of household waste in a

centralized small plant. Since 2007, the cooperative takes over the facility and run the

business quite independently.

Management unit of Nhon Phu Cooperative

3 persons

Agricultural Activitiesinvolvement of 2,884 farmers

Crop farming in 300ha

Seeds producers in 20ha

Environmental Services6 persons

* Collection unsorted waste from

600 households, 1 hospital, 1

office, 1 school canteen (3 times

per week)

* Transportation to compost plant

* Sorting at plant

* Composting


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Three times per week (between

02:00 and 05:00), waste is

collected from 600 households,

1 school, 1 office and 1

hospital. Hospital waste only

concerns the non-hazardous

fraction. The waste is loaded in

a simple wagon fixed to the

back of a motorbike and

transported to the plant. The site is located in the middle of the collection area.

Figure 11.Tricycles used to collect municipal waste in a distance of 2km, quantity of 1.5tons/ day, waste gathered at the plant andsegregated manually

Figure 12. Scheme of activities in environmental service in Nhon Phu Cooperative At the plant, after sorting for all recyclables (an add in income for direct workers) and non-

biodegradables (Urenco takes away), organic waste segregated at plant and mixed well with

E.M (dilution at 1litre E.M: 50litre water) in aerated static principle all situated in concrete

compartments (8 compartments * 10m3 each). Equally distributed over the length of the

containers are 4 to 5 plastic, perforated tubes (diameter of 0,20 cm) are penetrated into

central area of compost materials. Since heat is produced during composting, hot air is

During the field trip to Tra Que organic vegetable artisan

village, regardless to participating in the project using three

compost bins which processed same quality compost, a

vegetable farmer told that he would totally return to the oldfashioned backyard composting using static, turned piles.Main reason is that this approach allowed him to have

compost of adequate quantity input in his crop rotation.

Besides, farmer refers to fertilizer organic vegetable using

seaweed. Kitchen refuse is being collected by animal farmers.


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discharged through the tubes (thermal buoyancy) creating airflow within the heap. Fresh air

enters the heap through the perforated brick walls of the container. The process lasts for 40 to

45days, compost then moved manually to a open space for intensive turning before getting

ready to be used as a compost product.

Figure 13. Fresh organic waste placed inside compost compartment, plastic aerated holes penetrated onto the bottom of thecompost providing circulated air within the compost.

The bottom of the containers is sloping towards percolate collection gutters in between each

set of 2 containers. Channels connected open gutters to an underground concrete container

(2m depth * 3m * 4m) where all leachate is stored and then when necessary to be pumped

and sprayed to provide nutrients (maintain C:N ratio) back to the compost. Excepted the

segregation area, the plant is placed under an iron-sheet roof, to prevent rainwater to enter the

heaps. Temperature of the core of the heap is monitored on a daily basis. Ideally, temperature

increases from approx. 300C at the beginning to approx. 70

0C during the actual composting

process. When the temperature drops again to 300C

(composting process is finished) the end product is

allowed to further dry for 10-15 days, intensive

turning is done during this period. After that, the

compost is sieved to separate the fine particles

from the larger parts. The finer parts are put into

bags and stored ready for selling.

Depreciation is not taken into account in the

operational costs of the facility. Without

this depreciation, the plant is said to be

economic (balanced operational costs,

including labor, and income), however,

there is no capital for maintenance and

expandability


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Figure 14. Gutter to lead leachates to an underground container, leachates seen

Compost production is approx. 3 tons per month, the price of compost is 700VND/kg sold

mainly to own cooperatives members.

Figure 15. Final compost

With 300,000VND/truck of 7m3, non-biodegradables collected by Urenco to Long My

landfill, Qui Nhon city. Qui Nhon PC currently subsidizes 7 trucks free of charge (average

the plant leaves 2 to 3 trucks of non-compostables per week).

6. Dalat city Lam Dong province.Dalatis a highland city with agriculture is the most important source of income. According to

figure provided by Dalat Urenco, the city produces 130 tons waste per day from different

sources such as market (wet market and wholesale vegetable market), household, farm, road-

kill, packing station. Waste generated from 195,365 inhabitants (in 40,760 households) is

approximately 56 tons per day (0,29kg waste produced per inhabitant per day). From a studyconducted by Dalat University, there is approx. 85.41% biodegradable waste meanings over

48 tons waste can be composted. Urban Environment Unit, belongs to Urenco Dalat, is

responsible for collecting, gathering, transporting and treating municipal waste. The unit

consists of 231 staff (170 women).

