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Annual Updatein Intensive Careand Emergency Medicine 2012Edited by J.-L. Vincent

Annual Updatein Intensive Careand EmergencyMedicine 2012Edited by J.-L. Vincent

The series Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicineis the continuation of the series entitled Yearbook of Intensive CareMedicine in Europe and Intensive Care Medicine: Annual Update in theUnited States.

Editor:Prof. Jean-Louis Vincent

Head, Department of Intensive CareErasme Hospital, Universite libre de BruxellesRoute de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium

ISBN 978-3-642-25715-5 ISBN 978-3-642-25716-2 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-25716-2

ISSN 2191-5709

Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

ˇ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012

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Table of Contents

I Mechanisms of Sepsis and Critical Illness

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Severe Sepsis: Insights from EpigeneticsW.F. Carson IV and S.L. Kunkel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

The Neuroendocrine Axis: The Nervous System and InflammationK. Weismüller, M.A. Weigand, and S. Hofer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

The mHLA-DR System in the Critically IllA. Gouel, A. Lepape, and B. Allaouchiche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Gut Microbiome and Host-defense Interactions during Critical IllnessT.J. Schuijt, T. van der Poll, and W.J. Wiersinga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

II Metabolomics

The Metabolomic Approach to the Diagnosis of Critical IllnessN. Nin, J.L. Izquierdo-Garcıa, and J.A. Lorente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Metabolomics in Critically ill Patients: Focus on Exhaled AirL.D.J. Bos, P.J. Sterk, and M.J. Schultz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

III Sepsis Management

Cardiovascular Effects of Norepinephrine in Septic ShockX. Monnet and J.-L. Teboul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Vasopressin Therapy in Septic ShockS. Rehberg, M. Westphal, and C. Ertmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Antimicrobial Peptides and their Potential Application in Inflammationand Sepsis

T. Schuerholz, K. Brandenburg, and G. Marx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Hypogammaglobulinemia in SepsisM. Päsler, S. Dietz, and K. Werdan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Timing IgM Treatment in Sepsis: Is Procalcitonin the Answer?Z. Molnar and J. Fogas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Sepsis Stewardship Programs: Methods and ResultsM. Girardis, S. Busani, and A. Pan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

V

IV Endocrine Support

The Corticotropin Test in Critical Illness: Traps and TricksB. Venkatesh and J. Cohen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Glitazones: Could They Have a Rosy Future in Critical Care?S.K.M. Marment, A.J. Semark, and P.S. Kruger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

V Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The Complex Interaction Between Sepsis and Lung InjuryR. Herrero, I. Martin-Loeches, and A. Artigas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Biomarkers of Acute Lung InjuryJ.A. Lorente, N. Nin, and A. Esteban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Role of the Renin-angiotensin System in ARDSV. Zambelli, A. Grassi, and G. Bellani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

The Rise and Fall of q -Agonists in the Treatment of ARDSC.R. Bassford, D.R. Thickett, and G.D. Perkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Repair after Acute Lung Injury: Molecular Mechanisms and TherapeuticOpportunities

A. Gonzalez-Lopez and G.M. Albaiceta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

VI Respiratory Support

Non-invasive Ventilation Outside the ICUG. Landoni, A. Zangrillo, and L. Cabrini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Dyspnea in the Mechanically Ventilated PatientA. Demoule, M. Schmidt, and T. Similowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

How to Improve Oxygenation before Intubation in Patients at RiskB. Jung, I. Azuelos, and S. Jaber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Position and the Compromised Respiratory SystemG.A. Cortes, D.J. Dries, and J.J. Marini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

VII Pneumonia

Severe Community-acquired PneumoniaJ. Vergragt, J. Kesecioglu, and D.W. de Lange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Empiric Therapy for Gram-positive Bloodstream Infections and PneumoniaM. Bassetti and G. Villa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Oral Biofilms, Systemic Disease, and PneumoniaM.P. Wise and D.W. Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Novel Preventive Strategies for Ventilator-associated PneumoniaA. Coppadoro, E.A. Bittner, and L. Berra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Viral-associated Ventilator-associated PneumoniaM. Esperatti, A. Lopez-Giraldo, and A. Torres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

VI Table of Contents

VIII Fungal Infections

Early Recognition of Invasive Candidiasis in the ICUP.-E. Charles, R. Bruyere, and F. Dalle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Management of Invasive Candidiasis in the Critically IllJ. Garnacho-Montero, A. Dıaz-Martin, and J.A. Marquez-Vacaro 324

Use of Antifungal Drugs during Continuous Hemofiltration TherapiesP.M. Honore, R. Jacobs, and H.D. Spapen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

IX Hemodynamic Optimization

Guytonian Approach to the CirculationH.D. Aya, A. Rhodes, and M. Cecconi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Perioperative Hemodynamic Optimization: A Way to Individual GoalsJ. Benes, R. Pradl, and I. Chytra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Perioperative Goal-directed Therapy: Monitoring, Protocolized Careand Timing

M. Cecconi, C. Corredor, and A. Rhodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

Blood Lactate Levels: A Manual for Bedside UseJ. Bakker and T.C. Jansen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

X Fluids and Blood Transfusion

The Meaning of Fluid ResponsivenessR. Giraud, N. Siegenthaler, and K. Bendjelid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

Respiratory Variation in the Perioperative and Critical Care SettingsR.H. Thiele, J. Raphael, and A.D. Shaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Fluid Resuscitation: Think MicrocirculationS. Tanaka, A. Harrois, and J. Duranteau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Human Albumin in the Management of Complications of Liver CirrhosisM. Bernardi, C. Maggioli, and G. Zaccherini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

The Ability of Red Blood Cell Transfusions to Reach the MicrocirculationK. Yuruk, R. Bezemer, and C. Ince . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Transfusion-related Pulmonary ComplicationsA.D. Goldberg, L. Clifford, and D.J. Kor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

XI Pulmonary Edema

Confounders in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Edema in Surgical PatientsF.Y. Lui, G. Luckianow, and L.J. Kaplan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Neurogenic Pulmonary EdemaD.L. Davison, M. Terek, and L.S. Chawla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

XII Emergencies

Pre-hospital Resuscitative Interventions: Elemental or DetrimentalM.J. Lippmann, G.A. Salazar, and P.E. Pepe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Table of Contents VII

Afferent Limb of Rapid Response System ActivationJ. Moore, M. Hravnak, and M.R. Pinsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

Bradykinin-mediated AngioedemaB. Floccard, E. Hautin, and B. Allaouchiche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

XIII Cardiac Arrest

Controlled Oxygenation after Cardiac ArrestC.E. Hommers and J.P. Nolan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Is There Still a Place for Vasopressors in the Treatment of Cardiac Arrest?C. Sandroni, F. Cavallaro, and M. Antonelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Cerebral Blood Flow after Cardiac ArrestL.L.A. Bisschops, C.W.E. Hoedemaekers, and J.G. van der Hoeven . . . 545

Post-resuscitation Care: What’s Most Important for a Good Outcome?P. Meybohm, J.-T. Graesner, and B. Bein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

XIV Pathogenesis of AKI

Role of Leukocytes in the Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney InjuryG.R. Kinsey and M.D. Okusa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

Worsening Renal Function during Decompensated Heart Failure:The Cardio-abdomino-renal Syndrome

F.H. Verbrugge, W. Mullens, and M. Malbrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

XV Diagnosis of AKI

Subclinical Damage in Acute Kidney Injury: A Novel ParadigmS.M. Bagshaw and M. Haase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

A Troponin for the Kidney: Not There YetL.G. Forni, M. Ostermann, and B.J. Philips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

Possible Role of NGAL as an Early Renal BiomarkerS. Kokkoris, S. Nanas, and P. Andrews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

NGAL Curve for the Early Diagnosis of AKI in Heart Failure PatientsC. Ronco and B. Noland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

Urine Output and the Diagnosis of Acute Kidney InjuryJ.R. Prowle and R. Bellomo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

XVI Management of AKI

Fluid Overload in Heart Failure and Cardiorenal Syndrome: The “5B” ApproachC. Ronco and W.F. Peacock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Coupled Plasma Filtration-adsorptionG. Berlot, A. Tomasini, and A. Agbedjro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653

VIII Table of Contents

XVII Nutrition

Best Timing for Energy Provision during Critical IllnessM.M. Berger and C. Pichard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

Pharmaconutrition with Selenium in ICU PatientsW. Manzanares, I. Hardy, and G. Hardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

