antenna and propagation
DESCRIPTION
Basic Communication theoryTRANSCRIPT
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ANTENNA AND PROPAGATION
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Electromagnetic WavesRadio wave has both electric (E) field and
magnetic (H) fieldE and H fields are transverse i.e. at right
angles to the direction of the wave propagationE and H are mutually perpendicular i.e. at
right angles to each otherE and H are in phaseVelocity of electromagnetic waves in free space
is equal to c (speed of light ≈ 3 × 108 m/s)In other media, the velocity can be less than c
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Antenna Antenna = metallic conductor system
capable of radiating and capturing electromagnetic energy
In a free-space radio communications system,At transmitter
Antenna converts electrical energy travelling along a transmission line into electromagnetic waves that are emitted into space
At receiver Antenna converts electromagnetic waves in
space into electrical energy on a transmission line
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Waveguide = special type of transmission line that consists of conducting metallic tube through which high-frequency electromagnetic energy is propagated
Radio waves = electrical energy that has escaped into free space in the form of transverse electromagnetic waves
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Basic antenna operationSize of antenna is inversely proportional to
frequencyHigh-frequency waves require small antennaLow-frequency waves require large antenna
Every antenna has directional characteristics i.e. it radiates more energy in certain directions relative to other directions
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Radiation PatternRadiation pattern = polar diagram or graph
representing field strengths or power densities at various angular positions relative to an antenna
Terms:Major lobe(s) = the primary beam(s)Minor lobe(s) = secondary beam(s)Front lobe = front of the antenna, where the major lobe isSide lobe(s) = lobe(s) adjacent to the front lobeBack lobe = lobe in a direction exactly opposite to the
front lobeLine of shoot = the line bisecting the major lobe (pointing
from the center of antenna to the direction of maximum radiation)
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Major lobes propagates/receives the most energy
Minor lobes normally represent undesired radiation/reception
Radiation from an actual antenna is 3-dimensional. Therefore, radiation patterns are taken in both the horizontal and vertical planes
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Near Field and Far FieldNear field
Radiation field that is close to the antennaPower in this field is continuously radiated and
returned back to the antennaFar field
Radiation field that is far from the antennaPower that reaches the far field continues to
radiate outward and is never returned to the antenna
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Near Field and Far Field
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Not all the power supplied to antenna is radiated. Some are lost as heat
Radiation resistance:
Rr = radiation resistance (Ω)
Prad = power radiated by antenna (W)
i = antenna current at the feedpoint (A)
2i
PR radr
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Antenna efficiency:
η = antenna efficiency (%)Prad = radiated power (W)
Pin = input power (W)
100in
rad
P
P
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In terms of resistance and current, antenna efficiency is:
η = antenna efficiency (%)Rr = radiation resistance (Ω)
Re = effective antenna resistance (Ω)
100
er
r
RR
R
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Antenna GainDirective gain:
D = directive gain (no unit) P = power density at some point with a given antenna (W/m2) P ref = power density at the same point with a reference antenna (W/m2)
ref
D P
P
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Power gain, Ap:
D = directive gain (no unit)η = antenna efficiency
DAp
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Example 1Given a transmit antenna with radiation
resistance Rr = 72 Ω, effective antenna resistance Re = 8 Ω, directive gain D = 20, and input power Pin = 100 W. Calculate:Antenna efficiencyAntenna gainRadiated power in watts and dBm
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Friis TransmissionFriis Transmission Equation is used for
calculating the power received by the receiver antenna from the transmitter antenna.
The transmitter and receiver are separated by a certain distance R
Both antennas are operating at a certain frequency f
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Friis Equation
PLF = Polarization Loss FactorPT = transmitted power (W)PR = received power (W)GT = transmitter gainGR = receiver gainc = speed of light (ms-1)f = frequency of operation (Hz)R = separation distance between antennas (m)Note: PLF = 1 if both antennas are polarization-matched
22
4)(
Rf
cGGPPLFP RTT
R
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Basic AntennaThe simplest type of antenna is the elementary
doubletElementary doublet has uniform current throughout
its length. Instantaneous value of the current:
i(t) = instantaneous current (A)I = peak amplitude of the RF current (A)f = frequency (Hz)t = instantaneous time (s)θ = phase angle (rad)
ftIti 2sin)(
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Antenna Noise TemperatureAntenna noise temperature = a parameter
which describes how much noise an antenna produces in an environment
Types of antenna noise:Noise due to the loss resistance of the antenna
itselfNoise picked up from the surroundings
Power radiated by a noise source, when intercepted by an antenna, generates power PA at its terminals
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Antenna temperature, TA = equivalent temperature associated with the received power PA
PA = received power (W)
K = Boltzmann’s constant (≈ 1.38 × 10-23 J/K)∆f = frequency band (Hz)TA = antenna temperature (K)
fkTP AA