anthrax malignant pustule, malignant edema, woolsorters disease, ragpickers disease, maladi charbon,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AnthraxAnthrax
Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters’ Disease, Ragpickers’ Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever
![Page 2: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
OverviewOverview
• Organism• History• Epidemiology• Transmission• Disease in Humans• Disease in Animals• Prevention and Control
![Page 3: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The OrganismThe Organism
![Page 4: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
The OrganismThe Organism
• Bacillus anthracis • Large, gram positive
non-motile rod• Vegetative form and
spores• Nearly worldwide
distribution• Over 1,200 strains
![Page 5: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
The SporeThe Spore
• Sporulation requires−Poor nutrient conditions −Presence of oxygen
• Spores −Very resistant to extremes −Survive for decades−Taken up by host and germinate
• Lethal dose 2,500 to 55,000 spores
![Page 6: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
HistoryHistory
![Page 7: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Sverdlovsk, Russia, 1979Sverdlovsk, Russia, 1979
• 94 people sick – 64 died • Soviets blamed contaminated meat • Denied link to biological weapons• 1992
−Soviet President Yeltsin admits outbreak related to military facility
−Western scientists find victim clusters downwind from facility
• Caused by faulty exhaust filter
![Page 8: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
South Africa, 1978-1980South Africa, 1978-1980
• Anthrax used by Rhodesian and South African apartheid forces−Thousands of cattle died−10,738 human cases−182 known deaths−Black Tribal lands only−White populations untouched
![Page 9: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Aum ShinrikyoAum Shinrikyo
• Japanese religious cult− “Supreme truth”
• 1993− Unsuccessful attempts
at biological terrorism− Released anthrax from office building
Vaccine strain used – not toxic− No human injuries
• Successful attempt in 1995− Sarin gas release in Tokyo subway− 1,000 injured – 12 deaths
![Page 10: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
2001 Anthrax Letters2001 Anthrax Letters
![Page 11: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
![Page 12: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Anthrax Cases, 2001Anthrax Cases, 2001
• 22 cases−11 cutaneous−11 inhalation
• 5 deaths (all inhalation)− Index case in Florida−2 postal workers in Maryland−Hospital supply worker in NYC−Elderly farm woman in Connecticut
![Page 13: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Anthrax Cases, 2001Anthrax Cases, 2001
• 7 month old boy• Visited ABC Newsroom• Cutaneous lesion• Initial diagnosis:
− spider bite
• Punch biopsies confirmed anthrax
![Page 14: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Anthrax Cases, 2001Anthrax Cases, 2001
• CDC survey of health officials following 9-11-01−7,000 reports regarding anthrax
4,800 phone follow-ups 1,050 led to lab testing
−1996-2000 Less than 180 anthrax inquiries
![Page 15: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Anthrax Cases, 2001Anthrax Cases, 2001
• Antimicrobial prophylaxis−Ciprofloxacin
5,342 prescribed 60 day regime
−44% compliance−57% suffered side effects
![Page 16: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
TransmissionTransmission
![Page 17: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Human TransmissionHuman Transmission
• Industry−Tanneries−Textile mills−Wool sorters−Bone processors−Slaughterhouses
![Page 18: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Human TransmissionHuman Transmission
• Cutaneous−Contact with infected
tissues, wool, hide, soil−Biting flies
• Inhalational−Tanning hides,
processing wool or bone• Gastrointestinal
−Undercooked meat
![Page 19: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Animal TransmissionAnimal Transmission
• Most commonly infected by ingestion from contaminated soil or contaminated feed or bone meal
![Page 20: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
![Page 21: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
20,000-100,000 cases estimated globally/yearhttp://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/whocc/mp_world.htm
![Page 22: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Anthrax in U.S.Anthrax in U.S.
• Cutaneous anthrax−Early 1900’s: 200 cases annually−Late 1900’s: 6 cases annually
• Inhalation anthrax−20th century: 18 cases/16 fatal
![Page 23: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Anthrax in the U.S.Anthrax in the U.S.
