ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY

THE STUDY OF HUMANITY THE STUDY OF HUMANITY FROM ITS EVOLUTIONARY FROM ITS EVOLUTIONARY

ORIGINS TO TODAY’S ORIGINS TO TODAY’S CULTURAL DIVERSITYCULTURAL DIVERSITY

KEY CONCEPTKEY CONCEPT

CULTURECULTURE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO ACT AS KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO ACT AS

A MEMBER OF SOCIETYA MEMBER OF SOCIETY KNOWLEDGE OF EXPECTATIONSKNOWLEDGE OF EXPECTATIONS KNOWLEDGE OF APPROPRIATE KNOWLEDGE OF APPROPRIATE

AND WRONGFUL ACTIONSAND WRONGFUL ACTIONS

ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY

FOCUSES ON STUDY OF HUMANS FOCUSES ON STUDY OF HUMANS AND ALL ASPECTS OF BEING HUMANAND ALL ASPECTS OF BEING HUMAN

FIELD HAS MANY CONCEPTS AND FIELD HAS MANY CONCEPTS AND SUBJECTS IN COMMON WITH OTHER SUBJECTS IN COMMON WITH OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIESSOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

KEY CONCEPTS DISTINGUISH KEY CONCEPTS DISTINGUISH ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINESSOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES

KEY TERMSKEY TERMS

SOCIETYSOCIETY CULTURECULTURE COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVECOMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVEHOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE ETHNOCENTRISMETHNOCENTRISM CULTURAL RELATIVISMCULTURAL RELATIVISM GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION

SOCIETYSOCIETY

SHARED GEOGRAPHICAL SHARED GEOGRAPHICAL TERRITORYTERRITORY

PEOPLE LIVING IN ORGANIZED PEOPLE LIVING IN ORGANIZED GROUPS WITH SOCIAL GROUPS WITH SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND EXPECTATION INSTITUTIONS AND EXPECTATION OF BEHAVIOROF BEHAVIOR

RELATIONS BETWEEN RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALSINDIVIDUALS

UNIQUE SOCIAL UNIQUE SOCIAL SCIENCESCIENCE

Time DepthTime Depth Global FocusGlobal Focus Comparative ApproachComparative Approach HolisticHolistic Four Field ApproachFour Field Approach Core Concept of CultureCore Concept of Culture GlobalizationGlobalization

HOLISTICHOLISTIC

View Cultures from holistic View Cultures from holistic perspectiveperspective

Culture as integrated whole.Culture as integrated whole. No part of culture can be studied in No part of culture can be studied in

isolationisolation Study culture means studying the Study culture means studying the

relationship between Thingsrelationship between Things

EXAMPLE OF HOLISMEXAMPLE OF HOLISM Arrangement of Furniture in USA Arrangement of Furniture in USA

reflects core cultural value of reflects core cultural value of individualismindividualism

Arrangement of rooms is directly related Arrangement of rooms is directly related to marriage and family patterns which in to marriage and family patterns which in turn related to way Americans earn a turn related to way Americans earn a livingliving

Individual bedrooms reflect value on Individual bedrooms reflect value on individualism & consistent with an individualism & consistent with an economy where families are dependent economy where families are dependent on individual wage earnerson individual wage earners

COMPARATIVE COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE

Anthropology is basically comparative bases Anthropology is basically comparative bases its findings on cultural data drawn from its findings on cultural data drawn from throughout the world and from throughout throughout the world and from throughout human historyhuman history

Collect data about behavior and beliefs in Collect data about behavior and beliefs in many societies in order the diversity of many societies in order the diversity of human cultureshuman cultures

Also, to understand common patterns in Also, to understand common patterns in ways people adapt to their environment, ways people adapt to their environment, adjust to their neighbors, and develop adjust to their neighbors, and develop cultural institutionscultural institutions

BENEFITS OF BENEFITS OF COMPARATIVE VIEWCOMPARATIVE VIEW

Challenge commonly held Challenge commonly held assumptions about human life- ways assumptions about human life- ways based solely on European and North based solely on European and North American perspectiveAmerican perspective For Example “Marriage”For Example “Marriage”

Cultural InstitutionCultural Institution Monogamy not the preferred type of Monogamy not the preferred type of

marriage in majority of societiesmarriage in majority of societies

CULTURECULTURE Learned values, beliefs, rules of conduct Learned values, beliefs, rules of conduct

shared to some extent by the members shared to some extent by the members of society, that govern their behavior of society, that govern their behavior with one another and their thinking with one another and their thinking about themselves and the world.about themselves and the world.

