The Journal is the quarterly publication of the British Flat Figure Society.Annual Subscription. U.K. £3

Europe £5, Overseas £7 (Airmail)

Correspondence Address: 8 Chalgrove Close, Bray, Berks.England SL6 1XN

Back. Issues are available as follows: U.K. £1.20Europe £1.70, Overseas £1.95 (all post paid).

Area Representatives

Area No. Region Area Rep. Address. Tel.

1 London and M.Bower The Wye Cottage, 0582-Greater London Chapel Road, 841550

Flamstead,St.Albans,Herts.

2 South-east D.Elliott 47 Springvale, 0795-Kent, E.Sussex Iwade, 76542

Nr.Sittingbourne,Kent

3 Hants. G.E. Bradford Allenstyle House, 0962-24 Bereweeke Way, 68096Winchester,Hants. SO22 6BJ

4 South-west, P. Hancock Denton, 0726-Cornwall, Devon 19 Highfield Ave, 74540

St.Austell,Cornwall PL25 4SN

5 Bristo1 D. Jenkins 68 Filton RoadHorfieldBristol

6 Birmingham J. Redley 12 The Terrace, 0902-Finchfield, 761507Wolverhampton,West Midlands

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7 Manchester R.W.Jackson 7 Campbell CrescentWarrington,Cheshire WA5 3DA

8 Europe and J.Vuilinqhs 8 Chalgrove Close, 0628-Overseas Bray. 75769

Berks SL6 1XN

Dear Members,

While printing this journal we finally crossed the magic mark of 100 members! We are now represented in 8 differentcountries. I must admit that our small committee is straining under the workload but, with the help of our new arearepresentatives, we will be able to maintain and improve the standard of service to our members. We thank thoseof you who wrote to congratulate us on our efforts.

The first small illustrated list of figures (by the Dutch society) was well received and this time we include a listof the French Breteigner figures; again a full catalogue will be available through the Society.

To standardise the ordering of catalogues and figures we include an order form in three languages; this you can usefor all your orders and inquiries from the Society and manufacturers of figures. Should you have problems with acertain manufacturer but don’t speak the language, contact us for help and we will try to deal with the problem. Alist of most flat manufacturers with their addresses and periods is now available; see further on.

Your area representatives have the latest list of members wanting to swap, sell or buy. Contact them for more details.

Interesting little things have happened, some generous offers with help from overseas, and some new figures haveappeared. For more details turn these pages. 1 hope you will enjoy Journal No.3 and keep those letters coming.

Jacques Vullinghs

Editors Comments

I feel I must echo Jacques Vullinghs’ feelings of pleasure that the membership has grown so strongly and is of atruly international nature. Obviously the inclusion of British in the title is indicative of the geographical locationof the head office, so to speak, rather than any partisan leanings!

The last issue of the Journal was well received as we hope this one will be also. We include a number of articlesof a varied nature from members and beg you to send in more, short or long, academic or practical, it’s all welcome.You can send your material to Jacques if you like or to me directly. I haven’t been able to include my own addressin previous issues because of an impending move, but this is now complete so this is where I can be found.

Graham Dixey, 3 College Close, HARROW WEALD,Middlesex HA3 7BZ Tel. 01 954 3085

2Contents: Issue Three – October 1986

Article PageThe Colours taken at Austerlitz - Part Two 3The Standards at Austerlitz (another view) 7Bits and Pieces 9Breteigner Figures, France 10Our New Logo 10Euro Militaire 1986 10Members’ Helpline 11Members Sales and Wants 12Colours in the Ancient World 13Market View 14Members’ Order Form 16

Mike Taylor apologises …..for not being able to write about painting his vignette Imperial Mamelukes in this issue,as promised. Pressure of work has made it impossible but he will be writing for us in Issue Four. The wait willmake it all the more worth while.

And while we’re on the subject of Mike Taylor, may we congratulate him an taking so many awards at EuroMilitaire, as follows:

Single Flat Figures First Saharan Tribal WarriorSecond Arabian Tribal Warrior

Flat Figure Groups First Crusaders and ChariotsFlat Figure Dioramas First The Ottoman Turks

Well done!

A Flats Collector’s Bibliography

“The Collector’s Guide to Model Tin Figures” by Erwin Ortmann“Soldaten des Rokoko” by Waldemar Piecha“Nostalgie in Zinn” by Theodor Nasemann“Modelbau-Praxis das Zinnfiguren Handbuch” by H-J. Zimmermann“Handbuch der Zinnfiguren” by Bruckmann“Weltgeschichte in Zinn” by Heinrich Pleticna“Zinnfiguren” by Curt F.Kollbrunner“Preussen in Zinn” by Prof. Dr. Jul.DiederichThat’s about the limit of my personal library of books devoted solely to ‘flats’. Does anyone know of anymore?

Over the years a number of articles, etc, related to flats have appeared in magazines such as ‘Campaigns’ and‘Military Modelling’ Next issue I hope to give a comprehensive index of these together with details of how to getphotocopies of useful articles.

A number of articles have been received from members and, due to lack of space, it has been impossible toinclude them in this issue. We offer both sincere thanks for sending in the material and apologies that publica-tion of it is delayed. We hope you will bear with us patiently in the meantime.

Graham Dixey

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The Colours Taken at Austerlitz

Part Two

by Jan Redley

French documentation claims the following concerning the standards captured at Austerlitz. Unfortunately thedetails are sketchy; it is not clear which flag a certain soldier took, nor to which regiment the emblem belonged.In many cases it is not clear as to the nationality of the emblem nor whether, in fact, it was a complete standard orjust the staff from which the flag had been torn.

4th line Took two flags which, by the disposition of the armies, would most probably havebeen Austrian.

14th line Took two Russian flags.

18th line Took. 5 flags – no nationalities indicated.

33rd line Corporal Villain cited for his part in the capture of a Russian flag – the 33rd Regimentfaced the Russian regiments of Podolie and Narva.

36th line Captain Guidon took a standard.

43rd line Infantryman Vagueret took a Russian flag.

46th line Grenadier Sergeant Falcaze took a flag. Sergeant Claude took a Russian flag.

48th line Infantryman Pareat made a prisoner of a colour-bearer who had thrown away the staffbut had kept the silk about his person. Infantryman Hubert had himself carried offa flag.

65th line Took two Russian flags.

75th line Fusilier Noble took a flag.

108th line Grenadier Mansy having killed several Russians, threw himself into a large groupof the enemy and took a flag. General Prout took a flag from the enemy.

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10th Light Infantry Corporal Jacot and Carabinier Charpertier each took an Austrian flag.

26th Light Infantry Corporals Baylin and Lebove cited for taking two Russian flags.

Chasseurs de la GardeTook a flag.

Mamelukes Farriers Raulet and Mustapha were shown to have captured two Russian flags.(Gerard indicated two Mamelukes with captured standards, one with an infantrystandard, the other with a cavalry standard).

5th Cuirassiers Commander Jacquemin took a flag from the Russian ranks.

2nd Hussars Captain Braune took an Austrian flag.

5th Chasseurs Colonel Corbineau helped by Brigadier Legendre and Chasseurs Fortierand Tassu took a Russian flag.

26th Chasseurs Captain de Mersserann took a flag from the Russians. Chasseur Biana took a flagwhilst charging Russian infantry. Chasseur Actis also took a flag.

In addition to these standards there were numerous staffs from which the colours had been torn (the 35th Regimentcollected 12 such trophies after the battle). Lachouque (“Napoleon and his Guard”) claims that Rapp “deliveredthe commander and standard of the Chevalier Gardes to the Emperor”.

From the Russian viewpoint things appear slightly different. After the return of various standards brought back byformer prisoners, the following regiments acknowledged the loss of standards.

Azov Lost three coloured standards of the 1797 model - pink iron cross with dark browncorners (some authorities claim the corners to be puce). Cords and tassels of silver.Yellow staff with pink stripe.

Narva Lost two coloured standards of the 1797 model - crimson iron crosses (someauthorities claim bronze) with sky blue corners. A white staff with a crimson(bronze) stripe. Silver cords and tassels - the claim for bronze

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Perm Lost one coloured standard of the 1797 model - buff iron cross with light greencorners. A white staff with a buff stripe.

Koursk Lost two coloured standards of the 1797 model - dark green iron cross with scarletcorners. A black staff with a dark green stripe.

Arkhangelogorod Lost one coloured standard of the 1800 model - black iron cross with poppy redcorners. Silver corner designs with gold cords and tassels.

Podolie Lost all five coloured standards of the 1803 model - pink iron cross with whitecorners. The staff was black with a pink stripe. Corner devices in gold. Cords andtassels silver with orange and black threads.

Novgorod There is no clear evidence as to whether this regiment lost a coloured standard inthe battle. What is known is that in 1814 five of the regiment’s standards were in theArsenal at St.Petersburg and that, after the battle, the regiment seems to have beenin disgrace. It could perhaps be assumed that, after the initial enquiry, the regimenthad lost standards but, like other regiments, they were returned during the monthsfollowing the battle. If we accept that the one missing coloured standard of 1814 waslost in the battle it would have been of the 1797 model - dark brown iron cross withsky blue corner.

As with all the evidence about the lost standards, there are a number of doubtful claims to be added to the moreor less accepted losses. Reports from the Grand Army recorded the capture of colours from the Russian HorseGuards but the Russians accept the loss of standards from line corps but know of no loss of flags or standards fromthe Guard units. Again from the Grand Army there were claims that General Berg (perhaps meaning Murat) seizeda white standard which he kept throughout the combat from, it was believed, the Petite Russie (Grenadiers). Butagain there seems to be no definite proof in either direction. Doubt is also cast upon the claim that Rapp presentedto Napoleon a standard from the Chevalier Gardes when all three of the easily recognisable banners were still tobe found in the regiments’ chapel. History confirms that they were left in the village of Austerlitz before the battle.Major Bigarre (commander of the 4th line) claimed his regiment captured two standards from the MoscowRegiment: it was later proved, however, that these were Austrian standards.

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Returning to Gerard’s painting, there are shown three dark green and gold fringed cavalry standards. Though notcompletely accurate, they may be representations of captured Russian standards. It must be remembered that Gerardwas commissioned to make the painting in 1805 and one would assume that he might have had contact with somewitnesses to the event. The cavalry standards illustrated would be of the 1803 model (See Fig. 4 in the last issueof the Journal) which was carried by all branches of the arm. The coloured standards were green with white cornerdevices for all regiments, the white standard being white with green corner devices. All the designs, including thedouble-headed eagle, were now gold. Each regiment carried four coloured and one white standard. Gerard alsoindicates two Russian infantry standards, these being of the 1803 model; both have a medium blue iron cross withwhite corners and black staffs. This indicates that the ‘captured’ standards came from a regiment raised in theCaucasus inspection area.

Finally returning to the figures, it will be seen that a number of the standards are historically inaccurate, but thiscan be remedied by filing off the detail. With care the minor differences between the 1800 and 1803 models canbe dealt with by careful painting. I know Walter Fischer removes all the detail and repaints the whole standard.He has even painted a number of the standards as Austrian standards, whom we must not forget lost a number ofstandards in the battle.

For further details of the standards and organisation of the Russian army the following books might be useful.

Military Flags of the World 1618-1900Terry Wise/Guido Rossignoli, in hardback or paper back,Blandford Press/Avco Publishing

Flags and Standards of the Napoleonic WarsKeith OverBivouac Books

Russian Armies of the Napoleonic WarsAlbert SeatonOsprey Books

For a good illustration of Gerard’s painting, refer to plate 40 in

Henri Lachouque (translated Anne S.K.Brown)(Napoleon and his Guard) "The Anatomy of Glory"Brown University Press Lunn Humphries.

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The Standards of Austerlitz

Another View by Alastair Bantock

The problem of the identity of the trophies taken by the French at Austerlitz has been one of the great mysteries ofthe flats collectors’ world. Various explanations have appeared over the years in continental journals. The problemhas now been solved by General Andolenko and published in his work, “Aigles de Napoleon contre Drapeaux duTsar”, 1969.

The set of flats representing the presentation is based on the painting by Gerard. The painter received officialpermission to borrow some Russian flags from Les Invalides and these were delivered on 18th August 1809 - itis these that he is presumed to have copied for his painting. These flags were all destroyed by fire at Les Invalidesin 1814, so the painting has some documentary value. Unfortunately, all the trophies of 1805 were in Notre Dame,so those painted by Gerard have to be the trophies of other campaigns - probably earlier. The infantry colours wouldeither be the regiments Belozersk or Nachebourg. The four green cavalry standards shown do not correspond toany model known, and it is possible that Gerard had to make these up. Could they have been Austro-Hungarian?