Chances for improvement:

Introduce a grinder to refine the raw organic waste(faster composting, thus greater capacity)

Re-consider the use of E.M Add nutrients to the compost to increase fertilizer and

economic value

Elimination of odour using cover fleece over thecompost compartment with technical compromise for

the aerated plastic pipes


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Waste collected (approx. 60%) is sent to a natural landfill of 12ha at ward 5 Dalat city. At

this landfill there is no controls on pollutants such as leachates, foul odour, and the

landfill is also overwhelmed with increasing waste from the city over the years.

6.1.PACMO projectBesides waste management activity conducted daily by Dalat Urenco, there is a

prominent project goingon in the city: PACMO. The project aims to eliminate landfillwithin Dalat city, in which organic waste is totally reused.

Structure of the project implementation:

Vice President of Dalat People Committee: Project Leader

Deputy Head of Economic Department (PC): Project Coordinator

Project Manager

Project Assistants (staff working for PC)

Organik Ltd. Co.: Main implementator

Langbian Farm Urenco: Project partner

Dalat Green Environment: Project partner

The PACMO project is funded by ADEME (French Agency for Environment and

Energy) with 30% of the project cost financed by Dalat PC. There are private enterprises

such as Organik Ltd. Co., Green Environment Ltd. Co. taking part as project

implementators. Three organic waste management and composting models are chosen to

be studied within the project: household, farm (legume, vegetable, horticulture), market.

6.1.1. Household:Xuan Tho commune is a commune where household waste is dumped into nature (forest,

backyard, street, local water course) because there is no service from Dalat Urenco

provided. All project activities in this commune can be described as the follows:

Figure 16. Collecting residential waste in Dalat city. Source: PACMO PMU


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Inception phase:- Workshop: within 1 day workshop project objectives and activities were

introduced to all participants (household representatives; local officials;

elementary teachers; project members); the content of the lecture was about

guiding target participants to distinguish biodegradable waste and non-

biodegradable waste; the importance of separation these two types of waste in

treatment process, etc.

- Selection of project household: within the workshop, interested households areselected based on their willingness, good perception on project objectives; fitting

with project model categories (with land, without land).

- On-site demonstration: after that, the next day the compost bin and its propertieswere performed by the project technician to all project households.

Technology: segregation and composting at source using compost bin, black soldierfly, red-worm and natural composting process.

- Segregation at household: on average each household in Xuan Tho communeproduces 1.19kg biodegradable waste per day (433kg/y). A storage bin is

provided which its volume (80cm*60cm) is enough for storing the organic waste

produced per household in the entire year.

o The compost bin: this is a development from international consultant(Paul Olivier). The bin sizes 80cm height * 60cm in diameter made of

concrete with opening holes on the sides and two lids on the top. The small

lid is opened when waste is fed into the bin while the large lid is opened once

per 10days for stirring the materials inside the bin.

Figure 17. Compost bin without-bottom.Source: PACMO PMU

Figure 18. Compost bin with-bottom.Source: PACMO PMU


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Comprised from three pieces of

concretes, the whole bin is

assembled using iron wires, the

idea for this concrete material is

following: anti-stealing; dog free;

anti-oxidant; inexpensive

(300,000VND/bin); produced by

local craftsman (generates local

income).

Depending on land availability two

type of bins were introduced: with-

bottom for less land / flood subjected land (image ) and without-bottom forland available household.

To void leaches (although rich in plant nutrition) from the without-bottom bin, a

group of young trees are recommended to be planted around the bin area (e.g.

bananas). For the with-bottom bin, a hole linked with a plastic container was

introduced, the leaches collected in this container is a great fertilizer.

- Black Soldier Fly (BSF): whose larva is known for the most voracious consumerin the natural world. In one day, BSF larva can help to reduce 20-fold kitchen

refuse volume. In an area of 1m2 BSF larva can eat 40kg food waste within a day.

In a form of larva during the two

week time, they only eat. After that,to pupating larva seeks for dry, dark

place either within the bin or outside

the bin. This period is good for larvae

harvesting. In a discussion, dr. Paul

Olivier mentioned that BSF larva

Figure 19. Compost bin in active at a household in XuanThanh village, Xuan Tho Commune

Figure 20. Adult Black Soldier Fly, BSF larvae, Red

Worm inside a compost bin. Source: PACMO PMU


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meal is very high nutritious and can be a replacer for fish meal in animal feed

industry with market price is of 1,000USD/ton.

- Red worm: for tough cellulosic material in waste which BSF larvae would leavebehind its meal, red worm can digest easy. Red worm itself and its residues are

the best organic fertilizer as well as feeds to aquaculture or poultry.

Outputs:- free of city waste management fee- larvae / red worm for high value plants fertilizer,- larvae / red worm for high nutritious protein for animal feed- odour free- compost for garden / dcor plants.

Management and monitoring:- Management: Each project household received free of charge one compost bin Project household is responsible for applying strictly technical instruction such

as waste type, mixing waste bin (wall to centre; top to down),

Each project household receives 100,000/month during the first 5 months ofthe implementation period.

Project household is committed to participate in demonstration the model. Project household is committed to assure that there is no misplacement of the

waste type into the bins (there is proposal for reward and penalty if there is

non-degradable waste found in the bin, the fines would range from

100,000VND to 1,000,000VND for the case of batteries)

- Monitor: Project household will receive fines if there is misplacement of wastetypes in the compost bin.

6.1.2. Farms:during this mission, the consultant visited Organik farm which locates atXuan Tho commune, 10km from Dalat centre. The farm produces high-end

vegetables such as cherry tomatoes, rucolar,

lectuce, salad, and provides to five-star

restaurants in Ho Chi Minh city. The owner

of the farm is also main implementator of

PACMO project. The present compost

windrow serves as an experimental unit atwhich the two experimental factors were

studied: 1) proportion between green waste

and enhancing additives (coconut fibre,

coffee shell, rice straw); 2) the usage of

toptex fleece.

Figure 21. Waste is being gathered at Organik Farm.Source: PACMO PMU


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Input of the compost comes from Dalat Wholesale Vegetable market (cho Nong San Dalat);

vegetable farm, export processing plant; wet market. Compost product at this moment is

buffered in soil for coffee and tea plantation in the farm.

Technology:one limitation of traditional composting process is long term occupation ofland. Therefore, shorten composting process is one of the objectives of this project.

Using toptex cover over compost windrow a thermophilic condition is provided making

the process as short as 45 to 60 days (traditional way is 100days if the outside

temperature is constant). Besides, fresh organic waste contains more than 80% water,

water absorbents are used to dry raw compost materials, this addition contributes greatly

to prevent leachates from the compost as well as odour.

Toptex is a material made of 100% polypropylen, it provides an aerobiccondition, water proof while retains proper internal temperature for the

activities of aerobic composting micro-organisms. This fibre character cover

also gives space for moisture produced during the process to be evaporate

reducing leachates to underground. Toptex is a light material (200gr/m2) with

lifetime ranges from 4 to 10 years. When reaching Dalat farmer, cost per

square meter of toptex is approx. 10,000VND (0.55USD) (personal

communication).

During the composting process, condition for humidity (5060%),temperature (65

0C), pH < 8; , pH < 8; 0% air space; C:N ratio 30:1; and others

Mixing the compost with proportion of 80:20 (the best result came from

experiment) between waste and enhancing additives (dried pineapple by-

products, rice straw, coffee shell, sawdust, core corn). This mixture with

additives is aimed to adsorb moisture from fresh vegetable.

Grinding

Piling (2.5m height, optional length)Checking and adjusting internal environmental conditions

Covering with toptex assuring that two sides and ends of the pile are

well stopped by heavy wooden bars / rocks / bricks to

avoid intrusion of water

Turning each 6 to 10 days

Controlling compost quality at after 60days


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(CO2 20%; O2 > 5%; nitrate 100300ppm; non-detectable nitrite) must bemonitored.

Compost quality control results: thank to the generosity that the consultantreceived from Dalat PACMO PMU, the results from compost quality control

were used to compare with standard issued by Ministry of Agricultural and

Rural Development.

Table 2. A preliminary comparison between the agricultural standard for compost product quality from compostingmunicipal waste TCVN 5622002 issued by MARD (2002) and compost quality from Dalat Organik farm (source:PACMO PMU, 2010).

Parameter Unit Standard Dalat compost

Moisture % 35 57.4pH 6,08,0

Aerobic micro-organism CFU/g 106 5.3*106

Carbon % 13 35

N % 2,5 1.1

P % 2,5 1.75

K % 1,5 1.8

Salmonella CFU 0 0

Figure 22. Piling and picking up misplaced non-biodegradable waste at the compost site. Source:PACMO PMU

Figure 23. Adding and mixing additives (effective micro-organisms and CaCO3).Source: PACMO PMU


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Parameter Unit Standard Dalat compost

Pb mg/kg 250 0.36

Cad mg/kg 2,5 0.0069

Cr mg/kg 200

Cu mg/kg 200 5.86

Ni mg/kg 100 0.61

Zn mg/kg 750 21.53

Hg mg/kg 2 0.054

Storage period month 6

This low N:P:K content compost therefore needs to be

enhanced by mixing with goat manure which is

available within the region. The mixture with

proportion of 1:1, the price of goat manure is approx.

25,000VND/bag mixed with Dalat compost which

costs 18,000VND/bag (equivalent to 18kgs).

Discussed with mr. Nguyen main implementator of

the project, the compost technology applied in Dalat

contributes greatly to the main objectives of the project: 1) reducing organic waste ending

up in landfill; 2) providing soil buffer to enhance soil physic properties; 3)

decentralization in organic waste treatment; 4) raising awareness in inhabitants / industry.

To make this compost a valuable fertilizer, there will be simple available solutions.

Product quality validation on-farms: compost products had been validated at horticultureand vegetable farms within Dalat city, the results show good growth rate and high plant

Small feasible on-site investment for self-composting:

Supposed that a Binh Dinh farmer would produce green waste as much that

he would pile up the waste into a heap of 10meter length and 2meter

height. He then needs a toptex cover of 18 running meters (10meter + 2*2

+ 4 extra for well stopping at four sides of the pile). A standard size of the

cover is 5meters width = 90m2. Cost for this cover at this moment is

10,000VND/m2

meanings he would pay 900,000VND for the cover in a

period of 4 to 10 years. This 18-meter fleece will cover almost 20m3

of all

compost materials. After 40days the compost would be completed. Within

a year, this farmer would be able composting 180m3

green waste free from

transportation. Such a decentralization in organic waste treatment is critical

for a sustainable organic waste management in every province withinVietnam (idea derived from Paul Olivier presentation at the PACMOinception workshop)

Figure 24. Compost after finishing period (45days).


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disease resistance. An amazing result from composting using toptex thermophilic

method is that a great

reduction in pesticide

residuals was recorded.

There is obviously a need

to conduct further studies

but according to dr.

Nguyen, a group of

effective micro-organisms

might play a role in degrading chemical structure of those pesticide residuals.

6.1.3. Wholesale Vegetable Market. the mission visited Dalat vegetable wholesalemarket in Trai Mat, 12km from Dalat centre. This market operates daily with a turn

over of more than 40tons fresh legumes and vegetables. In order to meet customer

demands, vegetables are trimmed and cleaned resulting approximately 25% fresh

green waste. Approximately 10% of this waste goes directly to feed freshly to pig,

rabbit, fishes, cattle, horse. Everyday, organic waste from this market go to a

composting process:

Gathering waste to the compost plant (50meter at theend of the market)

Grinding (machines domestically designed for two

types of waste: leaf / root)

Pressing (to remove water)

Striking (waste after pressing become a cake form,

the striking machine breaks the waste cakes into finer

dried fresh waste)

Mixing (in this machine, dried soft waste is mixed

with CaCO32.5kg/1tons waste)

Piling in open air (turning over the pile is done each2 to 3 days to provide aerobic condition into the

compost)

Compost (after 60days)

Figure 25. Toptex Thermophilic Compost at farm sites. Source: PACMO PMU


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Current drawback and potential solutions.Leachates: at this moment, the plant discharges 8m

3juice from

pressing process. This quantity goes to a container and rejoin at a

liquid waste treatment center of the city with the cost of

50,000VND/m3

this discharged liquid is high nutritious value, Binh DienFertilizer Co. is allegedly offered 400VND/kg to GreenEnvironment Co., this contract will be signed in very near

future.

a chanel system can be built in order to lead this juice tohorticulture farmer near by the plant.

a lagoon can be built in order to separate high value sedimentand surface clean water can be discharged to nature.

Figure 27. Trimming cabbage at Dalat WholesaleVegetable market

Figure 26. Pig farmer picks up trimmed cabbage forhis animal, 100kg per day to feed for 30 fatteners.

Figure 29. View of the compost site at Dalat market Figure 28. Feeding waste into a grinding machine

Figure 30. Green waste after pressing Figure 31. compost after 7days (brown colour pile);compost after 3 weeks (dark colour pile)


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Comments

Household model.1. this is a very successful model for household waste management in general and organic waste

management in particular.

2. cost for application the compost bin is affordable to almost every standard Vietnamesehouseholds (300,000VND/bin).3. harvest twice a year, economically, this household compost generates additional source ofincome given the price of compost in Dalat is ranging from 200,000VND to 250,000/m

3.

4. ecologically, this model gives complete solution to treat organic waste at source without anypotential impacts to the ecological environment.

Farm model.5. at a larger scale than household model, on-farm compost gives successful solution to reduce

green waste to be discharged to the environment which is past and still in current practice in

Dalat.

6. applying compost to soil helps to restructure soil characters7. toptex thermophylic compost offers shorter composting time low cost technology8. with local source additives, compost can be made a valuable fertilizer to replace chemical

fertilizer.

9. composting on-farm helps to reduce risks of plant diseases transmission from farms to farmsMarket model.10. on-market composting site helps to reduce cost for collecting, transporting of waste11. domestic mechanics made the composting process at lowest cost possibleGeneral remarks:

I. It is obvious that Dalat city is working on on-source waste treatment, especially fororganic waste treatment. This strategy will reduce tremendously the need of an

expensive, centralized, inefficient compost centre.

II. Keys of existence are: 1) raising awareness in inhabitants, government, industry, andchildren; 2) devotion and motivation of project members; 3) great supports from local

government, scientist (national and international); 4) good understanding of the compost

value (as a soil buffer) from project participants.III. At any scale of the waste production there are suitable and feasible solutions therefore

the technologies are accepted within a wide range of participants

City waste management in practice.

Up stream Xuan Huong lake communes use to dump waste into surround water courses, waste

drifts with

water flow

and ends up

in Xuan

Huong lakewith a

volume of

approx.

300m3/day in

rainny season

Figure 33. Mixed waste on Xuan Huong lake, ablack spot is a dead pig

Figure 32. Waste after a day being separated andcomposted, right on the place


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Kitchen refuse to energy:Source separation of the organic fraction of municipal

waste yields on average 2.9 kg per household per week

with less than 2.5% contamination. In all, 23.2 tonnes

of kitchen waste was diverted from landfill. The

average moisture content of the source-separated

kitchen waste was 78.4%, and volatile solids were

found to be 92.4%. Thermophilic digestion (560C) of

kitchen was found to be less stable than mesophilic

digestion. Mesophilic digestion (36.5

0

C) medium has agreater buffering capacity and is more robust to

changes or accumulation of inhibitory chemicals. The

biogas in both systems comprised of 58% methane. The

mesophilic system produced 164 m3

per tonne, whereas

the thermophilic system produced 157m3

per tonne.

(6months/year). Source of waste include garden refuses, kitchen refuses, plastic, empty bottle

(food, pesticide, herbicides), dead animal, At this current time, Green Environment Ltd. Co. is a main contractor to be in charged of

collecting, segregating and composting waste collected in Xuan Huong lake. Daily, waste

collected from the lake is gathered on an area at the end of the lake, there 4 to 5 workers separate

waste and pile them up according to their types. For organic waste, on-site composting is done

everyday. The technology applied is as same as at Dalat Vegetable Wholesale Market (grinding,

pressing, striking, mixing and piling).

7. Ho Chi Minh city7.1.Reusing kitchen refuse for animal production in Tan Tao ward, Binh Tan district

7.1.1. Pig productionIt is of importance to shortly introduce some properties of kitchen refuse, in a national study

on opportunities to bio-digest kitchen refuses conducted in the UK (Southampton UR and

Greenfinch Ltd., 2003), there was 17% kitchen waste in total household waste in which 60%was composed of uncooked fruit and vegetable waste. Eggs and raw meat were found to be

relatively low in mass at 1.3% and 1.4%, respectively; 12% was cooked meat. In another

study, according to Thai researchers (Jayalakshmi, et al., 2007) (supposedly Thai /

Vietnamese kitchens were similar), kitchen refuse properties can vary within the value as

below table shown:

In Taiwan, about 20-30% (in weight)

of the household waste (garbage) is

kitchen waste, which includes leftover

meals, vegetable leaves, fruit peelings

and scraped food. With high content of

organic and moisture in kitchen waste,

the incineration of kitchen waste is

problematic due to its high moistureand salt contents; if treated by

landfilling, the unpleasant odors and

copious leachate generated by kitchen

waste is another area of concern. On

the other hand, the high organic

contents of kitchen waste make it suitable for other recycling and reuse purposes, which can

pH 5.5

Volatile Solids (% dry wt.) 86.0

Organic Carbon (% dry wt.) 48.1

Total Solid (% dry wt.) 16.14

Moisture Content (%) 83.86Total Kjeladal Nitrogen (% dry wt.) 2.26


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not only reduce the pressure on waste disposal system, but also conform to the 21st century's

sustainable resource management trend. In 2009, total kitchen waste collected and reused

was 721,472tons. The government of Taiwan projects that by 2012 total kitchen waste reused

would be 769,000tons (Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan, 2010).

Hence, it is important for the Binh Dinh project on organic waste valorization to consider thisimportant solution to reduce household waste (high percentage of volatile solids) ending up

in landfills or treated with complex technology.

Figure 34. Kitchen refuse on collecting vehicle (motorbike), reuse of water container (300litre volume) to cook kitchenrefuse, pig fed kitchen refuse at 4 month old, fishpond with morning glory.

As a matter of fact, with strong agreement of Binh Dinh PMU on cases selection, consultants

visited an integrated farm where the farmer keeps 70 pigs from farrowing sows to piglets,

most of the animals are fatteners (approx. 65kgs BW), manure from animals flushed into a

plastic bio-digester, effluent after biogas used to fertilize morning glory and feeding to a near

by fish pond. Daily, kitchen waste from 12-13 restaurants and canteens at approximately 5

km distance from the farm is collected in simple bucket (20litres volume). At farm, kitchenrefuse is re-cooked (high temperature sterilization) for at least 2hours prior to feeding time.

Final feed for animal composes soybean paste and rice wine by-products, re-cooked kitchen

leftover, and 1 to 2% portion of concentrated animal feed. The dietary value of the kitchen

refuse is not know; there appears to be no interest with the farmers in that knowledge.


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Surplus biogas is in theory to be delivered

in the neighborhood for household

cooking, but in practice it is released into

the atmosphere (alternative idea: buy a

simple device for producing warm water,

e.g. for taking shower. It has to be

memorized that the release of surplus

biogas into the atmosphere is a non-

sustainable practice).

Household, restaurant, canteen

Kitchen waste / Swill

Collectors (animal farmer, traders)

Pig Fish

Recook (23 hours) Feeding directly

Adding 12% concentrated feed,rice wine / soya paste byproducts,

Feeding

In animal production, commercial feed normally shares 70% of total

production cost. Lets look at feed cost using kitchen refuses for a pig

farm with 70pig heads,

Input:

13 containers (20litres) * 10,000VND each =

2 soya paste byproduct (20litres) * 15,000VND each =

10 rice wine byproduct * 2,500VND each =

2 litres gasoline /d * 17,500VND/litre =

1 kgs commercial feed *Output:

Fattener 100kg in 5months * market price =

Biogas from 8m3

digester

Fish * market price =

Morning glory =

Additional environmental value:

Sustainable solution to organic waste management in the area

Feeding pigs

with kitchen

refuse reduces

feeding costs

with on

average 60-

70% when

compared to

full

concentrate pig

diets. Due to a

lower average

daily gain

(ADG) when

fed kitchenrefuse, the

fattening cycle is 5-7 months, against 4 months for a full concentrate diet. Compared to

concentrated feed, quantity of kitchen refuse consumed by a fattener is of triple in weight.

All animal manure (slurry) is directly discharged to

a plastic container (reactor), placed in a pond

directly outside the farm, where biogas is produced.

This reactor has a volume of 8 m3, and operates on

a continuous flow basis. Slurry is fed to the reactor

on the bottom of one side, whereas the effluent isdischarged via the top of the other side. The

effluent is discharged to the

pond water, where fish and

vegetable (morningglory) are grown.

Biogas produced is used

for household cooking and

the cooking of kitchen

refuse. The reactor is

emptied (removal of

sediment solids) every 2

years. In the region, a total

of 60 pig farms operate the

same practice. It applies to

5,000 pigs in total.


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7.1.2. Aquaculture, Binh Tan Farmer Association.Total kitchen refuses (including approx. 100kgs fresh fishes removals) reused daily inthis aquaculture farm is 20 containers plus 25kgs concentrated feed. Kitchen waste

delivered to the farm by traders who collect from surrounding restaurant, com binh dan,

canteens (industrial zone). Using motorbike, containers with kitchen waste carried on twosides (see image).

Figure 35.Weighing, feeding and overview of aquaculture feeding kitchen refuse, eating fishes (brown yellow layer is

fat remained from feeding with kitchen waste.