Everything that people have, think, and Everything that people have, think, and do as members of a societydo as members of a society

All cultures are comprised of material All cultures are comprised of material objects; ideas, values, attitudes and objects; ideas, values, attitudes and patterned ways of behaving.patterned ways of behaving.

Four FieldsFour Fields

ARCHAEOLOGYARCHAEOLOGY BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL

ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICSANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGYCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

ARCHAEOLOGYARCHAEOLOGY

STUDY OF PAST CULTURESSTUDY OF PAST CULTURES PREHISTORIC AND HISTORICPREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC RELAY ON EVIDENCE (ARTIFACTS) RELAY ON EVIDENCE (ARTIFACTS)

FROM MATERIAL CULTURE AND FROM MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE SITES WHERE PEOPLE LIVEDTHE SITES WHERE PEOPLE LIVED

EVIDENCE REALS HOW PEOPLE EVIDENCE REALS HOW PEOPLE LIVED AND RELATIONSHIPS LIVED AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROUPS OF PEOPLE.BETWEEN GROUPS OF PEOPLE.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICSLINGUISTICS

STUDY OF LANGUAGE AND THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE AND THE SPEAKERS USE OF LANGUAGE SPEAKERS USE OF LANGUAGE AND THE RELATIONSHIP AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND OTHER BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND OTHER ASPECTS OF CULTURE AND ASPECTS OF CULTURE AND SOCIETYSOCIETY

CULTURE IS LEARNED THROUGH CULTURE IS LEARNED THROUGH LANGUAGELANGUAGE

HISTORIC AND DESCRIPTIVE HISTORIC AND DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICSLINGUISTICS

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY

Biological AnthropologyBiological Anthropology Study of Human origins (evolution) Study of Human origins (evolution)

and contemporary Human variationand contemporary Human variation Primate social organizationPrimate social organization Interface between biology and Interface between biology and

culture. Ex Andes greater lung culture. Ex Andes greater lung capacity adaptation to low oxygencapacity adaptation to low oxygen

HUMAN VARIATIONHUMAN VARIATION

““Race” is always a social not a biological Race” is always a social not a biological conceptconcept

Conventional Classification of “Races” is Conventional Classification of “Races” is pseudoscience.pseudoscience.

Hair texture, skin color and facial Hair texture, skin color and facial characteristics are arbitrary and randomly characteristics are arbitrary and randomly selectedselected

Skin tone is function of evolutionary Skin tone is function of evolutionary adaptation to climateadaptation to climate

Race as conventionally used is wrong!Race as conventionally used is wrong!

APPLIED APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGISTANTHROPOLOGIST

MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGISTMEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGIST BRIDGES DISCIPLINE OF BRIDGES DISCIPLINE OF

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND BIOLOGYBIOLOGY

STUDIES SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND STUDIES SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND RESISTANCE OF CERTAIN RESISTANCE OF CERTAIN POPULATION TO SPECIFIC DISEASEPOPULATION TO SPECIFIC DISEASE

STUDIES HEALTH CARE DELIVERY STUDIES HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEMSYSTEM

FORENSIC FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY

SUB-FIELD WITHIN BIOLOGICAL SUB-FIELD WITHIN BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY

ANALYZE HUMAN REMAINS IN ANALYZE HUMAN REMAINS IN SERVICE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SERVICE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND FAMILIES OF DISASTER AND FAMILIES OF DISASTER VICTIMSVICTIMS

HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSESHUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES GENOCIDEGENOCIDE

APPLIED ARCHAEOLOGYAPPLIED ARCHAEOLOGY

CULTURAL RESOURCE CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO PRESERVE AND PROTECT HISTORIC PRESERVE AND PROTECT HISTORIC STRUCTURES AND PREHISTORIC STRUCTURES AND PREHISTORIC SITESSITES

OUTGROWTH OF FEDERAL AND OUTGROWTH OF FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS TO PROTECT STATE LAWS TO PROTECT PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC SITESPREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC SITES

CONTRACT CONTRACT ARCHAEOLOGYARCHAEOLOGY

APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO ASSES THE POTENTIAL TO ASSES THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION ON IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITESARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGYSALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY

CULTURAL CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY

The ways people organize their living in The ways people organize their living in societiessocieties

The study of cultural behavior in recent The study of cultural behavior in recent and contemporary culturesand contemporary cultures

Ethnology-building theories to explain Ethnology-building theories to explain cultural practices based on comparative cultural practices based on comparative study of societies throughout the worldstudy of societies throughout the world

Ethnography, a holistic intensive study Ethnography, a holistic intensive study of groups, through observation, of groups, through observation, interview and participationinterview and participation

CULTURAL CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY

ETHNOGRAPHYETHNOGRAPHY ETHNOGRAPHERETHNOGRAPHER FIELD WORKFIELD WORK PARTICIPANT OBSERVATIONPARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

ETHNOCENTRISMETHNOCENTRISM

The widespread human tendency to The widespread human tendency to perceive to perceive the ways of doing perceive to perceive the ways of doing things and beliefs about things in one’s things and beliefs about things in one’s culture as normal and natural and that of culture as normal and natural and that of others as strange, inferior, and possibly others as strange, inferior, and possibly un-naturalun-natural

One’s own culture is superior, the best One’s own culture is superior, the best and others are inferiorand others are inferior

Everybody everywhere is a little Everybody everywhere is a little ethnocentricethnocentric

CULTURAL RELATIVISMCULTURAL RELATIVISM Counters EthnocentrismCounters Ethnocentrism Stresses the importance of analyzing Stresses the importance of analyzing

cultures in their own terms rather than in cultures in their own terms rather than in terms of the culture of the anthropologistterms of the culture of the anthropologist

This does not mean that all cultural This does not mean that all cultural practices, cultural beliefs and behaviors practices, cultural beliefs and behaviors can be condonecan be condone

Different from ethical relativism—all right Different from ethical relativism—all right and wrong relative to time, place, and and wrong relative to time, place, and culture so that no moral judgments of culture so that no moral judgments of behavior can be madebehavior can be made

GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION

DISTINGUISHES ANTHROPOLOGY DISTINGUISHES ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCESFROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES

CULTURAL CONTACT AND CULTURAL CONTACT AND CONTACT CHANGES SPECIFIC CONTACT CHANGES SPECIFIC CULTURESCULTURES

RAPID TRANSFORMATION OF RAPID TRANSFORMATION OF CULTURES WORLD WIDE IN CULTURES WORLD WIDE IN RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC AND RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCESTECHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCES

GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION

OCCURRED IN THE PAST WHEN OCCURRED IN THE PAST WHEN STATES AND EMPIRES EXPANDED STATES AND EMPIRES EXPANDED THEIR INFLUENCE BEYOND THEIR THEIR INFLUENCE BEYOND THEIR BOARDERSBOARDERS

COLONIALISMCOLONIALISM CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION

BASED ON INTERCONNECTED BASED ON INTERCONNECTED ECONOMIES CHANGE CULTURAL ECONOMIES CHANGE CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AT THE LOCAL LEVELINSTITUTIONS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL

AMERICANIZATIONAMERICANIZATION

BY PRODUCT OF GLOBALIZATIONBY PRODUCT OF GLOBALIZATION THE SPREAD OF DOMINANT THE SPREAD OF DOMINANT

AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CULTURAL PRACTICES, CULTURAL PRACTICES, CONSUMERISM, CULTURAL CONSUMERISM, CULTURAL ICONS, AND MEDIA AND ICONS, AND MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENTENTERTAINMENT