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Unit 3 Review--March 16

What do you remember?

Enzymes

Paperase Activity

70 ?

Calculate rate

Y2-Y1X2-X1

Calculate rate between 0-10 min

How do enzymes speeds up the reaction?

The effects of pH and temperature were studied for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The following results were obtained.

Q1 A researcher designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental temperature on the function of an enzyme. For each trial included in the experiment, the researcher will add the enzyme and its substrate to an aqueous buffer solution and then measure the amount of product formed over 20 minutes.

Which of the following must remain the same for all trials of this experiment?

A The initial concentration of the substrateB The final concentration of the productC The three-dimensional structure of the enzymeD The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme

Q1 A researcher designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental temperature on the function of an enzyme. For each trial included in the experiment, the researcher will add the enzyme and its substrate to an aqueous buffer solution and then measure the amount of product formed over 20 minutes.

Which of the following must remain the same for all trials of this experiment?

A The initial concentration of the substrateB The final concentration of the productC The three-dimensional structure of the enzymeD The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme

Q2 What most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph?

A The water becomes colder at night and thus holds more oxygen.B Respiration in most organisms increases at night.C More organisms are respiring at night than during the day.D Photosynthesis produces more oxygen than is consumed by respiration during the day.

Q2 What most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph?

A The water becomes colder at night and thus holds more oxygen.B Respiration in most organisms increases at night.C More organisms are respiring at night than during the day.D Photosynthesis produces more oxygen than is consumed by respiration during the day.

H20electrons

FADH2

NAD+

NADP+

Oxygen (O2)

ATP

Q3: ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms because

A it is the smallest energy moleculeB it stores the least energy of any energy sourceC its energy can be easily transferred to do cellular workD it is extremely stable and can be stored in the cell for long periods of time

Q3: ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms because

A it is the smallest energy moleculeB it stores the least energy of any energy sourceC its energy can be easily transferred to do cellular workD it is extremely stable and can be stored in the cell for long periods of time

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration OCCURS IN ALL LIVING THINGSReactions that harvest ATP from simple carbohydrates.

Mitochondria

• ATP synthase enzyme– H+ flows through it

– set up a H+ gradient• allow the H+ to flow down

concentration gradient through ATP synthase

• ADP + Pi → ATP

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+H+H+H+

ATP

ADP

P+

But… How is the proton (H+) gradient formed?

So we fully oxidized glucose

C6H12O6↓

CO2& ended up with 4 ATP!

So what?

What’s the

point?

No O2? What happens?

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Q4: Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

(A)an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell

(B)an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

(C)an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+

(D)an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain

Q4: Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

(A)an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell

(B)an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

(C)an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+

(D)an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain

Q5: Which of the following best describes the function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD in eukaryotic cellular respiration?

A. They participate in hydrolysis reactions by accepting protons from water molecules

B. They participate directly in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATPC. They serve as the final electron acceptors in the electron transport

chainD. They accept electrons during oxidation-reduction reactions

Q5: Which of the following best describes the function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD in eukaryotic cellular respiration?

A. They participate in hydrolysis reactions by accepting protons from water molecules

B. They participate directly in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATPC. They serve as the final electron acceptors in the electron transport

chainD. They accept electrons during oxidation-reduction reactions

Q6: Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?A. An increase in blood pH due to the accumulation of alcohol B. No ATP production due to the absence of substrate-level

phosphorylationC. A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to lactic acid

fermentation.D. A decrease in the oxidation of fatty acids due to a shortage of

ATP

Q6: Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?A. An increase in blood pH due to the accumulation of alcohol B. No ATP production due to the absence of substrate-level

phosphorylationC. A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to lactic acid

fermentation.D. A decrease in the oxidation of fatty acids due to a shortage of

ATP

Q7: During respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of

A potassium against a concentration gradientB protons down a concentration gradientC electrons against a concentration gradientD electrons through a channel

Q7 During respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of

A potassium against a concentration gradientB protons down a concentration gradientC electrons against a concentration gradientD electrons through a channel

Q8--Explain the relationship between metabolism and oxygen consumption.

Photosynthesis

The energy captured in the light reactions as ATP and NADPH powers the production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

Q9: The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is 6 CO

2 + 12 H

2O + light energy → C

6H

12O

6 + 6 O

2 + 6 H

2O

If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

(A)During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, the hydrogen atoms combine with the CO2, and oxygen gas is released.

(B)During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released.

(C)During the Calvin cycle, water is split, regenerating NADPH from NADP+, and oxygen gas is released.(D) During the Calvin cycle, water is split, the hydrogen atoms are added to intermediates of sugar synthesis, and oxygen gas is released.

Q9: The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is 6 CO

2 + 12 H

2O + light energy → C

6H

12O

6 + 6 O

2 + 6 H

2O

If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

(A)During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, the hydrogen atoms combine with the CO2, and oxygen gas is released.

(B)During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released.

(C)During the Calvin cycle, water is split, regenerating NADPH from NADP+, and oxygen gas is released.(D) During the Calvin cycle, water is split, the hydrogen atoms are added to intermediates of sugar synthesis, and oxygen gas is released.

Q10: An intermediate electron acceptor for oxidations that occur in both

glycolysis and in Krebs cycle reactions

(A) Cytochrome

(B) FADH2

(C) NAD+

(D) NADP+

(E) Oxygen (O2)

Q10: An intermediate electron acceptor for oxidations that occur in both

glycolysis and in Krebs cycle reactions

(A) Cytochrome

(B) FADH2

(C) NAD+

(D) NADP+

(E) Oxygen (O2)

BonusFossils of a microscopic organism are found in rocks determined to be over 3.5 billion years old. Identify TWO types of evidence that would help answer the question of whether the organism was photosynthetic.

Thanks for attending this review!

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