Announcements

• Thurs 2/2 6:30pm CSB 002 – screening of History and Memory

• Finish reading America is in the Heart for Thurs

• Prof. Solomon’s office hours – T/Th 1:15 to 12:45 in LIT 354 or by appointment

Filipino/AmericanLecture #5: The Manongs & Imperial Hypersexualization

Filipino/American

• 1763 – “Manilamen” of Louisiana• 1902 – 1934 – Philippines under US military

government• US nationals – Filipino American vs

Filipino/American• Large influx of immigrants – almost 150,000

nationally (including HI) by 1920; 30,470 in CA alone• “pensionados”• Laborers in Hawaiian plantations – 110,00• “Alaskeros” – about 3,500• Domestic help/Service labor – about 10,000• Mainland stoop and migrant farm labor – about

30,000

The Manong Generation

• 1902-1934 = “manong” generation• “manong” – Ilocano term of respect for

elder male relatives• 94% male, agricultural peasant class and

under the age of 30• Factors of immigration:• Increased land dispossession due to

transition from Spanish to American governance

• Agricultural depression due to drought – particularly in Ilocos

• Ilocano tradition of inter-regional cultivation

• Contract-labor system and sojourner mentality

• Spanish Catholic gender norms• American “new” imperialism

Positively No Filipinos Allowed

• Segregation of private businesses and spaces

• Naturalization Law of 1790 still in effect• Alien Land Laws and racist housing

practices – find community in Chinatowns, few Manilatowns develop

• Onset of Great Depression exacerbates labor competition between poor whites and Filipinos

• Late 1920s – Anti-Filipino riots up and down west coast• Dec 1929 – Watsonville Riot – white mob

attacks Filipino labor camp; riot lasts 3 days; Filipino casualties

“Dollar a day, dime a dance”

• Racial castration vs imperial hypersexualization• Taxi dance halls sites of racial mixing, class

alliances, violation of gender norms• “You can realize, with the declared preference of

the Filipino for white women and the willingness on the part of some white females to yield to that preference, the situation which arises… California in this matter is seeking to protect the nation, as well as itself, against the peaceful penetration of another colored race” (V.S. McClatchy, Congressional hearings on Filipino immigration)

• The Filipino and the fear of miscegenation:• Roldan v Los Angeles (1933)

• Independence seen as solution to problem of Filipino immigration threatening both white labor and white purity

Philippine Independence

• 1934 – passage of Tydings McDuffie Act• 10 year deadline for independence• Creates Philippine Commonwealth• Immigration limited to 50 annually (except HI)

and Filipinos reclassified immediately as aliens• 1935 Filipino Repatriation Act• US government will pay to send Filipino

immigrants home• July 4, 1946 – Philippine Independence

recognized

Midterm Paper - Due 2/14

1. Both Bone and America is in the Heart are two texts that challenge and complicate linear narrative structures. How are the narrative structures related to the theme of “progress” in both texts? Specifically, what is the relationship between the theme of progress in the novels and the historical and social conditions of Filipino and Chinese immigration? Write a thesis-based essay that defines the concept of “progress” in Bone and America is in the Heart and argues how the theme of progress in the novels is related to the historical conditions of Chinese and Filipino immigration.

2. In America is in the Heart and Citizen 13660, Filipino and Japanese Americans are simultaneously included yet excluded from the US, creating an ambiguous political condition for both groups. How are processes of racialization determining this push and pull between US inclusion and exclusion of these groups? How do America is in the Heart and Citizen 13660 present and respond to the racializing forces excluding Filipino and Japanese Americans from the US political and cultural body? Write a thesis-based essay that defines the term racialization and argues how racialization affects the inclusion and exclusion of Filipinos and Japanese Americans in America is in the Heart and Citizen 13660.