• Outbreaks in soil endemic areas• Alkaline soil• Wet spring that leads to grass kill
followed by hot, dry period in summer or fall−“Anthrax weather”
• Grass or vegetation damaged by flood-drought sequence
![Page 24: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Disease in HumansDisease in Humans
![Page 25: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Human DiseaseHuman Disease
• Three forms−Cutaneous− Inhalation−Gastrointestinal
![Page 26: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Cutaneous AnthraxCutaneous Anthrax
• 95% of all cases globally• Incubation: 3-5 days (up to 12 days) • Spores enter skin through open
wound or abrasion• Papule progresses to black eschar• Severe edema• Fever and malaise
![Page 27: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Day 2
Day 6
Day 4
![Page 28: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Day 4
Day 6
![Page 29: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Cutaneous AnthraxCutaneous Anthrax
• Case fatality rate 5-20%• Untreated – septicemia and death• Edema can lead to death from
asphyxiation
Day 10
![Page 30: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Cutaneous Anthrax Cutaneous Anthrax
• 2000−32 farms quarantined−157 animals died
• 67 yr. old man in North Dakota−Helped in disposal of 5 cows that died of
anthrax−Developed cutaneous anthrax−Recovered with treatment
![Page 31: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Gastrointestinal AnthraxGastrointestinal Anthrax
• Severe gastroenteritis− Incubation: 2-5 days after consumption
of undercooked, contaminated meat
• Case fatality rate: 25-75%• GI anthrax never documented in U.S.
−Suspected cases in 2000
![Page 32: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Minnesota, 2000Minnesota, 2000
• Downer cow approved for slaughter by local vet
• 5 family members ate meat−2 developed GI signs
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever
• 4 more cattle die• B. anthracis isolated from farm but
not from humans
![Page 33: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Inhalation AnthraxInhalation Anthrax
• Incubation: 1-7 days• Initial phase
−Nonspecific - Mild fever, malaise
• Second phase−Severe respiratory distress−Dyspnea, stridor, cyanosis, mediastinal
widening, death in 24-36 hours
• Case fatality: 75-90% (untreated)
![Page 34: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
![Page 35: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Diagnosis in HumansDiagnosis in Humans
• Isolation of B. anthracis−Blood, skin−Respiratory secretions
• Serology• ELISA• Nasal swabs
−Screening tool
![Page 36: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Diagnosis in HumansDiagnosis in Humans
• Anthrax quick ELISA test−New test approved by FDA on June 7th,
2004. −Detects antibodies produced during
infection with Bacillus anthracis −Quicker and easier to interpret than
previous antibody testing methods Results in less than ONE hour
![Page 37: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Treatment Treatment
• Penicillin−Has been the drug of choice−Some strains resistant to penicillin and
doxycycline
• Ciprofloxacin−Chosen as treatment of choice in 2001−No strains known to be resistant
• Doxycycline may be preferable
![Page 38: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
![Page 39: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
VaccinationVaccination
• Cell-free filtrate• Licensed in 1970• At risk
−Wool mill workers−Veterinarians−Lab workers −Livestock handlers−Military personnel
![Page 40: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Vaccine Side EffectsVaccine Side Effects
• Injection site reactions−Mild: 30% men, 60% women−Moderate:1-5%−Large local:1%
• 5-35% experience systemic effects−Muscle or joint aches, headache, rash,
chills, fever, nausea, loss of appetite, malaise
• No long-term side effects noted
![Page 41: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Vaccine ScheduleVaccine Schedule
• 3 injections at two-week intervals• 3 injections 6 months apart• Annual booster
![Page 42: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Protection Against Inhalational AnthraxProtection Against
Inhalational Anthrax
No human post
exposure trials have
been documented
• 21 monkeys vaccinated at 0 and 2 weeks.
o Challenged by anthrax spores at 8 week and 38 week later: All survived o Challenged at 100 weeks: 88% survived
• The two doses of vaccine (0 and 2 weeks) provided protection for most animals for almost two years
![Page 43: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
VaccinationVaccination
![Page 44: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Animals and Anthrax Animals and Anthrax
![Page 45: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Clinical Signs in AnimalsClinical Signs in Animals
• Signs differ by species−Ruminants at greatest risk
• Three forms of illness−Peracute
Ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, antelope)
−Acute Ruminants and equine
−Subacute-chronic Swine, dogs, cats
Copyright WHO
![Page 46: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
RuminantsRuminants
• Peracute infection−Rapid onset−Sudden death−Bloody discharge
from body orifices− Incomplete rigor mortis−Rapidly bloat
![Page 47: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
RuminantsRuminants
• Acute infection: 1-3 days −Fever, anorexia−Decreased rumination−Muscle tremors−Dyspnea−Abortions−Disorientation−Bleeding from orifices−Hemorrhages on internal organs
![Page 48: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
RuminantsRuminants
• Chronic infection−Pharyngeal and lingual edema−Ventral edema −Death from asphyxiation
• Treatment successful if started early
![Page 49: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis
• Blackleg• Botulism• Poisoning
−Plants, heavy metal, snake bite
• Lightening strike• Peracute babesiosis
![Page 50: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
EquineEquine
• Ingestion−Enteritis, severe colic,
high fever, weakness, death within 48-96 hours
• Insect bite/vector−Hot, painful swelling−Spreads to throat, sternum,
abdomen, external genitalia−Death
Copyright WHO
![Page 51: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
SwineSwine
• Sudden death without symptoms• Localized swelling of throat• Death by asphyxiation• Ingestion of spores
−Anorexia, vomiting, enteritis
![Page 52: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Dogs & CatsDogs & Cats
• Relatively resistant− Ingestion of contaminated raw meat
• Clinical signs−Fever, anorexia, weakness−Necrosis and edema of upper GI tract−Lymphadenopathy and edema of head
and neck−Death
Due to asphyxiation, toxemia, septicemia
![Page 53: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Diagnosis and TreatmentDiagnosis and Treatment
• Necropsy not advised!• Do not open carcass!• Samples of peripheral blood needed
−Cover collection site with disinfectant soaked bandage to prevent leakage
• Treatment −Penicillin, tetracyclines
• Reportable disease
![Page 54: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Dogs/PigsInhalational Anthrax
Dogs/PigsInhalational Anthrax
• Experimental studies - 1968−14 dogs and 14 pigs infected−8/14 pigs had transient fevers−3/14 dogs significant temp elevations
• B. anthracis− Isolated from lungs and pulmonary
lymph nodes of dogs−Never isolated from blood
![Page 55: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Case-ReportMississippi, 1991
Case-ReportMississippi, 1991
• Golden retriever, 6 yrs old−2 days ptyalism and swelling of RF leg−Temp 106°F, elevated WBC−Died same day
• Necropsy −Splenomegaly, friable liver, blood in
stomach−2x2 cm raised hemorrhagic leg wound −Some pulmonary congestion
![Page 56: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Case-ReportMississippi, 1991
Case-ReportMississippi, 1991
• Source of exposure in question−Residential area−1 mile from livestock−No livestock deaths in area−Dove hunt on freshly plowed field
6 days prior to onset
• Signs consistent with ingestion but cutaneous exposure not ruled out
![Page 57: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Animal Anthrax VaccineAnimal Anthrax Vaccine
• Recommended for livestock in endemic areas
• Sterne strain− Live encapsulated spore vaccine
• Immunity in 7-10 days• Other countries use in pets and exotics
− No safety or efficacy data− Adjuvant may cause reactions
• Working dogs may be at risk
![Page 58: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Animal Disease SummaryAnimal Disease Summary
• Anthrax should always be high on differential list when−High mortality rate in group of
herbivores−Sudden death with unclotted blood
from orifices−Localized edema
Especially neck of pigs or dogs
![Page 59: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Prevention and ControlPrevention and Control
![Page 60: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Prevention and ControlPrevention and Control
• Report to authorities • Quarantine the area• Do not open carcass• Minimize contact• Wear protective clothing
−Latex gloves, face mask
• Vaccination of susceptible animals
![Page 61: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Prevention and ControlPrevention and Control
• Burn or bury carcasses,bedding, other materials
• Decontaminate soil • Remove organic
material and disinfect structures
![Page 62: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
DisinfectionDisinfection
• Effective disinfection can be difficult• Prevention of sporulation best• High pressure cleaners discouraged• Soil
−5% lye or quicklime−Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid or
gluteraldehyde• Bleach 1:10 dilution
−May be corrosive
![Page 63: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
DisinfectionDisinfection
• Preliminary disinfection− 10% formaldehyde− 4% glutaraldehyde (pH 8.0-8.5)
• Cleaning− Hot water, scrubbing, protective clothing
• Final disinfection: one of the following− 10% formaldehyde − 4% glutaraldehyde (pH 8.0-8.5)− 3% hydrogen peroxide,− 1% peracetic acid
![Page 64: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Biological Terrorism: Estimated Effects
Biological Terrorism: Estimated Effects
• 50 kg of spores −Urban area of 5 million−250,000 cases of anthrax
100,000 deaths
• 100 kg of spores −Upwind of Wash D.C.−130,000 to 3 million deaths
![Page 65: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.
![Page 66: Anthrax Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema, Woolsorters Disease, Ragpickers Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052215/5514cfdb55034640138b6008/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Author:
Co-authors:
Radford Davis, DVM, MPH
Jamie Snow, DVM, MPHKatie Steneroden, DVM, MPH