Now as to the reality of the battle. On 19th January 1806, 49 trophies were laid up at Notre Dame. These are recordedas comprising 29 Russian flags, 4 guidons or standards and 16 Austrian flags. Many of these trophies wereincomplete and, in some cases, comprised only the bare poles from which the flag had been torn. They would seemto be the trophies of the whole campaign. In their claims the French do not differentiate between Austrian and Russiantrophies.

Kutusov in his secret report to the Tsar admits to losing 30 colours, but not a single standard. Quite a number ofthese lost flags found their way back to Russia, having been concealed round the bodies of prisoners during theircaptivity. No losses were recorded by the Russian Guard; in particular the Chevalier Garde left their standards(vescilla) in the village of Austerlitz. The three vescilla presented in 1800 to this corps were on display in theirchapel in 1912.

Each Russian infantry regiment carried six flags, one white (i.e. the colonel’s) and five of colour. These were carriedin pairs by the three battalions.

The conclusion reached by Andolenko is that the following regiments lost complete colours:

Azov: 3 (model 1797);Arkhangelogorod: 1 (model 1800) (taken by 5e Cuirassiers}Narva: 2 (model 1797);Podolie: 5 (model 1803)Koursk: 2 or 5 (model 1797)Perm: 1 (model 1797)

The following lost their colour poles, with shreds of the colours attached:

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Koursk: 1Azov: 3 (of which one is broken and without the spearhead)Perm: 5Narva: 4 (of which one is broken without spearhead or cords)Bourticki: 5Galitek 5 (of which one is broken, without spearhead or cords)Podolie: 1

The colours are as follows:

Azov:White Flag: White cross with the corners rose and mid-brownColoured Flag: Rose cross with the corners mid-brown. Pole straw colour.

Arkhangelgorod:Coloured Flag: Black cross - corners red. There is a blue inscription above and below the Eagle and

a blue ribbon at the base of the wreath. The wreath and ciphers are in silver - thecrowns gold. Gold spearhead and silver cords. This is a special flag given in honourof the taking of a flag of the 55e de Ligne at the Trebbin. Pole black.

Narva:White Flag: White cross. Corners heavenly blue and golden brown (Andolenko shows an

orange-brown)Coloured Flag: Golden brown cross and heavenly blue corners. Pole white.

Podolie:White Flag: White cross with rose corners.Coloured Flag: Rose cross with white corners. The crown, wreath, scroll and cypher are all gold.

Koursk:White Flag: White cross with corners deep green and red.Coloured Flag: Cross deep green and corners red. Pole black.

Perm:White Flag: White cross with corners light brown and green.Coloured Flag: Light brown cross with green corners. Pole white.

The centre medallion is orange with a black eagle.

1797 Model - The Eagle has a red shield on his chest with a gold chain and order. Ball, sceptre and crown gold.The wreath is green and the ribbon blue.

1800 Model - Eagle has a gold crown but holds silver thunderbolts.

1803 Model - The crown and thunderbolts held by the eagle are gold.

The colour of the flag pole denotes the regiment’s seniority in the division and are brown, straw-coloured, whiteor black.

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B.F.F.S. breaches the Iron Curtain again!

One of our more international members, Mr. C.Braysher, has had an interest in flats for several years. After postingsto East Berlin (where he visited the famous maker, Scholtz) and Algiers (plenty of time to paint), he is now in Prague.To his astonishment one day, while strolling through the local markets, he came across a stall selling tin soldiers,amongst them he found several sets of locally produced flats. Unable to communicate with the stall holder, he doesnot know the manufacturer; does anyone recognise the standmark below:

He has heard rumours that there is a Czech flat figure society. We hope he will come up with what could be a mostinteresting new contact.

Hugh Taylor has donated his collection of magazines from the German, Dutch and French societies covering manyyears. His generous gesture is a good start to our B.F.F.S. library and will provide a source of reference materialto many members

He has also honoured us with the task of selling his flat collection on his final departure; this came as a bit of a surprisebut his reasoning that we would be a most suitable society to handle his assets in this way is, of course, quite correct.

This service will be available now on for all our members with a view to getting the best possible price for thenext of kin without any profit to the society. Too many collections have been sold for peanuts to unscrupulous dealers,which is an insult to those who have spent years building and painting their love and pride.

The East German maker Kolbitz died earlier this year and, apparently, his moulds have been scattered all overthe place so that no-one knows where they are. Members with figures by this maker are, consequently, advised tohold on to them.

The West German and Swedish societies - we are connected to these societies. Their response has been friendlyand most helpful and we will be exchanging journals and helping each other’s members with specific informationon local matters.

A Mr. R.T.Szwaba has written to us with details of some flat figures that he has for disposal. There are 36 of them,30mm, very nicely painted and they are Persian cavalrymen of the 5th/6th century A.D. They are armoured men,riding horses with metallic armour and decoration on head and chest. He is open to a fair offer from members. Hewill be taking them to Ancients 86 at Cecil Sharp House, 2 Regents Park Road, London, NW1 for sale there, butif any member would like a prior view perhaps they could ring him on 01 - 470 4493.

Beginners Please .... is having a rest this time but will return in the next issue.

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Breteigner Figures, France

Mr. Breteigner started as a collector of flats and found that the Germans did not cover some of France’s history.Consequently, he commissioned his own moulds and, over the years, his figure list has grown to over 650. Theycover most periods from ancient times to World War Two; he has managed to create some figures that are not foundanywhere else. His Napoleonic and French World War One figures are superb and the other periods include manyexcellent figures.

He is, however, still a collector and enjoys the tactical display of large armies. He has joined our Society as a privatemember and has offered his assistance to all members from his extensive library. Anyone with specific questionscan contact him. See list enclosed for his address. Should you wish to obtain the full listing of his 650 figures, thisis available through the Society for the sum of £2.00 (including postage, U. K., Europe and overseas) but thoseinterested should respond quickly as lists will be mailed on November 1.

Our New Logo.In response to our request for a new design for a logo for the Society, we had several replies, out of which we havechosen that by Belgian member, Jacques Lekeu. He has obviously given the matter great thought and has a nice handwith the pen. I can only do him full justice by giving his own words on the new design.

“The grenade reminds us that most of the figures are soldiers; not becausecollectors are militarists but uniforms are so much more colourful.... The flamesof the grenade are melting the tin in the melting pot on which is the alchemical*symbol of the ‘spirit of tin’ i.e. the volatile part of the tin or, in a figurative sense,its soul, which gives life to the figure. It also suggests that figure collectors are,in the eyes of other people, rather strange people belonging to some esotericsect...... The garter-like belt with the motto is a reminder of the original badgeand gives to the whole a definitely British look. The burin and the brush representthe craftsmanship (for engraving the slates) and the artistry for creating a goodflat figure.”

Jacques has given us an excellent badge, which I hope will appeal to our subscribers. Now perhaps we shouldconsider having a lapel badge made, if there is sufficient demand for one.

Euro Militaire 1986

As mentioned in an earlier Journal, the Society was present at this prestigious event with a good display of flats.Jacques Vullinghs, his wife Janna and Jim Woodley were on duty for the whole of the time and received many visitorsas well as enrolling some new members. In a separate cabinet nearby was Mike Taylor’s collection of prize-winningflats. The latter’s successes have already been mentioned but thanks should also go to Walter Fischer for givinga demonstration of the way in which he paints his superlative flats.

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On the competition side, the full results of the flats’ classes were as follows.

Class 10. Single Flat Figures

First Place: M.C.Taylor Saharan Tribal WarriorSecond Place: M.C.Taylor Arabian Tribal WarriorThird Place: M. Daubenton Leopold 1I

Class 11. Flat Figure Groups

First Place: M.C.Taylor Crusaders and ChariotsSecond Place: W.Fischer Banners of the Emperor MaximillianThird Place: M. Talmant Maximillian I

Class 12. Flat Figure Dioramas

First Place: M.C.Taylor The Ottoman TurksSecond Place: M. Talmant Les PersesThird Place: T.Morgan Landsknechts

The first Euro Militaire was a great success and planning is already in hand for next year, so start painting now!