XVIII Trauma

A New Understanding of Coagulopathy in TraumaM.C. Reade and A.D. Holley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689

Diagnosis of Occult Bleeding in PolytraumaF. Corradi, C. Brusasco, and P. Pelosi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699

Mitochondrial Dysfunction after Traumatic Brain InjuryJ. Sahuquillo, M.-A. Merino, and C. Airado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710

The First 24 Hours after Severe Head TraumaB. Vigue, C. Ract, and K. Tazarourte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722

XIX Neurological Aspects

Brain Tissue Oxygen Monitoring in Neurocritical CareP. Geukens and M. Oddo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

Quantitative EEG for the Detection of Brain IschemiaB. Foreman and J. Claassen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746

Transitory Vegetative State/unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome:Does it Exist?

M.-A. Bruno, D. Ledoux, and S. Laureys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759

XX Sedation

Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Sedative Agents in Severe TraumaticBrain Injury

D.J. Roberts and D.A. Zygun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

‘Cooperative Sedation’: Optimizing Comfort while Maximizing Systemicand Neurological Function

H.E. Goodwin, J.J. Lewin III, and M.A. Mirski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

XXI Management, Method and Morale

Pre-hospital Care and Orientation of Critically Ill Geriatric PatientsJ. Mantz, F.-X. Duchateau, and A. Burnod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797

Total Rehabilitation of the Critically IllR.D. Griffiths, C. Jones, and A. Gilmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803

Psychological Burnout in Acute Care Medicine: “Physician Heal Thyself”P.G. Brindley, B. Patel, and P.A. Farnan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

Designing a Safer Intensive Care UnitM. Ferri and H.T. Stelfox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819

Table of Contents IX

Challenges in Implementing Evidence-based MedicineA.C. Kajdacsy-Balla Amaral and G.D. Rubenfeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

X Table of Contents

List of Contributors

Agbedjro A

Department of Anesthesia andIntensive CareCattinara HospitalStrada di Fiume 44734149 TriesteItaly

Airado C

Department of Neurotraumatology andNeurosurgery Research UnitVall d’Hebron University HospitalPaseo Vall d’Hebron 119–12908035 BarcelonaSpain

Albaiceta GM

Department of Functional Biology,Physiology AreaUniversity of Oviedo, Faculty of MedicineJulian Claveria s/n33006 OviedoSpain

Allaouchiche B

Department of Anesthesia andIntensive CareHospices CivilsCHU Edouard HerriotPlace d’Arsonval69437 LyonFrance

Amaral Kajdacsy-Balla AC

Department of Critical Care MedicineSunnybrook Health Sciences Center2075 Bayview AveOffice D1 34Toronto, ON M4N 3M5Canada

Andrews P

Center for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity HospitalEdinburgh, EH4 2XUUnited Kingdom

Antonelli M

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCatholic University School of MedicineLargo Gemelli 800168 RomeItaly

Artigas A

Department of Intensive CareSabadell HospitalParc Tauli08208 SabadellSpain

Aya HD

General Intensive Care DepartmentSt George’s HospitalLondon, SW17 0QTUnited Kingdom

Azuelos I

Meakins Christie Laboratory andRespiratory DivisionMcGill University Health Care CenterMontreal, QC H2X 2P2Canada

Bagshaw SM

Division of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Alberta Hospital3C1.16 Walter C. Mackenzie Center8440–112 StreetEdmonton, AB T6G 2B7Canada

XI

Bakker J

Department of Adult Intensive CareErasmus MC University MedicalCenterPO Box 2040, Room H-6253000 CA RotterdamNetherlands

Bassetti M

Infectious Diseases DivisionSanta Maria della MisericordiaUniversity HospitalPiazzale Santa Maria dellaMisericordia 1533100 UdineItaly

Bassford CR

Division of Health SciencesClinical Trials UnitUniversity of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7ALUnited Kingdom

Bein B

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineSchleswig-Holstein UniversityHospitalSchwanenweg 2124105 KielGermany

Bellani G

Department of Perioperative Medicineand Intensive CareSan Gerardo HospitalVia Pergolesi 3320900 MonzaItaly

Bellomo R

Department of Intensive CareAustin HospitalStudley RoadHeidelberg, VIC 3084Australia

Bendjelid K

Intensive Care UnitGeneva University HospitalRue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 41211 Geneva 14Switzerland

Benes J

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCharles University HospitalAlej Svobody 80304 60 PlzenCzech Republic

Berger MM

Adult ICU and Burns CenterCHUVRue du Bugnon 461011 LausanneSwitzerland

Berlot G

Department of Anesthesia andIntensive CareCattinara HospitalStrada di Fiume 44734149 TriesteItaly

Bernardi M

Department of Clinical MedicineS. Orsola-Malpighi PolyclinicVia Albertoni 1540138 BolognaItaly

Berra L

Department of Anesthesia, CriticalCare and Pain MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital55 Fruit StBoston, MA 02114USA

Bezemer R

Department of TranslationalPhysiologyAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

XII List of Contributors

Bisschops LLA

Department of Intensive CareMedicineRadboud University Medical CenterPO Box 91016500 HB NijmegenNetherlands

Bittner EA

Department of Anesthesia, CriticalCare and Pain MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital55 Fruit StBoston, MA 02114USA

Bos LDJ

Department of Intensive CareMedicineAcademic Medical CenterG3–228Meibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

Brandenburg K

Department of BiophysicsForschungszentrumParkallee 1023845 BorstelGermany

Brindley PG

Division of Critical Care Medicine3c1.04 University of Alberta Hospital8440–112 StreetEdmonton, AB T6G 2B7Canada

Bruno M-A

Coma Science GroupCyclotron Research Centre andNeurology DepartmentUniversity of Liege-Sart Tilman (B30)4000 LiegeBelgium

Brusasco C

Department of Surgical Sciences andIntegrated DiagnosticsUniversity HospitalLargo Rosanna Benzi 816132 GenoaItaly

Bruyere R

Department of Medical Intensive CareBocage Central Hospital, C.H.U.14 rue GaffarelB.P. 7790821079 DijonFrance

Burnod A

Department of Anesthesia, IntensiveCare and Prehospital EmergencyMedicineBeaujon University Hospital100 Boulevard du General Leclerc92110 ClichyFrance

Busani S

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity HospitalVia del Pozzo 7141100 ModenaItaly

Cabrini L

Department of CardiothoracicAnesthesia and Intensive CareSan Raffaele Scientific InstituteVia Olgettina 6020132 MilanItaly

Carson IV WF

Department of PathologyUniversity of Michigan MedicalSchool109 Zina Pitcher Place, 4710 BSRBAnn Arbor, MI 48109USA

List of Contributors XIII

Cavallaro F

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCatholic University School ofMedicineLargo Gemelli 800168 RomeItaly

Cecconi M


Charles P-E

Department of Medical Intensive CareBocage Central Hospital, C.H.U.14 rue GaffarelB.P. 7790821079 DijonFrance

Chawla LS

Department of Critical Care Medicineand AnesthesiologyGeorge Washington UniversityMedical Center900 23rd Street, NWRoom G-105Washington, DC 20037United States

Chytra I


Claassen J

Division of Neurocritical CareNeurological InstituteColumbia University Medical Center710 W. 168th StNew York, NY 10032USA

Clifford L

Multidisciplinary EpidemiologyTranslational Research in IntensiveCare (METRIC)Division of Critical Care MedicineMayo Clinic200 First St S.W.Rochester, MN 55905USA

Cohen J

Department of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra and WesleyHospitalsUniversity of QueenslandIpswich RoadQLD 4102, WoolloongabbaAustralia

Coppadoro A

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareSan Gerardo HospitalVia Pergolesi 3320052 MonzaItaly

Corradi F


Corredor C


Cortes GA

Department of Pulmonary andCritical Care MedicineRegions Hospital, Office E3844640 Jackson StreetSt. Paul, MN 55101USA

XIV List of Contributors

Dalle F

Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology,Bocage Central Hospital, C.H.U.14 rue GaffarelB.P. 7790821079 DijonFrance

Davison DL


de Lange DW

Department of Intensive CareMedicine, F06.135University Medical Center3584 CX UtrechtNetherlands

Demoule A

Medical Intensive Care Unit andRespiratory DivisionGroupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere47–83 Boulevard de l’Hopital75013 ParisFrance

Dıaz-Martın A

Intensive Care UnitVirgen del Rocio University HospitalAvd Manual Siuort s/n41013 SevilleSpain

Dietz S

Department of Medicine IIIMartin-Luther UniversityErnst-Grube-Str. 4006096 Halle (Saale)Germany

Dries DJ

Department of Pulmonary andCritical Care MedicineRegions Hospital, Office E3844640 Jackson StreetSt. Paul, MN 55101USA

Duchateau F-X


Duranteau J

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareAP-HP Hopitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud78 avenue du General Leclerc94275 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

Ertmer C

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity HospitalAlbert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Bld. A148149 MuensterGermany

Esperatti M

Department of PneumologyHospital ClinicVillaroel 17008036 BarcelonaSpain

Esteban A

Department of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalCarretera de Toledo km 12.50028905 MadridSpain

List of Contributors XV

Farnan PA

Department of Family PracticeUniversity of British ColumbiaSuite 303–4180 Lougheed HwyBurnaby, BC V5C 6A7Canada

Ferri M

Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Calgary3134 Hospital Drive NWMcCaig TowerCalgary, AB T2N 4Z6Canada

Floccard B


Fogas J

Department of Anesthesia andIntensive TherapyUniversity of Szeged6 Semmelweis St6725 SzegedHungary

Foreman B

Comprehensive Epilepsy CenterNeurological InstituteColumbia University Medical Center710 W. 168th StNew York, NY 10032USA

Forni LG

Department of Critical CareWestern Sussex Hospitals TrustWorthing, BN11 2DHUnited Kingdom

Garnacho-Montero J

Intensive Care UnitUniversity Hospital Virgen del RocioAvd Manual Siuort s/n41013 SevilleSpain

Geukens P

Department of Intensive CareMedicineUniversity Hospital and Faculty ofBiology and MedicineCHUV-BH 08.6231011 LausanneSwitzerland

Gilmore A

Department of MusculoskeletalBiology, Institute of Ageing & ChronicDiseaseFaculty of Health & Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolDuncan Building, UCDDaulby StreetLiverpool L69 3GAUnited Kingdom

Girardis M

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity HospitalVia del Pozzo 7141100 ModenaItaly

Giraud R

Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalRue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 41211 Geneva 14Switzerland

Goldberg AD

Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Critical CareMayo Clinic200 First Street S.W.Rochester, MN 55905USA

Gonzalez-Lopez A

Department of Functional Biology,Physiology AreaFaculty of Medicine, University ofOviedoJulian Claveria s/n33006 OviedoSpain

XVI List of Contributors

Goodwin HE

Department of Neurocritical CareJohns Hopkins Hospital600 North Wolfe StreetCarnegie 180Baltimore, MD 21287USA

Gouel A


Graesner J-T


Grassi A

Department of Perioperative Medicineand Intensive CareSan Gerardo HospitalVia Pergolesi 3320900 MonzaItaly

Griffiths RD

Department of MusculoskeletalBiology, Institute of Ageing & ChronicDiseaseFaculty of Health & Life Sciences,University of LiverpoolDuncan Building, UCDDaulby StreetLiverpool, L69 3GAUnited Kingdom

Haase M

Department of Nephrology andHypertension, Diabetology andEndocrinologyOtto-von-Guericke UniversityLeipziger Strasse 4439120 MagdeburgGermany

Hardy G

Faculty of Medical and HealthSciencesUniversity HospitalPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand

Hardy I

5 Grahame StreetAucklandNew Zealand

Harrois A

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareAP-HP Hopitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud78 avenue du General Leclerc94275 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

Hautin E


Herrero R

Department of Intensive CareSabadell HospitalParc Tauli08208 SabadellSpain

List of Contributors XVII

Hoedemaekers CWE


Hofer S

Anesthesiology DepartmentUniversity HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 11069120 HeidelbergGermany

Holley AD

Department of Intensive CareMedicineRoyal Brisbane & Women’s HospitalHerston, QLD 4029Australia

Hommers CE

Department of Anesthesia andIntensive CareUniversity HospitalUpper Maudlin StreetBristol, BS2 8HWUnited Kingdom

Honore PM

Department of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalLaarbeeklaan 1011090 BrusselsBelgium

Hravnak M

Department of Critical Care Medicine606 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA

Ince C


Izquierdo-Garcıa JL

Department of Chemistry-Physics IIFaculty of PharmacyComplutense UniversityPlaza de Ramon y Cajal28040 MadridSpain

Jaber S

Department of Intensive Care,Anesthesiology and Critical CareSaint Eloi Teaching Hospital80 Avenue Augustin Fliche34295 MontpellierFrance

Jacobs R

Department of Intensive CareMedicineUniversity HospitalLaarbeeklaan 1011090 BrusselsBelgium

Jansen TC

Department of Adult Intensive CareMedicineErasmus MC University MedicalCenterPO Box 2040, Room H-6253000 CA RotterdamNetherlands

Jones C

Intensive Care UnitWhiston HospitalWarrington RoadPrescot, L35 5DRUnited Kingdom

Jung B

Department of Intensive Care,Anesthesiology and Critical CareSaint Eloi Teaching Hospital80 Avenue Augustin Fliche34295 MontpellierFrance

XVIII List of Contributors

Kaplan LJ

Department of SurgerySection of Trauma, Surgical CriticalCare and Surgical EmergenciesYale University School of Medicine330 Cedar Street, BB-310New Haven, CT 06520USA

Kesecioglu J


Kinsey GR

Division of Nephrology and Centerfor Immunity, Inflammation andRegenerative MedicineUniversity of VirginiaPO Box 800133Charlottesville, VA 22908USA

Kokkoris S

Center for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity HospitalEdinburgh, EH4 2XUUnited Kingdom

Kor DJ

Department of AnesthesiologyMayo Clinic200 First St S.W.Rochester, MN 55905USA

Kruger PS

Department of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra HospitalIpswich Road, WoolloongabbaBrisbane 4102Australia

Kunkel SL

Department of PathologyUniversity of Michigan MedicalSchool109 Zina Pitcher Place, 4710 BSRBAnn Arbor, MI 48109USA

Landoni G


Laureys S

Coma Science Group, CyclotronResearch Center and NeurologyDepartmentUniversity of Liege-Sart Tilman (B30)4000 LiegeBelgium

Ledoux D

Coma Science Group, CyclotronResearch Center and NeurologyDepartmentUniversity of Liege-Sart Tilman (B30)4000 LiegeBelgium

Lepape A

Department of Intensive CarePierre Benite Hospital165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet69310 Pierre-BeniteFrance

Lewin III JJ

Department of Critical Care andSurgery Pharmacy ServicesJohns Hopkins Hospital600 North Wolfe StreetCarnegie 180Baltimore, MD 21287USA

Lippmann MJ

Department of Surgery andEmergency MedicineUniversity of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center5323 Harry Hines BoulevardMail Code 8579Dallas, TX 75390USA

List of Contributors XIX

Lopez-Giraldo A


Lorente JA

Department of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalCarretera de Toledo km 12,50028905 MadridSpain

Luckianow G


Lui FY


Maggioli C

Department of Clinical MedicineS. Orsola-Malpighi PolyclinicVia albertoni 1540138 BolognaItaly

Malbrain M

Intensive Care and High Care BurnUnitAntwerp Hospital Network, ZNAStuivenbergLange Beeldekensstraat 2672060 Antwerp 6Belgium

Mantz J


Manzanares W

Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity HospitalAvenida Italia, 14th FloorMontevideoUruguay

Marini JJ

Department of Pulmonary andCritical Care MedicineRegions Hospital MS11203B640 Jackson StreetSt. Paul, MN 55101USA

Marment SKM


Marquez-Vacaro JA

Intensive Care UnitVirgen del Rocio University HospitalAvd Manual Siuort s/n41013 SevilleSpain

Martin-Loeches I

Department of Intensive CareJoan XXIII University HospitalDr. Mallafre i Guasch, 443007 TarragonaSpain

Marx G

Department of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalPauwelsstr. 3052074 AachenGermany

XX List of Contributors

Merino M-A

Department of Neurotraumatologyand Neurosurgery Research UnitVall d’Hebron University HospitalPaseo Vall d’Hebron 119–12908035 BarcelonaSpain

Meybohm P


Mirski MA

Department of Anesthesiology andCritical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins Hospital600 North Wolfe StreetCarnegie 180Baltimore, MD 21287USA

Molnar Z

Department of Anesthesia andIntensive TherapyUniversity of Szeged6 Semmelweis St6725 SzegedHungary

Monnet X

Department of Intensive CareMedicineAP-HP Hopitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

Moore J


Mullens W

Department of CardiovascularMedicineOost-Limburg Hospital3600 GenkBelgium

Nanas S

Department of Critical Care MedicineEvangelismos General HospitalIpsilantou 45–4710675 AthensGreece

Nin N

Department of Intensive CareMedicineUniversity HospitalCarretera de Toledo km 12.50028905 MadridSpain

Nolan JP

Department of Anesthesia andIntensive Care MedicineRoyal United HospitalCombe ParkBath, BA1 3NGUnited Kingdom

Noland B

Alere9975 Summers Ridge RoadSan Diego, CA 92121USA

Oddo M

Department of Intensive CareMedicineCHUV-BH 08.6231011 LausanneSwitzerland

Okusa MD

Division of Nephrology and Centerfor Immunity, Inflammation andRegenerative MedicineUniversity of VirginiaPO Box 800133Charlottesville, VA 22908USA

List of Contributors XXI

Ostermann M

Department of Critical Care andNephrologyGuy’s and St Thomas’ HospitalWestminster Bridge RoadLondon, SE1 7EHUnited Kingdom

Pan A

Infectious Risk AreaRegional Health and Social Agency ofEmilia-RomagnaViale aldo Moro 2140127 BolognaItaly

Päsler M


Patel B

Department of Critical CareMayo Hospital5777 East Mayo BoulevardPhoenix, AZ 85054USA

Peacock WF

Department of Emergency Medicine,Desk E19Cleveland Clinic9500 Euclid AveCleveland, OH 44195–0001USA

Pelosi P


Pepe PE


Perkins GD

Lung Injury and Fibrosis TreatmentProgramSchool of Clinical and ExperimentalMedicineUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham, B15 2THUnited Kingdom

Philips BJ

Department of Critical CareSt George’s HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 0QTUnited Kingdom

Pichard C

Nutrition UnitUniversity HospitalRue Gabrielle-Perrret-Gentil 41211 Geneva 14Switzerland

Pinsky MR


Pradl R


XXII List of Contributors

Prowle JR

Intensive Care UnitRoyal London HospitalWhitechapel RoadLondon, E1 1BBUnited Kingdom

Ract C

Department of Anesthesia andIntensive CareCHU de Bicetre, APHP78 rue du General Leclerc94275 Le Kremlin BicetreFrance

Raphael J

Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Virginia Health SciencesCenterPO Box 800710Charlottesville, VA 22908–0710USA

Reade MC

Department of Intensive CareMedicineRoyal Brisbane & Women’s HospitalHerston, QLD 4029Australia

Rehberg S


Rhodes A


Roberts DJ

Departments of Surgery andCommunity Health SciencesUniversity of Calgary and theFoothills Medical CenterIntensive Care Unit3134 Hospital Drive NorthwestCalgary, AB T2N 5A1Canada

Ronco C

Department of Nephrology Dialysisand TransplantationInternational Renal Research InstituteIRRIVSt. Bortolo HospitalViale Rodolfi 3736100 VicenzaItaly

Rubenfeld GD

Department of Critical Care MedicineSunnybrook Helath Sciences Centre2075 Bayview AveOffice D1 34Toronto, ON M4N 3M5Canada

Sahuquillo J

Department of Neurosurgery,Neurotraumatology and NeurosurgeryResearch UnitVall d’Hebron University HospitalPaseo Vall d’Hebron 119–12908035 BarcelonaSpain

Salazar GA


Sandroni C

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCatholic University School ofMedicineLargo Gemelli 800168 RomeItaly

Schmidt M


List of Contributors XXIII

Schuerholz T

Department of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalPauwelsstr. 3052074 AachenGermany

Schuijt TJ

Center for Experimental andMolecular MedicineRoom G2–130University HospitalMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

Schultz MJ

Laboratory of Experimental IntensiveCare and AnesthesiologyAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

Semark AJ


Shaw AD

Department of Anesthesiology andCritical Care MedicineDuke University Health CenterDUMC Box 3094Durham, NC 27710USA

Siegenthaler N

Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalRue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 41211 Geneva 14Switzerland

Similowski T


Spapen HD

Department of Intensive CareMedicineUniversity HospitalLaarbeeklaan 1011090 BrusselsBelgium