At farm, kitchen refuses as fishs removal is weighed and directly feed to fishes in theponds (see image). In an area

of 1ha water surface, three

kind of fishes are kept: surface

eater, suspending eater,

and bottom eaters. Each fishgroup has their own function

within a background that

all food fed into the water

should be completely eaten.

The farmer exchanged

experience that although

Household, restaurant, canteen, fish market

Kitchen waste, fishs removals

Collectors (animal farmer, traders)

Adding 12% concentrated feed

Fresh feeding


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fishes are kept within a ha of water surface but using a fishing net to confine fishes, the

growth rate is much higher. Fishes in confining area (4m* 8m* 2.5m depth) consumed

more feed with less efforts. Fishes kept in net reach market weigh after round 4months.

Growth rate / economics from fishes fed with kitchen refuse vs. commercial feed is:

1. Kitchen refuse: 15kgs breeding fish4 months = 800 fattening fishes (market weighis 300400gr/fish * 17,00020,000VND/kg)

2. Commercial feed: 15kgs breeding fishes3 months = 800kgs fattening fishes (thesame market weigh / price)

In the ward, there is 17ha aquaculture with 10 farms keep fishes in confining water and

36 farms keep fish in open water, all reuse kitchen waste for feeding.

In summary, benefit from good scheme of reusing kitchen waste can be sum up as below

figure:

Figure 36. Single case assumption of benefits to farmer, household, and government in term of reusing kitchen refuses

7.2.Organic waste from animal production management: Vermicompost Huong Trung Ltd.and Tien Phong Pig Husbandry Cooperative.

In this co-operative, 14 farms participate with a total of 3,500 sows and 30,000 fatteners.

This numbers used to be higher in the past, but due to PRRS outbreaks the farmers control

herd size. The solid manure that separated on farm is mixed with trichoderma in 45days, the

product is is used to fertilize for rubber, tea and coffee plantation in SouthEast highland area.

The other part of solid manure is used to feed earthworm which is kept in open field under

shadow of 10ha rubber plantation. The area of worm culture is reduced to 1fifth compared to

the area in 2007, this reduction in production of worm is due to limitation in market for

worm. Although the farmer is producing liquid fertilizer for leave fertilization.

farms with 5,000pigs * 6.5kgskitchen waste/day = 32.5tons/d

Less wet, high carbon organic,high volatile solid waste go to

incinerator / landfill

Household pays lessenvironmental fee due to less

weigh in the bins

Sustainableenvironmental

society


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Solid part from biogas effluent is added into solid manure to compost producing high quality

of plant nutrients. Manure management within the cooperative:

For vermicompost production, between the rows of 10ha rubber trees, concrete wall (20cm

height) compartments for the substrate (mix of 1 part of pig and 3 part of cattle dung) are

positioned in the vicinity of large basins for vermin-composting. This assures an optimalclimate (low direct radiation, shade, low wind speed) for vermin-composting and for the 80

workers.

Sow Fattener

Separation solid and liquid manure

Liquid Solid

Bio-digester Mixed with trichoderma Raise earthworm

compost

Electricity generator Fertilizer for crop Worm

Worm manure

Worm casting


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Figure 37. View of vermiculture within 10ha rubber plantation (under blue compost fleece is where worm kept), feeding spots on

surface of the worm space, manure preparation (mixture of pig / cattle manure with water), feeding spoon with long handle to

reach middle feeding spots, worm products processing factory, worm product to fertilize root part, worm product to fertilizeleave.

The compartment sizes 1.5m width * optional length * 0.2m height firstly prepared with a

bedding of rubber leave and thin layer of previous compost casting, worms then placed onsurface of the preparation, feeding is done twice a day by pouring liquid mixed manure on

surface of the heap. Worms start to feed on the manure, to grow and reproduce. Circular

spots of fresh manure (approximately 30 cm diameter) are applied systematically on the

existing manure surface. For this, a 2-litre plastic mug attached to a bamboo stick is used to

pour liquid feed to the worm place. Worms will migrate to the freshly applied manure.

On average, 1kgs worm consumes 1kg feed per day. Price of pig manure varies from 5,000 10,000VND/ 20kg bag (depending on manure from sow or from fattener); cattle manure is 4

5millions VND/truck of 10m3.

Harvesting of worm and worm products is done monthly, on 1m2 surface, 2kgs of worm and

60kgs worm manure harvested per month. Fresh worm formerly was sold to shrimp farms

with good price, however, at this current time, within this region the shirmp farming is

decreasing therefore this market is very limiting causing worm production is low.

During 4 years, worm manure was surplus due to huge productivities in worm production,

the farmer now converts stored worm manure into high quality fertilizer by enhancing its

quality with trichoderma, micro minerals. From that a fertilizer factory is established

processing and selling fertilizer at 2,0002,500VND/kg (regular fertilizer is 1,500VND/kg),producing capacity is 50tons fertilizer / day, at this moment all products are sold.

Fertilizer is being used by Dalat vegetable farms, tea plantation, horticulture, Chu Se coffee

Association, Tay Ninh province for orchards, cassava, and rubber farmer, to the Mekong for

rice farmers.


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For higher quality fertilizer, the worms are currently processed (grinding and centrifugal

extraction) to produce a liquid fertilizer for application on leaves or roots in horticulture and

plant production (5 litre or 1 litre containers).

We discussed the possibilities to use other types of substrate (e.g. kitchen refuse) for vermin-

composting. Outcome was that experiments will be needed to study this. Farmer recruits aresearch institute to produce suitable additives to enhance existing vermicompost with the fee

of 100millions VND. At this moment, the improvement shows strong confidence in the sell

capacity of new products as high quality fertilizer converted from surplus compost.

Technical and economical parameters

Monthly production of worms : 2 kg/m2

of basin

Daily production of vermin-compost: 2 kg/m2

Daily consumption of the worms: 1 kg of manure per 1 kg of worms

Economic value of enhanced compost: 2,500 VND/kg

Economic value of worm castings: 10,000 VND/kg


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From the cases studied, a general comment is that there is indeed reluctance of

alternatives to manage organic waste in Vietnam. A chart with briefly analysis of all

differences between centralized and socialized waste management within the cases

studied is given under to clarify the above remark.

Best solution for organic valorization in municipal waste can be formulated but as a matter offact, any solution requires thoroughly participation of all parties (government, industry, society,

scientist). Awareness raising is a key of success in implementation of waste management,

especially in the practical sorting organic waste at source.


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Acknowledgement

The consultant (s) expresses her earnest thanks to PACMO PMU Coordinator mr.Do Minh

Ngoc, mr. Nguyen Truong Hoang Vuong, mr. Nguyen Hoa, dr. Nguyen Ba Hung, mr. Hiep

(director of Binh Dien Fertilizer Co.),mr. Tran Xuan tao, mr. Thuong (Viet Tri WasteTreatment and Composting CO.),mr. Hong Ky, mrs. Lien (PHT worm farm),mr. Hoa (director

of Hanoi Urenco),mr. Tan, mr. Phong (Cau Dien / Nam Hoa waste treatment and composting

plants),mrs. Kim (Vietnam Association of CooperativesCOSTE),mr. Thuong (Co BiAgricultural & Environmental Service Cooperative),ms. Lien, mr. Luc (Gia Lam Urenco Waste

Treatment and Composting Plant),mr. Tiec (Director General of Tam Sinh Nghia Co.),mr.

Tuan (Vice director of Thuy Phuong Hue Waste treatment and Composting plant), mr. Bay, mr.

Hien (Hoi An PCEnvironmental and natural Resource division),mr. Bui (head of Nhon PhuAgricultural & Environmental Service Cooperative),ms. Huong (Binh Dinh Farmer

Association),mr. Tui, mrs. Dieu, mr. Tien, mr. Luc, mr. Viet (Farmer Association Tan Tao,Binh Tan district) who give full support to the mission, they are not only generously to give

information but also giving precious recommendation and experiences.


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CoFQ No. 11. 2009. Phiu kt qu phn tch mu N,P,K, T Lim H Ni.Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan, R. O. C. 2010. The Current Status for Kitchen

Waste Recycling and Reuse.

http://www.epa.gov.tw/en/epashow.aspx?list=125&path=9105&guid=2d105564-911d-4536-

ae70-798eb75b345c&lang=en-us.

Jayalakshmi, S., V. Sukumaran, and K. Joseph. 2007. Hydrogen Production from Kitchen Waste using

Heat Treated Anaerobic Biogas Plant Slurry. International Conference on Sustainable Solid

Waste Management, Chennai, India:356-362.

Southampton UR and Greenfinch Ltd. 2003. Biodigestion of Kitchen Refuse - A comparative evaluation

of mesophilic and thermophilic biodigestion for the stabilisation and sanitisation of kitchen waste.

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Scheme.

annex 2 - case studies final report: valorisation of organic waste in binh dinh province

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