anti-neutrinos spectra from nuclear reactors alejandro sonzogni national nuclear data center
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Anti-neutrinos Spectra from Nuclear Reactors
Alejandro Sonzogni
National Nuclear Data Center
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Anti-neutrinos #2 - Alejandro Sonzogni
ENDF/B VII.1 Decay Data Sub-Library
Most recent …
• Q values -- Audi 2011 mass update• ENSDF data (when complete) else Wallet Cards (2011)• Atomic data -- Evaluated Atomic Data Library (LLNL) –
includes X-rays and Auger electrons• TAGS data• Electron conversion -- BrIcc• Theoretical calculations for neutron-rich nuclei using
beta-strength functions (Moller) and CGM (Kawano)
More details in Nuclear Data Sheets 112, 2887 (2011).
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ENDF VII.I Decay Data Sub LibraryA transformation of all relevant data into computer “friendly” files
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What’s in there…
Wallet CardsTheory (CGM)
ENSDF
New ENSDF
3817 “materials”g.s. and isomers
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What’s it good for …
• Decay heat
• Antineutrino spectra
• Delayed nu-bars (reactor operation)
• Astrophysics ?
• ????
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Antineutrino Experiments
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Decay of fission fragments
More than 800 nuclides produced in the fission of 235U
Antineutrino Spectrum:
S (E) = Yi x Si(E)
Yi: cumulative fission yields
Si(E): individual spectrum
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Anti-neutrinos #8 - Alejandro Sonzogni
Jii
Z,N Nucleus
Jkk Ek
Ik
Z+1,N-1Nucleus
- decay from Level i to level k
a: normalization, d: shape factor, F: Fermi function. The sum spectrum is obtained as:
b: branching ratiosAll nuclear decay data from ENDF/B-VII.1 (December 2011)
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Anti-neutrinos #9 - Alejandro Sonzogni
Example, 137Cs
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Anti-neutrinos #10 - Alejandro Sonzogni
How to calculate anti-neutrino rates
-
-
(n,)
(n,)
The nuclei in the core form a decay/processing network:
Neglect processing as n << and consider an equilibrium situation:
Then the anti-neutrino rate per fission is:Used by Vogel et al, 1981, ENDF/B-V
We’ll repeat the calculations using the fission yields from ENDF/B-VII.1
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Anti-neutrinos #11 - Alejandro Sonzogni
235U at thermal energies
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Detection through inverse decay on proton
Anti-neutrinos from reactors
Reaction threshold : ~1.8 MeV
FluxPrincipal Contributors
235U, 238U, 239Pu, 241Pu
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Anti-neutrinos #13 - Alejandro Sonzogni
NNDC calculations on the Daya signal shape
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Anti-neutrinos #14 - Alejandro Sonzogni
Nucleus % at 3 MeV
54-Xe-137 3.519
55-Cs-139 3.259
39-Y - 94 3.120
40-Zr- 99 3.010
41-Nb-100 2.916
41-Nb- 98 2.830
39-Y - 92 2.812
41-Nb-101 2.654
Nucleus % at 4 MeV
41-Nb-100 4.872
37-Rb- 92 3.694
39-Y - 96 3.545
52-Te-135 2.994
39-Y - 94 2.897
55-CS-140 2.780
39-Y - 95 2.646
54-Xe-139 2.606
Nucleus % at 5 MeV
37-Rb- 92 9.171
39-Y - 96 7.475
41-Nb-100 6.592
55-Cs-142 4.585
55-Cs-140 4.153
52-Te-135 3.636
39-Y - 99 3.460
38-Sr- 95 3.435
With TAGS: 140Cs. 96Y seems is good shape. We’ll look at some of the other nuclides and if available, compare it to Rudstam data.
235U(thermal n,f) main contributors to anti-neutrino spectra
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51(18) %
a) 2000 ENSDF
95(5) %
b) Update with new data
g.s.
g.s.
One small nucleus, one big effect92Rb
92Rb
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Anti-neutrinos #16 - Alejandro Sonzogni
Effects of Valencia TAGS data
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Anti-neutrinos #17 - Alejandro Sonzogni
Anti-neutrinos for Applied Purposes
235,238U and 239Pu produce a different signal, in shape, maxima and multiplicity
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Anti-neutrinos #18 - Alejandro Sonzogni
100Nb, CFY=5.89E-2, CFY=16.883 %
The GS to GS transition is not well determined. It could be up to 75%. BNL plans to submit a proposal to CARIBU. Would include other Nb nuclides
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Anti-neutrinos #19 - Alejandro Sonzogni
142Cs, CFY=2.71E-2, CFY=2.803 %
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Anti-neutrinos #20 - Alejandro Sonzogni
92Rb, CFY=4.82E-2, CFY=1.398 %
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Anti-neutrinos #21 - Alejandro Sonzogni
92Rb, comparison to Rudstam data
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Anti-neutrinos #22 - Alejandro Sonzogni
92Rb, comparison to Rudstam data
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Anti-neutrinos #23 - Alejandro Sonzogni
Summary
The next generation of experiments using anti-neutrinos from nuclear reactors have just published their first results. More to come in the next few years.
There is a close link between basic nuclear structure research and the calculation of anti-neutrino spectra.
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Anti-neutrinos #24 - Alejandro Sonzogni
Why nuclear reactors?
Nearly 1,000 different fission fragments (materials) are produced in the fission of an actinide nuclide.
Most of them are neutron rich, undergoing beta-minus decay:
Nucleus(Z,A) Nucleus(Z+1,A) + e- + anti-neutrino
In an equilibrium situation, we obtain about 6 anti-neutrinos/second per fission, or ~1020 anti-neutrinos per reactor.
Anti-neutrinos interact through weak interaction, very small cross sections, ~ 5x10-19 barns
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Anti-neutrinos #25 - Alejandro Sonzogni
Some history
In - decay, the electron energy is a continuum distribution linking two nuclear levels (quantum). Another particle must be involved
n p + e- + anti-neutrino (Fermi, 1934)
First detection in 1956 by Cowan and Reines (LANL) using neutrinos from a nuclear reactor in SRS:
anti-neutrino + p n +e+
The positron created two 511 keV gammas and the neutron was captured in Cd, releasing a gamma cascade
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Anti-neutrinos #26 - Alejandro Sonzogni
More history
In 1962, Leon Lederman and collaborators (BNL) discovered the muon neutrinos:
Finally, in 1975 the Tau lepton and in 2000 the Tau neutrino were discovered.
In the late 1960’s Ray Davies (BNL) measured the flux of neutrinos coming from the Sun, observing a deficit.
Neutrino oscillations were formalized to explain this problem.
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Anti-neutrinos #27 - Alejandro Sonzogni
239Pu at thermal energies
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Anti-neutrinos #28 - Alejandro Sonzogni
238U at fast energies
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Anti-neutrinos #29 - Alejandro Sonzogni
252Cf spontaneous fission
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Anti-neutrinos #30 - Alejandro Sonzogni
235U - spectra ratios
The published ILL data is binned at 250 keV. Could we get the 50 keV data?
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Anti-neutrinos #31 - Alejandro Sonzogni
239Pu - spectra ratios
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Anti-neutrinos #32 - Alejandro Sonzogni
238U - spectra ratios
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Anti-neutrinos #33 - Alejandro Sonzogni
252Cf - spectra ratios
More theory needed, but better agreement with higher statistics, cleaner data
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Anti-neutrinos #34 - Alejandro Sonzogni
anti-neutrino + proton (water) positron + neutron
Two 511 keV gammas
Captured in Gd
High energy gamma signal
3 near neutrino detectors and 3 far neutrino detectors
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Anti-neutrinos #35 - Alejandro Sonzogni
Anti-neutrino SignalUse the anti-neutrino capture on proton:
Reaction has a 1.8 MeV threshold
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Anti-neutrinos #36 - Alejandro Sonzogni
Daya Bay Results
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Anti-neutrinos #37 - Alejandro Sonzogni
Some recent experimentsDaya Bay
Experiment in China, 6 nuclear power reactors.
Ref: F.P. An et al, Physical Rev. Lett. 108, 171803 (2012)