Stelfox HT

Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Calgary3134 Hospital Drive NWMcCaig towerCalgary, AB T2N 4Z6Canada

Sterk PJ

Department of Respiratory CareAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

Tanaka S

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineAP-HP Hopitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud78 avenue du General Leclerc94275 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

Tazarourte K

Service d’Aide Medicale Urgente(SAMU) 77Pole urgencesHopital Marc JacquetRue Freteau-de-Peny77000 MelunFrance

Teboul J-L

Department of Intensive CareMedicineAP-HP Hopitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

XXIV List of Contributors

Terek M


Thickett DR

Critical Care UnitHeart of England NHS FoundationTrustBordesley Green EastBirmingham, B9 5SSUnited Kingdom

Thiele RH

Department of Anesthesiology andCritical Care MedicineDuke University Health CenterDUMC Box 3094Durham, NC 27710USA

Tomasini A

Department of Anesthesia andIntensive Care MedicineCattinara HospitalStrada di Fiume 44734149 TriesteItaly

Torres A


van der Hoeven JG


van der Poll T


Venkatesh B

Department of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra and WesleyHospitalsUniversity of QueenslandIpswich RoadQLD 4102, WoolloongabbaAustralia

Verbrugge FH

Department of CardiovascularMedicineOost-Limburg Hospital3600 GenkBelgium

Vergragt J


Vigue B

Department of Anesthesia andIntensive CareCHU de Bicetre, APHP78 rue du General Leclerc94275 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

Villa G

Infectious Diseases DivisionSanta Maria della MisericordiaUniversity HospitalPiazzale Santa Maria dellaMisericordia 1533100 UdineItaly

List of Contributors XXV

Weigand MA

Department of Anesthesiology,Surgical Intensive Care and PainTherapyGiessen and Marburg UniversityHospitalRudolf-Buchheim-Str. 735392 GiessenGermany

Weismüller K

Department of Anesthesiology,Surgical Intensive Care and PainTherapyGiessen and Marburg UniversityHospitalRudolf-Buchheim-Str. 735392 GiessenGermany

Werdan K


Westphal M


Wiersinga WJ


Williams DW

School of DentistryCardiff UniversityCardiff, CF14 4XYUnited Kingdom

Wise MP

Adult Critical CareUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiff, CF14 4XWUnited Kingdom

Yuruk K


Zaccherini G

Department of Clinical MedicineS. Orsola-Malpighi PolyclinicVia Albertoni 1540138 BolognaItaly

Zambelli V

Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Milan-BicoccaVia Cadore 4820900 MonzaItaly

Zangrillo A


Zygun DA

Departments of Surgery andCommunity Health SciencesUniversity of Calgary and theFoothills Medical CenterIntensive Care Unit3134 Hospital Drive NorthwestCalgary, AB T2N 5A1Canada

XXVI List of Contributors

Common Abbreviations

AKI Acute kidney injuryALI Acute lung injuryAPACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health EvaluationARDS Acute respiratory distress syndromeAUROC Area under the receiver operating characteristic curveBAL Bronchoalveolar lavageCOPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCPB Cardiopulmonary bypassCPP Cerebral perfusion pressureCPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitationCRP C-reactive proteinCRRT Continuous renal replacement therapyCT Computed tomographyCVP Central venous pressureDO2 Oxygen deliveryEKG ElectrocardiogramGFR Glomerular filtration rateICP Intracranial pressureICU Intensive care unitIFN InterferonIL InterleukinLPS LipopolysaccharideMAP Mean arterial pressureMRI Magnetic resonance imagingNF-κB Nuclear factor-kappa BNGAL Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalinNO Nitric oxideNOS Nitric oxide synthasePAOP Pulmonary artery occlusion pressurePCT ProcalcitoninPEEP Positive end-expiratory pressurePPV Pulse pressure variationRBC Red blood cellRCT Randomized controlled trialROS Reactive oxygen speciesScvO2 Central venous oxygen saturationSIRS Systemic inflammatory response syndromeSOFA Sequential organ failure assessmentSvO2 Mixed venous oxygen saturationTBI Traumatic brain injuryTLR Toll-like receptorTNF Tumor necrosis factorVAP Ventilator-associated pneumonia

XXVII

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