Members’ Helpline

The first plea comes from Allan McMurchie in West Lothian who has a perennial problem with ‘pitting’ in flats:it coincides with detail and he would like to know how to fill it without losing the detail. Well, I consulted ourtechnical expert, Jim Woodley and here are three possible ways of doing it.

(a) Progressively fill in the pits with paint - the brush allows you to manipulate the paint without covering the detail.

(b) Use plasticene - push small quantities into the pitting and carefully scrape off to surface level with the tip ofa knife or some fine edge. You can virtually re-engrave the detail through the inlaid plasticene. Then prime and paintin the normal way.

(c) Another way is to use Milliput. If you’ve any experience with this material you’ll know that, when soft, it canbe washed off with water. So, fill in the pits with Milliput and, before it’s set, use water on a brush to wash offthe surplus and maintain the detail in the casting.

I hope the above solve the problem.

Kjelo Lulhoff of Lavravej 14/60 2500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark., needs painting details for the series The Fieldof the Cloth of Gold. You can write to him direct if you wish, but perhaps you’d also consider putting together thedetails for an article in the Journal.

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Members’ sales and Wants.

Lt. Col. Clarke has the following flats for sale or swap:Romans

Heinrichsen, 4 oval boxes, spearmen, archers& slingers (approx. 20 per box), painted.

MediaevalHeinrichsen, 60 civilians boxed and 2 horsebackfigs. on same stand.

1870/1914Heinrichsen boxed setsGERMAN Gunners, 2 boxes: Machine-gunners, 2 boxes:Signal light unit: Colonial staff and cav, 2 boxes.BRITISH Gren.Guards, 2 boxes: Infantry (spiked helmets):Foot artillery (no guns): Lancers: Supply (10 mtd.dvrs.):Life Guards: Dragoon Guards.USA Cavalry (North)SWEDEN InfantryTURKEY Staff (1850)CHINA CavalryFRENCH Field Jaegers: Grenade throwers: Infantry (1914),review order mounted on card 65

30 Years War:Ochel painted: Approx 900 figs. in two armies.Imperialists and Swedish forces includingcavalry, infantry, artillery & wagon train.SWEDISH Cavalry: 136 (Dragoons, Cuirassiersand Light Cavalry). Infantry: 227 (Colours,Pikemen and Musketeers).IMPERIALIST Cavalry: 82 (Lancers & Reformadoes~Infantry: 315 (Colours, Pikemen, Musketeers, etc.)

Lt.Col Clarke also wishes to buy painted Heinrichsen figures as follows:French cavalry and infantry; British Colour Bearers.

Stuart Armstrong has the following wants:1. Wolfgang Hafer: Hawk Moghul hunting party, Duc de Berry

Wolfgang Hafer: Pharaoh hunting wildfowl on the Nile3. Wolfgang Hafer: Dance of Salome4. Wolfgang Hafer: Samson and Delilah5. Helmut Braune: 15th century boar hunt6. George Cortu sets: (a) Romans on the march

(b) Battle of Issus7. Christ’s entry into Jerusalem - any maker8. Ancient Assyrian lion hunt - any maker

H.Hofmeister,USA needs two figures to complete Prussian Hussards in Battle inc. Prince Louis Ferdinand1792-1806, design Rousselot, Engr. Pepin? NP3a and NP3b. He also needs to identify the 8 figs. in EnglishGeneral Staff at Waterloo, Engr. S.Maier, sold by Segom or Boverat, Nos PS1-PS8.

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R.Knutsen, East Sussex has, for sale or swap, many Seven Years War figures; Ochel’s best quality and Scholtz,painted but can easily be removed.

R.W.Spencer-Smith, Surrey wishes to dispose of good Ochels and Mignots, mainly ancients but also Napoleonicsand others.

J.D.Bullock, Essex wants Mignot Napoleonics.

R.Clarke, Sussex has for sale many ancient and medieval figs.

D.Preston, West Midlands wants ancient Egyptians and Old Testament figures.

J.Vullinghs, Berks. has for sale Mignot infantry and Sivhed, Sweden, Thirty Years War figures.

If anyone wishes to contact any of the above gentlemen, would they please write to us enclosing a letter in a stampedenvelope with the name of the person they wish to contact written on the front. We will then add the address andpost it. We hope you appreciate that this cumbersome method is designed for the security of members.

Colours in the ancient World

by Cassius Maximus

To those who wish to paint up Ancients, costume is all very well, but colours are more important. So here I willgive the ‘seven’ pigments as known to the Ancients, followed by a list of the favoured colours in use with the variousnations. As follows:-

White:- The pigment used in Greece was a ‘pipe clay’ called Melinum, and was found at Melos. Other sortswere Creta Selinusia from Sicily, also Creta Anularia, which was a composition of chalk and glass; white leadwas also obtained from Rhodes, Corinth and Sparta.

Yellow:- The pigments in use were yellow ochre and orpiment; the best kinds of the former came from themines of Laurium but was also found in Scyros, Achaia, Gaul, Cappadocia, Cyprus and Lydia. Orpiment was oftwo kinds, a golden yellow from Mysia and a dull yellow from Pontus and Cappadocia.

Red:- One of the oldest pigments was Ruddle; this is a red earth. In the Homeric age it was used to ornamentthe bows of ships, and later Greek vases owed their brilliant hue to Ruddle from Cape Colias on the Attic coast.It was also found in Cappadocia, North Africa, Hispania., Lemnos, Chios and the Balearic Isles. Another mineralsupplying red and sometimes yellow was Sandarach, found in Paphlagonia. An artificial substitute of the latter wasobtained by burning ‘white lead’, result ‘red lead’. Cinnabar was also found in Hispania.

Blue:- The pigment used from earliest times was a blue silicate of copper, generally mixed with chalk. It wasfound in small quantities in copper mines, and artificial kinds made by heating strongly sand and filings of coppertogether, which produced a deep sky blue. Lapis Lazuli was also pounded into a pigment.

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Green:- Several pigments were in use: malachite pounded and sifted with alum and woad: Creta viridis:the best kind came from Smyrna, which is a mixture of ochre, oxide of iron, magnesia, potash and water (still usedunder the name Terre Verte) and verdigris.

Black:- This pigment was almost always obtained by combustion; one way it was produced was by dryingand burning the “lees” of wine; another by burning pine twigs. The best black pigment was called AtramentumIndicum, originally coming from India, and known nowadays as Indian Ink.

Purple:- The finest and most costly was obtained from two shells in the Mediterranean; one the trumpet shell,the other the true purple shell. The former produced a small quantity of scarlet liquid, the latter black and red. Thefamous seaport of Tyre gave its name to this colour (i.e. Tyrian Purple). By mixing the Purple with other matters,water, urine and orchilla, heliotrope blue, mauve-blue and violet-yellow were obtained.

Now follows a list, by no means complete, of favoured colours of various nations. As follows:-

The Carthaginians - Yellow, black and vermillion.The Celtiberians - White tunics bordered with purple.The Assyrians and Babylonians - Dark green, dark blue, earthy red, golden yellow, plum, deep blue,

rich dark green, yellow ochre, brick red, black, silver, gold and TyrianPurple, which was reserved for royalty.

The Hebrews - As the Assyrians and Babylonians but white predominated.The Egyptians - A basis of white, light blue, earthy red, yellow, light green, dark blue,

brown, yellow ochre, soft blue, bright green, black, dull purple.The Etruscans - Indian Red, black, dull gold, blue, white, brown, primrose, ochre

red, blue-green, creamy yellow.Britons and Gauls - Crimson, woad blue, purple, scarlet, yellow, brown, flaming red,

white, green, black, saffron.The Germans - As the Britons and Gauls but much duller colours.The Persians - Similar to the Assyrians and Babylonians, but more subtle.

Predominant colour was a dull red; purple was still kept for royalty.The Greeks - Blue-purple, red-purple, purple of Casium (wine red), scarlet,

vermilion, yellow, saffron, yellow ochre, sulphur, emerald, viridian,apple green, dark green, indigo blue, light brown, stone,orange, greenish-yellow.

From reading ancient writers it appears that the Greeks, Carthaginians and Gauls were noted for their gaudy colours.Of interest, regarding stripes and checks, the Gauls wore their stripes around the body (i.e. hoops), the Britons hadtheirs vertically - both had check garments, formed often of four or five different colours, i.e. patchwork.

Market View

by Jim Woodley

Nicopolis 1396: Ulrich Lehnart, Im Sonnenschein 25, 5503 Konz-Niedermennig, West Germany. I have awaitedthis series with some impatience since I first learned of it. Fellow member Ehrhard Finster and I were attendingthe Klio meeting at Ingolstadt some years, ago and we met Herr Lehnart in the army museum where he was researching

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the Ottoman Turks, He explained the project and my interest wasimmediate, as I had then recently read ‘A Distant Mirror’ by BarbaraTuchman, in which the battle is featured. A further plus was the suggestionthat these knights could also be used for the battle of Agincourt.

Alas, only two of them are available at the moment, BUR 101 & 102, butthere are fourteen Ottomans, which should delight at least one other

member I could mention. Herr Lehnart is an excellent designer and always employs good engravers, so I'm surethis series will be well received.

Two new releases from Segom Miniatures, Rue Faraday, 75017 Paris, France are

(1) Les Cantinieres du Secorid Empire, SE 1-9, which comes hard on the heels of Wolfgang Hafer’s 50mmseries of cantinieres. Of the two I’m inclined to prefer Segom’s 30mms as each group is complete in itself. Ifyou have access to copies of the lithographs of H.Lalaisse on which they are based, there should be many hoursof pleasurable painting.

(2) Les Derniers Trophees depicts General Flahaut presenting Napoleon with British standards captured atWaterloo. I have certain reservations. For a start, the scene thus shown exists only in the imagination and handof Segom’s proprietor, Jean Barriere, and although the uniforms may be correct, and the standards all fairlycaptured, one cannot help thinking that the most hardened Napoleonic fan here might find his loyalty tested atthe sight of this non-event. Maybe it’s the privilege of the defeated to dream!

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Flats from the Dutch Tin Round Table.To be able to give you all at least an idea of what is available from Holland, I had to reduce the figures and bunchthem up. The result is not ideal but should be enough to wet your appetite.I have seen some of these figures and the quality was good.We have the full catalogue available with English translations (about 12 pages of A4), this includes detailedexplanations on the figures, events and prices if bought through the BMMS.For this send £1.25 to the BMMS, Overseas members £1.75 (airmail).Once you have your catalogues and want to order figures, I would like to suggest you send us your orders. Shouldthe total be interesting enough I will try and negotiate favourable prices, if not I will pass them on to the Dutch societyand they will be handled individually.For those of you wishing to contact them directly the address is:John Th. Lamboo, Witte de Withlaan 16, 3941 WS Doorn, Holland.Prices are about £0.35 Foot, £0.66 Horse. Add to this Postage, 15% V.A.T. £1.00 for the post office to collect theV.A.T., and about £1.50 bank charges to get your Dutch Currency.Maybe as a society we can save you some of this hassle and bother as well as some of the extra costs.I hope members will appreciate little lists like this one, let me know and I could do the same in the next Journalwith the figures from SEGOM, Paris

Explanation to some of the figures shown:---------------------------------Army of Prins Maurits, 1600-1700. Could be used with the Goldberg and Western Miniatures figures. 80-89, 99-103, 112-119, 121-128, 202, 203.The Wedding of Princess Henriette of Orange with Frederik of Brandenburg. Period 1646, many civilianfigures. 146-169.The Landing of William of Orange at Scheveningen, 1813, coming from England. Set with Lord Clancarty,English sailor from the “Warrior” and fisherfolk. 72-77, 170-172.“The Golden Century, Rembrandt van Rijn”. Rembrandt, in his studio, discussing the commissioning of “theNightwatch” with Officers end Gentlemen of the city of Amsterdam. 9-11, 17-21, 144, 145, 178-181.De Muiderkring (the Muider Circle). Dutch poets, writers, architects, artists and scientists during one of theirregular meetings in the 17th Century. 1-8, 16, 22-24.The Dutch at Quatre Bras and Waterloo. Horse Artillery 26-30, 38-56, Carabiniers 1 & 3 regiments 12-15, 31-35, Hussards nr. 6 (van Boreel) 90-96, 120, 189, 190, Infantry 186-188.Royal Golden Coach, 1898-present, numbers 57-63.Cheese market, 68-71.

J. V.