Stratospheric Chemistry – ScheduleThursdays, 21 September – 21 December 2017, lecture 13:15-15:00 CHN G42

exercise 12:15-13:00 CHN G42

Thomas Peter CHN O 12.1 phone 044 633-2756Andrea Stenke CHN P 14 phone 044 632-7253Ari Feinberg CHN O 17.1 phone 044 633-3726Simone Brunamonti CHN O 15.2 phone 044 632-7387Jing Dou CHN O 17.1 phone 044 633-3726

Semester schedule:1 The stratosphere – some basics 21 Sep

Stratospheric chemistry in a nut-shell no tutorialLow and high latitudes distribute 20 questionsg q

2 Stratospheric chemistry in a nut-shell 28 Sep20 Frequently Asked Questions and their Answers use all 3 hrs, distribute set #1

3 Natural variability of the ozone layer 05 OctS ti f d i l d h i l ff tSeparation of dynamical and chemical effects tutorial #1, distribute set #2

Special Offer: Chemical concepts 05 OctThermodynamics, chemical kinetics, directly after lecture or 17:00-18:30uni-, bi-, termolecular reaction rate coefficients

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4 Natural and anthropogenic influences on the O3 layer 12 OctTrends in mid-latitudes and polar ozone destruction tutorial #2, distribute set #3

Stratospheric Chemistry – Schedule

5 Homogenenous Chemistry of the stratosphere 19 Oct5.1 Oxygen compounds

Müller et al., 1997

Paper presentations:

5.1 Oxygen compounds5.2 Carbon and hydrogen compounds tutorial #3, distribute set #45.3 Nitrogen compounds 26 Oct5.4 Sulfur compounds tutorial #4, distribute set #5 (computational exercise)

Velders et al., 2007

6 Heterogenenous Chemistry of the stratosphere 02 Nov6.1 Microphysics of stratospheric aerosols tutorial #5: computational exercise, distribute set #66.2 Formation of polar stratospheric clouds 09 Nov6.3 Nitrogen deactivation tutorial #6, distribute set #7

Solomon et al., 1986

6.3 Nitrogen deactivation tutorial #6, distribute set #76.4 Halogen activation 16 Nov

tutorial #7, distribute set #8

7 Special lecture: Stefan Reimann 23 Novuse all 3 hrs, no homework

Liang et al., 2014

Carslaw et al., 1998

use all 3 hrs, no homework

Written test 30 Nov45 min written test during exercise

8 Ozone climate interactions 30 Nov8 1 I t f li t h #8.1 Impacts of climate change on ozone tutorial set #8

07 Dectutorial written test, distribute set #9

8.2 Impacts of ozone change on climate 14 Dec

Pitts et al., 2011

Ravishankara et al., 2009

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tutorial #9, distribute set 0

9 Wrap-Up: Open questions 21 DecWhat are your remaining questions? tutorial #10

Crutzen et al., 2006

Why is this lecture still of interest?Why is this lecture still of interest?  Is it not all “solved”?

A few examples:

(1) d h h ff k?(1) How does the greenhouse effect work?

(2) What are heterogeneous chemical reactions d h d th k?and how do they work?

(3) Why is the lifetime of CH4 only 5 a down here b t 90 l t th t ?but 90 a close to the tropopause?

(4) Would geoengineering the stratosphere by artificial aerosols solve the climate problem?

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artificial aerosols solve the climate problem? 

Prerequisites:

• Basics in physical chemistry required.• BSc course in Atmospheric Chemistry (lecture 701-0471-01) or equivalent overview expectedBSc course in Atmospheric Chemistry (lecture 701 0471 01) or equivalent overview expected.

Exercises:

week 1 – distribution of new sheetweek 2 – talk about solutions

Paper Presentation:

• Everybody reads each paper• Presentations in groups of 2 students eachg p• 10 minutes MAXIMUM• 4 slides, one of which shows:

• 1-3 bullet points with main message(s) of paper• 3 follow-up papers citing the paper and brief discussion of consequences3 follow up papers citing the paper and brief discussion of consequences• what you do not understand about the paper (or points of criticism)

• 15 minutes of discussion • Exercises will contain questions on the papers – so you need to read them all

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Credit Points: 4 ECTS = 120 working hrs = 45 contact hrs + 75 hrs own studies

Exercises: Exercises are not part of the grade, BUT there will be a written test on the exercises (without tools)Form working groups! Best would be groups of two to four!Solve questions in your team, but then sit down by yourself and recap the exercises.

Paper reading/ Everybody reads the paper relevant for the next lecture.presentation: Two students give a brief (10’) presentation on the paper:

contents – main conclusion – major difficulties in understandingWe then discuss the contents together.

Final exam: 30 minutes oral, “Semesterleistung”, JanuaryGrading: choose 50 % written test, 50 % final exam (default)

or 33 % written test, 67 % final exam0 % i d l t ti0 % exercises and class room presentations

Book: Guy Brasseur & Susan Solomon, Aeronomy of the Middle Atmos.Hard copies available in Green Library – get your copy!And/or Download from web:And/or Download from web:NEBIS ➞ search for “Brasseur” ➞ online via SFX (whole book 22 MB)http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-1-4020-3284-4

Documents: Will be sent by email in addition:

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Documents: Will be sent by email, in addition:http://www.iac.ethz.ch/education/master/stratospheric_chemistry

Atmospheric chemistry – additional literature: (1) Grüne Bibliothek(2) Download electronic 

A must for stratospheric chemistry:Guy Brasseur and Susan Solomon, Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986, enlarged 2006.

( )copy

Excellent standard (undergraduate, but serves grad students as well):Daniel J. Jacob, Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry, PrincetonPress 1999 University Press, 1999. ftp://ftp.as.harvard.edu/pub/trop/publications/

N t ltNewest results:WMO, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014, Report No. 55, Geneva, 2014.http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2014/

B d iBroader view:Thomas E. Graedel and Paul J. Crutzen, Global Change, a system perspective,Spektrum Akad. Verlag, Berlin, 1994.

Focus on lab experiments:Focus on lab experiments:Barbara Finnlayson-Pitts and James N. Pitts, Jr., Atmospheric Chemistry:Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques, Wiley, New York, 1986.

The reference – for looking up and reading all atmos physics/chemistry – excellent:

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John H. Seinfeld and Spyros N. Pandis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: FromAir Pollution to Climate Change, Wiley, New York, 1998.

Familienname Vorname FachrichtungBischof Lukas Atmosph. + Climate Science MSc

22 Enrolled (21-09-2016)

Background: Bridler Lucas Marcel Umweltnaturwiss. MScChen Shuzhen Dr USYS, Umweltnaturw., R2003Chun Jeyun Atmosph. + Climate Science MScCui Ruoyi Atmosph. + Climate Science MSc

Background:

10 Atmos+Climate1 Biology3 Chemistry

Fischer Lorena Virginia Atmosph. + Climate Science MScFüzér Linda Umweltnaturwiss. MScGöldi Bettina Umweltnaturwiss. MScJucker Jonas Severin Atmosph + Climate Science MSc

y1 Earth Sci.4 Environ. Sci. 2 Interdisciplinary1 PhD Jucker Jonas Severin Atmosph. + Climate Science MSc

Keller Regula Karin Atmosph. + Climate Science MScLeuenberger Sara Stephanie Umweltnaturwiss. MScMichel Anja Barbara Lehrdiplom Biologie

VeronicaMichel Veronica Francesca Chemie BSc

Minoggio Elian Atmosph. + Climate Science MScMühlemann Dirk UZH MNF Erdwiss. BSc (HF)Müll Ell Li i IN Bi h Ph F h i ht BSMüller Ella Linxia IN Bioch‐Phys Fachrichtung BScMüller Marcel Chemie MScNath Shruti Atmosph. + Climate Science MScNüssli Jasmin Rahel Chemie MSc

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Pan Liuxin Atmosph. + Climate Science MScSchmid Roman IN Bioch‐Phys Fachrichtung BScSteiner Michael Atmosph. + Climate Science MSc

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2014/p g

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Presentation of FAQs: Read the question and answer in WMO document. Prepare two powerpoint or pdf slides with which you will present this question and answer to your fellow studentsquestion and answer to your fellow students.

On these 2 slides try to summarize the following:1) What is the main scientific answer to the question?2) Wh t th i tifi t i ti d i i bl2) What are the scientific uncertainties and remaining problems

involved in giving this answer?3) What has been your own aha-effect during preparation (if any)?4) What do you not understand or where do you have doubts?

For the presentation next Thursday we will have 3 x 45 minutes(using the tutorial 12:15-13:00 in CHN G42 and the lecture 13:15-15:00 in CHN G42).

Please send your slides to Ari Feinberg by Wednesday afternoon (28 Sep):

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Please send your slides to Ari Feinberg by Wednesday afternoon (28 Sep): aryeh.feinberg@env.ethz.ch

Section I: Ozone in our atmosphereQ1: What is ozone and where is it in the atmosphere?Q2: How is ozone formed in the atmosphere?Q2: How is ozone formed in the atmosphere?Q3: Why do we care about atmospheric ozone?Q4: How is total ozone distributed over the globe?Q5: How is ozone measured in the atmosphere?Section II: The ozone depletion processSection II: The ozone depletion processQ6: How do emissions of halogen source gases lead to stratospheric ozone depletion?Q7: What emissions from human activities lead to ozone depletion?Q8: What are the reactive halogen gases that destroy stratospheric ozone?Q9: What are the chlorine and bromine reactions that destroy stratospheric ozone?y pQ10: Why has an “ozone hole” appeared over Antarctica when ozone‐depleting substances are present throughout the stratosphere?Section III: Stratospheric ozone depletionQ11: How severe is the depletion of the Antarctic ozone layer?Q12: Is there depletion of the Arctic ozone layer?Q13: How large is the depletion of the global ozone layer?Q14: Do changes in the Sun and volcanic eruptions affect the ozone layer?Section IV: Controlling ozone‐depleting substancesQ15: Are there controls on the production of ozone‐depleting substances?Q16: Has the Montreal Protocol been successful in reducing ozone‐depleting substances in the atmosphere?Section V: Implications of ozone depletion and the Montreal ProtocolQ17: Does depletion of the ozone layer increase ground‐level ultraviolet radiation?Q18 I d l ti f th l th i i l f l b l li t h ?

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Q18: Is depletion of the ozone layer the principal cause of global climate change?Q19: Have Montreal Protocol controls of ozone‐depleting substances also protected Earth’s climate?Section VI: Stratospheric ozone in the futureQ20: How is ozone expected to change in the coming decades?

Paper PresentationsClassic paper:

SOLOMON S, GARCIA RR, ROWLAND FS, et al., , ,ON THE DEPLETION OF ANTARCTIC OZONENATURE 321 (6072): 755‐758 JUN 19 1986 

11ftp://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/omi/images/global/Y2014/IM_ozgbl_omi_20140914.png

Papers on Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) 1:

Carslaw KS, Wirth M, Tsias A, et al.Increased stratospheric ozone depletion due to mountain‐induced atmospheric wavesNATURE 391 (6668): 675‐678 FEB 12 1998

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Papers on Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) 2:

Fahey DW, Gao RS, Carslaw KS, et al.The detection of large HNO3‐containing particles in the winter arctic stratosphereSCIENCE 291 (5506) 1026 1031 FEB 9 2001SCIENCE 291 (5506): 1026‐1031 FEB 9 2001 

Pitts M. C.; Poole L. R.; Doernbrack A.; et al.The 2009‐2010 Arctic polar stratospheric cloud season: a CALIPSO perspectiveATMOS CHEM PHYS 11 2161 2177 2011ATMOS. CHEM. PHYS. 11: 2161‐2177, 2011

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Papers on gas phase chemistry and transport:

Muller R, Crutzen PJ, Grooss JU, et al.Severe chemical ozone loss in the Arctic during the winter of 1995‐96NATURE 389 (6652): 709‐712 OCT 16 1997NATURE 389 (6652): 709‐712 OCT 16 1997

Ravishankara AR; Daniel JS; Portmann RWNitrous Oxide (N O): The Dominant Ozone‐DepletingNitrous Oxide (N2O): The Dominant Ozone‐Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21st Century SCIENCE 326  (5949): 123‐125 OCT 2 2009

Liang Q; Newman PA; et al.Constraining the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) budget using its global trend and inter‐hemispheric gradientGeophys Res Lett 41 5307–5315 doi:10 1002/Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 5307 5315, doi:10.1002/2014GL060754, 2014.

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Papers on Polar Ozone Loss:

Manney G., Santee M., Rex M., et alUnprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011NATURE 478: 469‐477, OCT 27 2011

Salby M., Titova E., Deschamps L.Rebound of Antarctic ozone GLR 38 : L09702, 2011

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Source: http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/history.html

Connections with climate change:

Velders, GJM; Andersen, SO; Daniel, JS; et al.The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climateclimatePROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 104 (12): 4814‐4819, 2007

Crutzen PJCrutzen PJAlbedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: A contribution to resolve a policy dilemma?CLIMATIC CHANGE 77 (3‐4): 211‐219 AUG 2006 

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1   The stratosphere –b isome basics

Stratospheric chemistry in a nut‐shellLow and high latitudesLow and high latitudes

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