Early Emancipation in the Early Emancipation in the NorthNorth

Missouri Compromise, 1820Missouri Compromise, 1820

Characteristics of Characteristics of the Antebel lum the Antebel lum

SouthSouth• Primarily agrarian.Primarily agrarian.

• Economic power shifted from the Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.”“upper South” to the “lower South.”

• ““Cotton Is King!”Cotton Is King!” * 1860 * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr. 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). (57% of total US exports).

• Very slow development of industrialization.Very slow development of industrialization.

• Rudimentary financial system.Rudimentary financial system.

• Inadequate transportation system.Inadequate transportation system.

Southern Society (1850)Southern Society (1850)““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”[plantation owners][plantation owners]

The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]

6,000,0006,000,000

Black FreemenBlack Freemen

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

250,000250,000

Total US Population Total US Population 23,000,000 23,000,000[9,250,000 in the South = 40%][9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

Southern Southern PopulationPopulation

Granitevil le Texti le Granitevil le Texti le Co.Co.

Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in Richmond, VA

Southern Southern AgricultureAgriculture

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi Plantationon a Mississippi Plantation

Slaves Using the Cotton GinSlaves Using the Cotton Gin

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

18201820

18601860

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

““ Hauling the Whole Week’s Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Pickings”

William Henry Brown, 1842William Henry Brown, 1842

Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling House, in a Sugar-Boiling House,

18231823

Slave Auction Notice, 1823Slave Auction Notice, 1823

Slave Auction: Charleston, Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

Slave MasterBrands

Slave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave muzzle

Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet

Slave tag, SC

Slave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave leg irons

Slave shoes

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Slaves posing Slaves posing in front of in front of

their cabin on their cabin on a Southern a Southern plantation.plantation.

Plantation Reality or Myth?Plantation Reality or Myth?

Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?

A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation

Scarlet and MammieScarlet and Mammie(Hollywood Again!)(Hollywood Again!)

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”

A Slave FamilyA Slave Family

The Ledger of John WhiteThe Ledger of John Whiteh Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr.

Covington, St. Louis, $425.00 L Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home –

Crazy, Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,

Donaldsonville, $1200.00$ Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ranaway. Sold

out of jail, $540.000 Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to

Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00

US Laws Regarding US Laws Regarding SlaverySlavery

• U. S. Constitution: * 3/5s compromise [I.2] * fugitive slave clause [IV.2]

• 1793 Fugitive Slave Act.

• 1850 stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

Southern Slavery--> An Southern Slavery--> An Aberration?Aberration?- 1780s: 1st antislavery society created in Phila.

i By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state.

a 1807: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy.

b 1820s: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free.

a 1833: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire.

h 1844: slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies. h 1861: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.

Slavery Was Less Efficient Slavery Was Less Efficient in the U. S. than Elsewherein the U. S. than Elsewhere

n High cost of keeping slaves fromescaping.

p GOAL raise the “exit cost.”u Slave patrols.

u Southern Black Codes.

u Cut off a toe or a foot.

Slave ResistanceSlave Resistance• “SAMBO” pattern of behavior used as a

charade in front of whites [the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.].

Slave ResistanceSlave Resistance• Refusal to work hard.

• Isolated acts of sabotage.

• Escape via the Underground Railroad.

Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages

The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

Slave Rebel l ions Throughout the Slave Rebel l ions Throughout the AmericasAmericas

Slave Rebel l ions Slave Rebel l ions in the Antebel lum Southin the Antebel lum South

1822

Gabriel Prosser1800

Slave Rebel l ions in the Antebel lum Slave Rebel l ions in the Antebel lum South:South:

Nat Turner, 1831 Nat Turner, 1831

The Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of Slavery• Black Christianity [Baptists or Methodists]:

* more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.

• “Pidgin” or Gullah languages.

• Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible.

• Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda