anthropology vocab

7/30/2019 anthropology vocab

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7/13 praxis II 0081 anthropology flashcards | Quizlet

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Social mobility The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another.

Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education and

power.

Social Stratification One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, whichenables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into

classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

Socialization The lifelong process by which people learn their culture and develop a

sense of self.

Primary Groups Social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-

face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of

those involved, groups that provide members with a sense of belonging

and affection.

Secondary Groups Groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those

existing as a means to an end)., groups that meet principally to solve

problems

Folkways Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without

serious consequences within a particular culture, norms for routine or

casual interaction.

Mores The conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group, norms

that are widely observed and have great moral significance.

Beliefs Specific ideas that people hold to be true

Group Norms Are rules that are designed to govern the behavior of the members. Are

intended to integrate the actions of the group members. Are to reflect

the appropriate behavior, attitudes, and perceptions of the themembers. "Conformity and compliance are two intended purposes of

instituting this in groups., guidelines that regulate how members act as

well as how they interact with each other.

Values Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional

investment (either for or against something).

Laws Enforceable rules of conduct in a society.

Conformity Acting according to certain accepted standards, adjusting one's

behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Deviance A state or condition markedly different from the norm, behavior that

praxis II 0081 anthropology

About this set

Created by:

jmrob on July 2, 2012

Description:

anthropology

Classes:

Praxis, Praxis II Social Studies Review

All 76 terms

Terms Definitions
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Role The actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a

person or group.

Positive Sanctions Social approval for observing a norm, a reward or positive reaction for

following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize.

Negative Sanctions Social disapproval for violating a norm, a punishment or threat of a

punishment to promote conformity to norms.

Institutions The rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior,

thereby shaping politics, organizations or activities that are self-

perpetuating and valued for their own sake.

Group Any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

Norms Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its

members, shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific

situations

Status A person's condition or position in the eyes of the law; relative rank or

standing, especially in society; prestige

Networks A set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other.

Social Solidarity The state of having shared beliefs and values among members of a

social group, along with intense and frequent interaction among group

members.

Conflict A state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests, an open

clash between two opposing groups (or individuals).

Multicultural diversity Unique characteristics of ethics groups

Ethnocentrism Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other

cultures and groups, belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.

Sterotypes A generalization,oversimplified view or opinion that members of a

group rigidly apply to a thing,an idea,or another group.

Biases An inclination for or against a person, place, idea or thing that inhibits

impartial judgment., a prejudice towards one particular point of view or

ideology.

Ideals Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional

investment (either for or against something), a principle or a way of

behaving that is of a very high standard.

Cultural Relativity The recognition that all cultures develop their own ways of dealing with

the specific demands of their environments, the need to consider the

unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place.

Prejudice A partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or

situation, an opinion or strong feeling formed without careful thought

or regard to the facts .

Pluralism The doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or

elements.

Archaeology Study of artifacts and relics of early mankind, the study of the remains

of past cultures.

Antropology Scientific study of humankind in all its aspects, especially human

evolution, development, and culture, Studying the orgins and

development of people and their society.


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Physical Anthroplogy Systematic study of humans and biological organisms

Cultural Anthroplogy It is the branch of anthropology that examines culture as a meaningful

scientific concept.

Enculturation The process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one

generation to the next and individuals become members of their

society.

Social Stratification One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which

enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society intoclasses based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

Subcultures Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their

own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture.

Dominant Cultures Values, customs, and language established by the group or groups that

traditionally have controlled politics and government in a society.

Cognitive Theory Psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes: how

people perceive and mentally represent the world around them and

solve-problems.

Behavioral Psychology A branch of psychology that focuses on observable actions, particularly

stimulus-response methods.

Humanistic Psychology Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth

potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study

personality in hopes of fostering personal growth

Abnormal Psychology The field of psychology concerned with the assessment, treatment, and

prevention of maladaptive behavior.

Sigmund Freud Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of

behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis, 1856-

1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions:

id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense

mechanisms, psychoanalysis, transference.

Transference The process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one

person to another (psychoanalysis).

Carl Jung 1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions:

people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes;

collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual;

Studies: dream studies/interpretation

Jean Piaget 1896-1980; Swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-

stage theory of cognitive development based on the concept of mental

operations

Ivan Pavlov A Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into

learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning.

B.F. Skinner Pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is

determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. He is

famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to

study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats., Studied

observable behaviors rather than thought - reinforcement - rewarding

good behavior.

Erik Erickson Developmental Psychology: Psychosocial stage theory of development

(eight stages)

Identity crisis Distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from


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conflict ing pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's

role in society.

Perception Becoming aware of something via the senses

Social Cognition Mental processes associated with people's perceptions of, and reactions

to, other people.

Latent Learning Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to

demonstrate it.

Classical Conditioning A learning procedure in which associations are made between a naturalstimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus.

Identity Formation Erikson; stage of adolescence where teens are to develop a stable sense

of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on other to

dependence on oneself

Schizophrenia Any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of

reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from

social contact.

Dissociative Identity Disorder A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more

distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality

disorder.

Paranoid Personality Disorder Type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness

or mistrust of others

Major Depressive Disorder A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences

two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and

diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities (Most common

psychologoical disorder in the United States).

Utopias Reformers founded these ideal communities to realize their spiritual and

moral potential and to escape from competition, communities designed

to create perfect societies.

Reactionary Groups Refers to viewpoints that seek to return to a previous state (the status

quo ante) in a society. The term is meant to stand in opposition to and

as one end of a political spectrum whose opposite pole is "radicalism".

Cultural Diffusion The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to

another.

Culture Clash Is experienced when an individual experiences conflict between the

beliefs, values and expectations of their primary culture and a new

culture in which they must function.

Deindividualism Abandoning normal restraints to the power of the group, doing together

what we would not do alone

Prosocial Behavior Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial

behavior

Pluralistic Ignorance A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or

how they are responding

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by

the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between

belief and behavior.

Ascribed Status Social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life

Split Brain A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by


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between them. Research states that the left hemisphere is responsible

for spoken language.

Sensitive Development Period Critical Period in development is a period of time which an organism

typically needs to be exposed to a particular stimulus in order for

proper development to occur.

Correlational Research A research strategy that identifies the relationships between two or

more variables in order to describe how these variables change

together. One advantage is that it helps psychologists make

predictions.

Negative Reinforcement Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a

painful stimulus when the response occurs. This technique is used to

increase the frequency of behavior.

Habituation A general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions,

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.

Punishment An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

Serial-Position Effect A term coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus, refers to the finding that recall

accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list.

When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend

to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (therecency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled

more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect).


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anthropology vocab

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