annotated bibliography

Works Cited

Primary Sources

Anderson, Susan, and Wendy Bowman. I Want You to Join the Reform Party/ Photo by Susan

Anderson; Digital Retouching by Wendy Bowman. 1999. Miscellaneous Items in High

Demand. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-ppmsca-24324. Library of Congress.

Web. 29 Dec. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010646071/>. The photograph

of Jesse Ventura for Ross Perot's Reform Party is used to emphasize the forcefulness and

the popularity of the Reform Party in the 1990s and the connection to the T.E.A. Party as

an organization against "politics as usual."

Andrews, John. "John Andrews Letter." Letter. May 1774. A Synopsis of American History:

Through Construction. Collection of Ivan R. Dee, Chicago. Smithsonian Source. Web. 14

Nov. 2012. <http://www.smithsoniansource.org/display/primarysource/viewdetails.aspx?

TopicId=&PrimarySourceId=1005>. John Andrews was a merchant in Boston. In May

1774, he wrote his brother in Philadelphia an account of the correspondence between

Boston (the colonies) and Britain. Andrews references the reaction of the British

government for the Boston Tea Party events, and notes the employment of the Coercive

Acts primarily in Boston port and the attack on Boston specifically from the British

government.

Arnold, Chris. "Tea Party Finds Inspiration in Boston History." Editorial. National Public Radio.

N.p., 14 Apr. 2010. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. The National Public Radio article by Chris

Arnold on the connections of the modern Tea Party with the 1773 Boston Tea Party is

used to emphasize the similarities and differences of the T.E.A. Party and the Boston Tea

Party, to which it claims to be identical.

Blitzer Calls Trump "Ridiculous". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, n.d. Web. 27 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2012/05/29/tsr-intv-trump-youre-

ridiculous.cnn>. The video clip of The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer anchor Wolf

Blitzer's criticizing Donald Trump on his "Birther Claim" (that President Obama was not

born a United States citizen in Hawaii) is used to relate the T.E.A. Party influences of

bigotry in some of its sects to the previous bigotry and conspiracy in parties such as the

Anti-Masonic Party and the American ("Know-Nothing") Party.

Block, Herbert. Mine! Mine! All Mine!/ Herblock. 10 Nov. 1994. Cartoon Drawings: Herblock

Collection. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-USZ62-132518. Library of Congress.

Web. 29 Dec. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002735859/>. The illustration of

the 1994 Republican (GOP) "takeover" of the House of Representatives is used to

compare the massive 1994 Republican domination of Congress with the 2010 T.E.A.

Party domination of the House of Representatives.

Burghart, Devin. "Tea Party Caucus Map - 112th Congress." Infographic. Institute for Research

and Education on Human Rights. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2010.

<http://www.irehr.org/issue-areas/tea-party-nationalism/the-data/tea-party-caucus-map-

112th-congress>. The interactive informational graphic (map) of the 112th Congress Tea

Party Caucus is used to present the large amount of T.E.A. Party and T.E.A. Party-

supported congressmen elected in the 2010 congressional election and the beginning of

the political strength of the T.E.A. Party.

Cammeyer, William, Jr. Anti-Masonic Apron. 1831. Popular Graphic Arts. Lib. of Cong.,

Washington, D.C. LC-USZ62-92279. Library of Congress. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003690779/>. The illustration ("apron") formed as

an attack on the Anti-Masonic Party, comparing it with the Masonic Order, is used to

indicate the beginnings of the American third party and the political consequences each

has always encountered.

Dalrymple, Lewis. Deserting the Old Idol/ Dalrymple. 5 July 1899. Miscellaneous Items in High


Web. 30 Dec. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2012647438/>. The illustration

from the magazine Puck of the "voters'" dissenting from William Jennings Bryan and

Populism is used to compare the possible 2012-2013 Republican dissent from the T.E.A.

Party with the American dissent from Populism and the American dissent from the east

(from the original painting titled Manifest Destiny).

Dalrymple, Louis. In Battle Array,- and There's Not Much Doubt about the Result/ Dalrymple.

30 Sept. 1896. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C.

LC-DIG-ppmsca-28845. Library of Congress. Web. 27 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/det1994023444/PP/>. The cartoon illustration from

the magazine Puck with William Jennings Bryan leading the Populist masses is used as

the introductory header for the website to emphasize the control of the T.E.A. Party over

the masses and its fight against the Washington, D.C. government (and its similarity to

the Populist Party).

Ehrhart, Samuel D. Another Proposed War Tax/ Ehrhart. 13 July 1898. Miscellaneous Items in

High Demand. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-ppmsca-28718. Library of

Congress. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2012647581/>. The

illustration from the magazine Puck of the division of taxes between the elderly (married)

and the "bachelors" is used to emphasize the divide between the liberal and conservative

ideas of taxation--tax increases on the wealthy or tax increases on no one.

Franklin, Benjamin. Join or Die. 9 May 1754. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Lib. of

Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-USZ62-9701. Library of Congress. Web. 6 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002695523/>. The illustration of Benjamin

Franklin's "Join, or Die" cartoon from The Pennsylvania Gazette (published during the

Albany Congress of 1754), which was published to encourage colonial unity in America

to defeat the French and the opposing Native American, is used to emphasize the

necessity of unity, which the Tea Party opposes if unity impedes upon its platform, to

maintain a prosperous America. Franklin's cartoon also is used to present the beginning

of the "snake's" representing the United States and freedom.

Franklin D. (Franklin Delano) Roosevelt, 1882-1945. 6 June 1947. Miscellaneous Items in High

Demand. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-USZ62-87317. Library of Congress. Web.

29 Dec. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002715895/>. The photograph of

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt is used to illustrate the leader and the beginner of

the notion of Democrats as a more liberal party with the New Deal, thus indicating the

political shift leftward (and the opposition shift rightward) from the Roosevelt

administration.

Gash, Morry. Away from the stage, the passionate arguments went right on, each side claiming

the upper hand, the larger crowd, the right side of history. The Madison Police estimated

a crowd--at its highest point--of about 6,500 people, though it was uncertain how many

of those were Tea Party supporters and how many were there to protest. Either way, the

figure was far smaller than the tens of thousands of demonstrators that had been reported

around the Capitol on several days in recent months. The New York Times. New York

Times, 16 Apr. 2011. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2011/04/17/us/20110417_TEAPARTY-4.html>.

The photograph of the Madison, Wisconsin Tea Party rally (not associated with the

massive 2011 Madison Union rally) is used to present the large but decreasing size of the

continuing T.E.A. Party protests.

- - -. Sarah Palin spoke at the Wisconsin State Capitol, a throng Tea Party supporters cheering

her on and a throng of union supporters trying to shout them (and her) down. And in a

way, it look like just another day in Madison, a place already so polarized that even with

the presence of Ms. Palin, a figure beloved and detested, people here seemed to go right

on with the debate they had been having for months. The New York Times. New York

Times, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.


The photograph of Sarah Palin at the April 16, 2011 Madison, Wisconsin Tea Party (and

union) rally is used to introduce a prominent political figure in the T.E.A. Party, who

maintains the fervor for the T.E.A. Party and its rallies.

Glenn: Establishment GOP Is Over. Glenn Beck: The Fusion of Entertainment and

Enlightenment. Mercury Radio Arts, 8 Nov. 2012. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.glennbeck.com/2012/11/08/glenn-establishment-gop-is-over/>. The video

clip of Glenn Beck about the fall of the Grand Old Party (after the 2012 election) is used

as evidence to support the T.E.A. Party and libertarian dissent from the Grand Old Party

by means of influential pundits such as Glenn Beck (e.g., criticizing the Republican

Speaker of the House).

Hill, William Ely. Greeting the Trail of the Lonesome Pine/ W.E. Hill '13. 14 Jan. 1914.

Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-

ppmsca-28015. Library of Congress. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2011649661/>. The illustration from the magazine

Puck of two aristocratic men and one woman is used to indicate the ascension of

capitalistic Wall Street, greed, and financial lust in the twentieth-century--both the

supports and the enemies of the T.E.A. Party.

"Home Page." American Crossroads. American Crossroads, n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.americancrossroads.org/>. The website of Karl Rove's (co-founder and

adviser) Super PAC, American Crossroads, is used to indicate that the Tea Party's

eruption into American politics greatly shifted "right-wing" analysts and pundits (e.g.,

Karl Rove) farther "right," yielding their zealous support for the Tea Party (politically

and financially).

"Home Page." Americans for Prosperity. Americans for Prosperity, n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2013.

<http://americansforprosperity.org/>. The website of the David Koch and Charles Koch-

funded Super PAC that supports far-right and Conservative candidates in national, state,

and local elections is used to present evidence of the Tea Party's effect on wealthy

Americans, such as the Koch brothers, inspiring mass funding to "buy elections" on both

sides of the political spectrum.

"Home Page." Americans for Tax Reform. Braynard Group, n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.atr.org/>. The organization American for Tax Reform, which was founded

by Grover Norquist in 1985 by request of President Ronald Reagan, website is used to

present the organization that "holds" a Republican congressional majority "hostage" and

grants Tea Party candidates to "primary" the incumbent Republican who defies Norquist

or the Taxpayer Protection Pledge.

"Home Page." FreedomWorks for America. Ed. Jim Demint. FreedomWorks, n.d. Web. 17 Dec.

2012. <http://www.freedomworksforamerica.org/>. The website of the conservative, Tea

Party-associated Super Political Action Committee (Super PAC) FreedomWorks for

America is used to present the largest Tea Party-exclusive Super PAC and the primary

causes of the 2010 Conservative revolution.

"Home Page." Koch Industries, Inc. Koch Industries, n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2013.

<http://kochind.com/>. The website of the Koch brothers' industry (including chemicals,

mining, and crude oil) is used to indicate the politicizing effect of the Tea Party on

nonpartisan and non-political organizations such as an industries company (the Koch

brothers, however, are known to be partisan).

"Home Page." Tea Party Patriots. Tea Party Patriots, n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.teapartypatriots.org/>. The website, which is one of the two major Tea Party

websites (the other is Tea Party Express), of Tea Party Patriots is used to present one of

the primary organizers of Tea Party events and one of the causes of--ironically--the Tea

Party's disorganization (by allowing the formation of local Tea Party sects, which have

alternating platforms).

James G. Blaine. 2 Oct. 1884. Popular Graphic Arts. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-

pga-02168. Library of Congress. Web. 25 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003671786/>. The image of candidate and Half-

Breed James G. Blaine is used to indicate the control of patronage and political division

during the Gilded Age. Thus, the image alludes to the control of political division within

the GOP in the 21st Century that is similar to that in the Gilded Age.

Johnson, J. H. No Irish Need Apply. J H. Johnson, Stationer & Printer, 7N. 10th Street, Phila.

[1862?] [Song Sheet]. 1862. Rare Books and Special Collections, Library of Congress.

Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. Library of Congress. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.rbc.amss.cw104040/default.html>. The song sheet

of the Nativist and Know-Nothing Party phrase "No Irish Need Apply" ("NINA") is used

to emphasize the possible bigotry in specific political parties and to note the possible

increasing bigotry in the T.E.A. Party (compare with "Blitzer Calls Trump 'Ridiculous'").

Karr, Jay. In Buffalo, S.C., Representative Michele Bachmann, Republican of Minnesota,

greeted a fellow congressman, Joe Wilson of South Carolina, before speaking at a Tea

Party event. The New York Times. New York Times, 16 Apr. 2011. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.


The digital photograph of Representative Michele Bachmann and congressman Joe

Wilson at a South Carolina Tea Party event on 2011 tax day is used to introduce the head

of the congressional Tea Party caucus of the 112th Congress (2011-2012), who ran for

the Republican presidential nomination of 2012 (thus becoming the first possible Tea

Party president).

Keppler, Joseph Ferdinand. Men May Come, and Men May Go; But the Work of Reform Shall

Go on Forever/ J. Keppler. 5 Nov. 1884. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Lib. of

Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-ppmsca-28247. Library of Congress. Web. 29 Dec.

2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsca.28247/>. The illustration from the

magazine Puck of the progression of reform and the Independent is used to indicate the

great reform occurring in the 1800s to establish the origins of the T.E.A. Party and third

parties.

- - -. A Presidential Conjuror/ J. Keppler. 12 Oct. 1881. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand.

Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-ppmsca-28520. Library of Congress. Web. 25

Jan. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2012647292/>. The illustration from the

magazine Puck of President Arthur is used to indicate the corruption and spoils within the

country under patronage in which the Tea Party claims against patronage, but accepts it

during elections with funding from Super PAC's.

- - -. Two of a Kind/ J. Keppler. 7 May 1884. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Lib. of


2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2012645199/>. The illustration from the

magazine Puck of the Pope and a leader of a rival religious organization in conflict is

used to emphasize the influence of religion (of the congressmen) on the legislation and

the division in Congress.

Keppler, Udo J. But You Can't Make Him Drink/ Keppler. 3 Feb. 1904. Miscellaneous Items in


Congress. Web. 6 Jan. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2011645503/>. The

illustration from the magazine Puck is used to emphasize the Tea Party's use of political

force on the Republican party and GOP to unanimously conform to its more radical

platform, which is similar to William Jennings Bryan's and he Populist Party's use of

political force on the Democratic party in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

- - -. Coming!/ Keppler. 25 July 1906. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Lib. of Cong.,

Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-ppmsca-26079. Library of Congress. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.


Puck of the changing platforms from William Jennings Bryan and the continuing

popularity of populism is used to emphasize the popularity of the T.E.A. Party and to

counter the nonconformity of the T.E.A. Party.

- - -. The Democratic Moses and His Self-Made Commandments/ Keppler. 19 Sept. 1906.

Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-

ppmsca-26097. Library of Congress. Web. 30 Dec. 2012.


Puck of William Jennings Bryan as Moses with Jennings Bryan's form of the Ten

Commandments (and with lights labeled "Radicalism" and "Conservatism") is used to

portray the T.E.A. Party as the Republican Moses, which led the Republicans to

dominance in the House of Representatives, yet damaged the Grand Old Party.

- - -. The "Fake" Beggar/ Keppler. 22 Aug. 1900. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Lib. of



magazine Puck of William Jennings Bryan's begging for votes and wearing of a

prosthesis marked "16 to 1" and a cane labeled "Populism" is used to illustrate (as a

header) the attack of the T.E.A. Party on the "beggar" (the "slacker") asking for

government aid. It is also used to emphasize the Republican dependence on the T.E.A.

Party.

- - -. For Once, Science and Religion Agree/ Keppler. 7 Sept. 1898. Miscellaneous Items in High



from the magazine Puck of Chauncey M. Depew and Robert G. Ingersoll pointing out

specific quotes that support American imperialism is used to emphasize the difficulty of

compromise or agreement in the polarized Congress.

- - -. A Hard Game of "Follow Your Leader"/ Keppler. 18 July 1900. Miscellaneous Items in



illustration from the magazine Puck of William Jennings Bryan (Populism) leading the

donkey (Democratic Party) to the White House is used to emphasize the reliance of the

Republican Party on the T.E.A. Party to gain power in the three branches of government.

- - -. A Young Head on Old Shoulders/ Keppler. 1 Nov. 1899. Miscellaneous Items in High



from the magazine Puck of Theodore Roosevelt is used to emphasize the significance of

third parties in which they may bring influential and successful presidents such as

Roosevelt (who formed the progressive party after becoming president) or Abraham

Lincoln--thus, the T.E.A. Party may bring an influential and successful president.

"Key Issues." AFT-A Union of Professionals. American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO, n.d.

Web. 6 Jan. 2013. <http://www.aft.org/issues/>. The webpage of the American

Federation of Teachers' (a teachers union) is used to present the more liberal "synonym"

to the more conservative Super PACs, which fund liberal candidates and bills. The

webpage is also used to present the different platforms of unions and Super PACs.

Leffler, Warren K. Civil Rights March on Wash[ington], D.C. 28 Aug. 1963. Miscellaneous

Items in High Demand. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-ppmsca-04296.

Library of Congress. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003688163/>. The photograph of the 1963 civil

rights march on Washington, D.C. is used to emphasize the scale of the early T.E.A.

Party events on Washington, D.C., which were only surpassed by a later Wisconsin

protest (associated with the T.E.A. Party).

Levering, Albert. Republican Voters' Revolt/ Albert Levering. 20 Apr. 1910. Miscellaneous




Puck of the wave (of "Republican voters' revenge") consuming Republicans such as

President Taft is used to emphasize the possible demise of the T.E.A. Party from

Republicans' necessity to become more moderate for political success.

Lipman, L. Emancipation Proclamation/ Del., Lith. and Print. By L. Lipman, Milwaukee, Wis.

26 Feb. 1864. Popular Graphic Arts. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-pga-

02040. Library of Congress. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003671404/>. The illustration of the events of

American slavery, Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (support for the

abolitionists and the Republican party after 1863) is used to identify the Republican party

of 1854 as a populist movement that gains support from the popular northern notions of

the 1860s (after the Emancipation Proclamation).

Longacre, James Barton. Andrew Jackson/ Drawn from Life and Engraved by J.B. Longacre.

N.d. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-USZ62-

117120. Library of Congress. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/96523440/>. The illustration of President Andrew

Jackson is used to indicate the first ascension of the Common Man into political office

(the beginning of populism) and the Jacksonian Democratic Party.

Lucidon, Amanda. A crowd marched toward the Capitol as people from around the country

gathered to express their discontent with the government. The New York Times. New

York Times, 12 Sept. 2009. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/13/us/politics/13protestweb.html?_r=1&>. The

photograph of an early (2009) T.E.A. Party rally against President Obama is used to

establish the initial fervor for the T.E.A. Party and for opposition to President Obama and

government. The photograph is also used to contrast the initial protests with the later

protests, which were with less zeal (to emphasize the decrease of the T.E.A. Party).

Magee, John L. Terrible Rout & Total Destruction of the Whig Party. In Salt River. 1852.

Cartoon Prints, American. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-USZ62-7487. Library of


illustration of the perceived demise of the Whig Party (1832) is used to introduce the first

third-party to be assimilated into the two-party system (ending the "Era of Good

Feelings"). The Whig Party is also significant as the party to face "destruction" because

of sectional and ideological divide (an inhibitor of the T.E.A. Party).

Maurer, Louis. The Great Exhibition of 1860. 1860. Popular Graphic Arts. Lib. of Cong.,

Washington, D.C. LC-USZ62-14226. Library of Congress. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003674593/>. The political cartoon of Horace

Greeley, slavery, and Abraham Lincoln is used to indicate the significance of the

Republican party of 1854 as a powerful third party and the popularity of third parties' use

of moral issues (e.g., slavery) politically, as the T.E.A. Party does.

The Mugwumps Met Him on the Way. 1888. Music Division. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C.

M1663.M 1888. Library of Congress. Web. 25 Jan. 2013.

<http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200155619/default.html>. The

illustration for the Cleveland 1888 campaign is used to represent the Mugwumps who

dissented from the Republican Party to support Grover Cleveland (a Democrat). Thus,

the campaign illustration alludes to the possible dissent of moderate Republicans from

the GOP because of the Tea Party.

Munroe, Randall. "A History of the United States Congress: Partisan and Ideological Makeup."

Infographic. XKCD. N.p., 29 Sept. 2012. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. <http://xkcd.com/1127/>.

The infographic from the website "xkcd" (preferred lower case) of the amount (and

degree of extremism) of members on both sides of the political spectrum in Congress

from 1788 to 2012, and to emphasize the major growth of the "far-right" sects starting in

1984 and increasing in the 2010 election.

Opper, Frederick Burr. An End to All Disagreement/ F. Opper. 28 Sept. 1881. Miscellaneous




Puck of physicians Francklyn Cottage (President Garfield's location of death) is used to

represent the death of the T.E.A. Party if it does not become more moderate and accept

compromise (T.E.A. Party death represented by Garfield, who was inhibited by the

division of the Republican party factions in the 1880s).

Pughe, John S. J.S. A Chattering Nuisance/ J.S. Pughe. 24 Feb. 1904. Miscellaneous Items in



illustration from the magazine Puck of William Jennings Bryan (the Populist Party)

influencing and irritating the Democratic Party is used to indicate that the T.E.A. Party is

a nuisance to the Grand Old Party (GOP Republican Party), which is diminishing because

of the influencing T.E.A. Party.

- - -. The Democratic Microbes/ P. 27 Apr. 1904. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Lib. of



magazine Puck of the "microbes" affecting the Democratic Party (including Jennings

Bryan and Populism) is used to emphasize the damaging effect of the T.E.A. Party on the

Republican Party (GOP) and on politics.

- - -. Swallowed!/ J.S. Pughe. 11 July 1900. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Lib. of Cong.,

Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25438. Library of Congress. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.


Puck of William Jennings Bryan's (as a snake labeled, "Populist Party") swallowing of

the Democratic Party (as a donkey) is used to present the inevitability of the T.E.A.

Party's consuming of the mass of the Republican Party and becoming the other political

party of the two-party system as the Populist Party threatened to do.

Reilly, Bernard F. I Feed You All! 1875. Popular Graphic Arts. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C.

LC-DIG-pga-00025. Library of Congress. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003690771/>. The illustration of the "farmer's

grievances" (The American Pageant) is used to indicate the means in which a successful

third party starts: A demographic is damaged; a sect of one of the two political parties

embraces that demographic with a friendly platform; the party begins to use the

demographic to gain political power. The Populist Party used farmers and laborers. The

T.E.A. Party uses the laborer and the common American citizen (a far larger

demographic than the farmer).

Ritchie, Alexander Hay. Andrew Jackson/ Painted by D.M. Carter; Engraved by A.H. Ritchie.

1860. Popular Graphic Arts. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-DIG-pga-02501.


<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/96521663/>. The painting of president Andrew

Jackson is used as a picture for the slideshow in the "Historic Influences" header, thus, to

support the Jacksonian Democracy's affect on the shift left in American demographics.

[Ronald Reagan, Head-and-Shoulders Portrait, Facing Front. 1981. Miscellaneous Items in

High Demand. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-USZ62-13040. Library of Congress.

Web. 29 Dec. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/96522678/>. The photograph of

President Ronald Reagan (presidential photograph) is used to present the president who

increased the notion of biblical fundamentalism and the conservative shift rightward in

the 1980s (used within the slideshow for the header of the section, "Historic Influences").

Sinatra, Frank. "My Way." Rec. 1968. Nothing but the Best - The Frank Sinatra Collection

(Remastered). Perf. Frank Sinatra. Reprise Records, a Warner Music Group Company,

2008. CD. The audio recording (Frank Sinatra's "My Way") is used as a dramatic

introduction for the website, and to illustrate the possible demise of the Republican party

(GOP) because of the T.E.A. Party (and to illustrate the T.E.A. Party members'

stubbornness).

Skocpol, Theda, and Vanessa Williamson. "Whose Tea Party Is It?" Editorial. The New York

Times. N.p., 26 Dec. 2011. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.

<http://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/26/whose-tea-party-is-it/>. "Whose

Tea Party Is It," an opinion editorial, is written by Thesa Skocpol and Vanessa

Williamson. Skocpol is the Victor S. Thomas Professor of Government and Sociology at

Harvard Univeristy and a member of the National Academy of Sciences; Skocpol was the

president of the American Political Science Association. Williamson is a prospective

Ph.D. in Government and Social Policy at Harvard University; Wlliamson was the

Political director for Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America. Skocpol and Williamson

co-authored the analytical and research work The Tea Party and the Remaking of

Republican Conservatism (2012).

Stuart, Gilbert. [James Monroe, Half-length Portrait, Seated at Desk, Facing Slightly Left].

1828. Popular Graphic Arts. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. LC-USZ62-117118.


<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/96523417/>. The painting of President James Monroe

(president during the "Era of Good Feelings") is used to illustrate the first political shift

with the destruction of the Federalists and the dominance of the Democratic-Republicans.

Monroe's Democratic-Republicans were not, however, united (yet neither is the T.E.A.

Party).

"Tea Party Express I." Tea Party Express. Tea Party Express, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.teapartyexpress.org/photos/page/3>. The several digital photographs of the

early (2009-2011) T.E.A. Party rallies (titled "Tea Party Express I" to "Tea Party Express

V: Reclaiming America Tour") are used to present the beginnings of the Tea Party

Express (other Tea Party organizations exist) rallies and the scale of such parties, which

decreased during 2011 and 2012.

"Ten Core Beliefs of the Modern-Day Tea Party Movement." Tea Movement Platform. Tea Party

Platform, n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. <http://www.teaparty-platform.com/>. The privately

organized website is used to establish the primary notions of the Tea Party platform (to

establish its attempted influence in politics).

Texas. Peacefully Grant the State of Texas to Withdraw from the United State of America and

Create Its Own NEW Government. The White House. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.

<https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/petition/peacefully-grant-state-texas-withdraw-united-

states-america-and-create-its-own-new-government/BmdWCP8B>. The petition for the

state of Texas to secede from the United States (the Union) reaching the 25,000 signature

requirement shortly after the 2012 presidential election (the petition began November 9,

2012) is used as evidence for the extreme polarization of the United States and the

polarization's being catalyzed by the Tea Party, which supported partisanship and

allowed the more radical sects of both parties become the majority.

United States. Cong. House. No Tax Payer Funding for Abortion Act. 112th Cong. H. 3. Print.

The information (by means of a "PDF") of the No Tax Payer Funding for Abortion Act

(H.R. 3) from the Senate (for the new session) is used as evidence to support the focus on

biblical fundamentalism and social issues in the T.E.A. Party.

Williams, Dave. David H. Koch, left, and Charles G. Koch have long used their wallets to

promote fiscal conservatism and combat regulation. The New York Times. New York

Times, 22 Feb. 2011. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2011/02/22/KOCH-1.html>. The digital

photograph(s) (edited) of David H. Koch and Charles G. Koch are used to present the

wealthiest financial supporters of the T.E.A. Party (by means of a "Super PAC" titled

"Americans for Prosperity" after Citizens United v. FEC, also supported by the Koch

brothers), who effectively maintain the T.E.A. Party and its candidates.

Secondary Sources

"The 1st Navy Jack." US Flag. N.p., 10 Feb. 2005. Web. 6 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.usflag.org/history/gadsden.html>. The image of the First Navy Jack--a flag

used by Alfred of the Continental fleet and the navy in the American Revolution--is used

to present a banner used in Tea Party rallies to symbolize the more radical protesters'

threats of using physical force to overpower the federal government in which the Tea

Party is directly connected to the same opposition to "oppressive" government expressed

from 1763 to 1781. The Tea Party is thus the largest movement since the Sons and

Daughters of Liberties and the Patriots to gather en mass to oppose government.

CNBC Rick Santelli Goes Basaltic on Floor of Chicago Merc over Housing Bailout. For More

Info Go to Radioviceonline.com. Radio Vice Online. Spider Creations, n.d. Web. 28 Dec.

2012. <http://radioviceonline.com/send-em-to-fine-print-class-but-no-mortgage-money/

>. The video clip of Rick Santelli's irritation with the housing market bailout is used to

present what is believed to be the "Rosa Parks Moment" for the T.E.A. Party, and to

present the beginning platform of and zeal for the T.E.A. Party.

Elisberg, Robert J. "Grover Norquist Gets His Wish." Huffington Post Politics. Ed. Arianna

Huffington. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 9 Aug. 2007. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-j-elisberg/grover-norquist-gets-his-

_b_59806.html>. The article from the website The Huffington Post Politics on Grover

Norquist, fiscal conservatism, and the "shrinking" of government is used as a secondary

source for Grover Norquist's quote about his job of shrinking government to present

evidence of fiscal conservatism (before the T.E.A. Party) and of the T.E.A. Party-enraged

members' of Congress opposition to government expansion.

Formisano, Ronald P. The Tea Party: A Brief History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2012.

Print. The Tea Party: A Brief History is written by Ronald P. Formisano. Formisano is

the William T. Bryan Chair of American History at the Univeristy of Kentucky; he has

written books such as For the People: American Populist Movements from the Revolution

to the 1850s. Formisano's work is derived from his previous lectures on populism at

various universities in the United States in which he was advised to write on the modern

Tea Party. Thus, The Tea Party: A Brief History is a scholarly work on the beginnings of

the Tea Party and its influences.

Gadsden, Christopher. The Gadsden Flag. N.d. US Flag. Web. 6 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.usflag.org/history/gadsden.html>. The image of the Gadsden Flag is used to

present the primary banner of the Tea Party, which was adapted from the same flag used

during the American Revolution by Colonel Christopher Gadsden, and symbolizes the

sense of an ideological "fight for freedom from an oppressive government" and the zeal

for the Tea Party.

The Newsroom - Rinos, Real Republicans, The Tea Party, The Founding Fathers on Religion

and More. YouTube. N.p., 27 Aug. 2012. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAjX2aiX3PM>. The edited video clip of the

fictional television show The Newsroom of the fictional news anchor's description of the

T.E.A. Party and "R.I.N.O.(s)" (Republicans in Name Only) is used to present a

entertainment reaction to the T.E.A. Party uprising, and to support the evidence (the

creators attempt to be historically accurate) of the T.E.A. Party's forcing the Republican

shift "rightward."

The Newsroom - Tea Party Is the American Taliban. YouTube. N.p., 27 Aug. 2012. Web. 29

Dec. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGAvwSp86hY>. The video clip from

the television show The Newsroom of the new anchor's criticizing of the T.E.A. Party

(and presenting a critical T.E.A. Party platform) is used to present the media's attacks on

the T.E.A. Party (in entertainment), and to support the separation of the Republican party

between the T.E.A. Party and the Grand Old Party.

Schwartz, Ian. Scarborough: Extremists Leading GOP to "Absolute Catastrophe". Real Clear

Politics. Real Clear Politics, 21 Dec. 2012. Web. 6 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2012/12/21/scarborough_extremists_leading_go

p_to_absolute_catastrophe.html>. The video clip (online) of the Morning Joe's

conservative anchor Joe Scarborough's explosive criticism of the right wing (Tea Party)

sect of the Republican party is used to present an established "RINO," who represents the

popular frustration with the radical sect of the Republican party and Congress.

Skocpol, Theda, and Vanessa Williamson. The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican

Conservatism. New York City: Oxford UP, USA, 2012. Print. The research, non-fiction

book The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism is written by Theda

Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson. Williamson is a researcher that was curious of the Tea

Party movement. Williamson joined Tea Party and the Organization for America

(O.F.A)., company based on candidate Obama's election in 2008. Williamson, however,

found more appeal in the Tea Party's actions. Theda Skocpol is a professor of political

science and sociology at the Harvard Department of Sociology. Skocpol is deemed "left-

leaning" by the blog The Daily Beast, and writes articles for the New York Times such as

"Whose Tea Party Is It?" (co-written with Vanessa Williamson). Thus, the book is a

scholarly, yet "bi-partisan" text that discusses the motives, the development, and the

influence of the Tea Party.

"Tea Party Patriots Campaigning against Obomacare." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group,

5 Jan. 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.

<http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/author/alexsingleton/page/2/>. The photograph from

Alex Singleton's 2011 Telegraph article (January 5) of a Tea Party Patriots campaign

against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is used to illustrate the strong Tea

Party opposition to "Obamacare" and its comprehension and use of politics such as

socialism.

Tertiary Sources

Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth Cohen, and Thomas A. Bailey. The American Pageant. 12th ed.

Boston: Houghton, 2002. Print. David M. Kennedy is the Donald J. McLachlan Professor

of History at Stanford University--a teacher for 30 years. Kennedy has written books

such as Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger (1970), Over Here:

The First World War and American Society (1980), and Freedom from Fear: The

American People in Depression and War (1929-1945). Kennedy is a scholar of President

Franklin Roosevelt. Lizabeth Cohen is the Howard Mumford Jones Professor of

American studies at the history department of Harvard Univeristy (previously of New

York University, and Carnegie Mellon University). Cohen has an A.B., an M.A., and a

Ph.D. Cohen has written the books Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago,

1919-1939 (1990), and A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in

Postwar America, and the article "Encountering Mass Culture at the Grassroots: The

Experience of Chicago Workers in the 1920s. Thomas A. Bailey taught history for 40

years at Stanford University, and was an author of 20 books; he prides most The

American Pageant. The American Pageant is a non-partisan textbook for Advanced

Placement United States History courses.

Singer-Vine, Jeremy. "How Much Are Super PACs Spending?" Chart. The Wall Street Journal.

Dow Jones and Company, Dec. 2012. Web. 6 Jan. 2013. <http://projects.wsj.com/super-

pacs/#>. The infographic-chart of the recorded (as of December 2012) amount of money

spent on candidates and the passing of federal, state, and local bills is used to present the

consolidated, organized data of all major Super PACs and the majority Super PAC

support for Republican and Tea Party candidates and platforms.

annotated bibliography

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