ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EUPHORBIA PULCHERRIMA IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS

AUREUS

Introduction

Euphorbia Pulcherrima or

which known as Poinsettia was

Introduction

Belongs of the family of

Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family)

Introduction

In Indonesian folklore used as for treating tuberculosis, skin

infections, and fractures.

Folk uses include remedies for skin, warts,

and toothache.

During the 14th - 16th century the sap was used to control fevers and the

bracts

Poinsettias are used as

Christmas ornamentation

Maria is too poor to provide a gift for the celebration of Jesus' birthday

Maria was inspired by an angel to gather weeds from the roadside and place them in front of the church altar.

Crimson blossoms sprouted from the weeds and became beautiful

poinsettias

The star-shaped leaf pattern is said to

symbolize the Star of Bethlehem, and the red color represents the blood sacrifice

through the crucifixion of Jesus.

In the United States, December 12 is

National Poinsettia Day.

Staphylococcus Aureus

Staphylococcus Aureus,

discovered by Alexander Ogston in

1880

Can cause a range of illnesses from minor skin

infections, such as pimple, impetigo, boils,

and scalded skin syndrome to life-threatening diseases

such as pneumonia, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome and sepsis.

This a type of bacteria commonly found on the skin and hair as well as in the noses and throats of people and animals.

Staphylococcus Aureus

Agar Diffusion Test

This test adapted the disk diffusion method done by Alexander

Fleming

also called as Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method

Significance of the Study

• Students• Teachers

Scope and Limitation

The experiment will be conducted using three parts of the plant the

• Leaf/Flower• Stem

Scope and Limitation

The extracts of the plants will be introduced to Staphylococcus aureus through Agar Diffusion Method, and will be observed as to which will give greater measurements of inhibitory

zone.

Research Design

The study was conducted through the process of experimentation. The cultured bacteria was

tested with different parts of the latex of Euphorbia pulcherrima plant and was observed and recorded carefully based on the mortality rate, clearing, size and inhibition zone through

Agar Diffusion Method.

Nutrient Agar

Inoculating loop

Petri Dish

Culture tube

Alcohol

Alcohol lamp

Surgical Glove

Liquid Soap

Bacteria(Staphylococcus Aureus)

Water

Euphorbia Pulcherrima Extract

Face mask

Preparation Procedure

Preparation Procedure

• All materials involved were cleaned and sterilized. After the materials were gathered, the researcher started to apply the bacteria (Staphylococcus Aureus) on 8 agar plate. Using the inoculating loop the bacteria was spread at petri dish. The bacteria was incubated for 48 hours to grow and was observed for seven days to measure the clearing zone.

• Nutrient Agar Preparation• Pour Plate Method

• Inoculation/Transfer of culture• Zone of inhibition

Preparation Procedure

Petri Dish = 10 pieces

Stem Leaves

Control Plate

50% Alcohol Extract 100% Pure Extract

50% (50g ext in 50 ml DH2O)

Figure 1

Nutrient Agar Preparation

Nutrient Agar Preparation

• The researcher weighed 4.6 g of nutrient agar then suspended in 200 ml of Distilled water. The nutrient agar and the water was mixed well and left to stand until the mixture was uniform. It was heated with gentle agitation and boiled for one to three minutes, or until completely dissolved. The researcher sterilized the Nutrient Agar, Perti Dish, Forceps and Inoculating loop to 121°C for 15-30 minutes. *In sterilizing used pressure cooker, and sterilized it for 1 hour.

Pour Plate Method

Pour Plate Method

• The first procedure was to wash hands with soap and water and sanitize with 70% alcohol. The working area was also sanitize with 70% of alcohol. The researcher label the petri dish. Then the mouth of the Erlenmeyer with the petri dish flask and poured the nutrient agar into the sterile petri dish and again flaming the side of the petri dish after pouring the nutrient agar. The researcher waited for 15 minutes to let the nutrient agar solidify. After 15 minutes the agar nutrient plate is now ready to use.

Inoculation/Transfer of culture

Inoculation/Transfer of culture• The researcher flame the inoculating loop, wait to cool. And

then flame the mouth of the culture tube which contains bacteria. The researcher scraped some bacteria using inoculum loop from the culture tube. Researcher flamed the side of the petri dish and open it just a little and slowly streak the inoculating loop on the Nutrient Agar plate. Figure 3 show how inoculum is move back and forth on the surface of the nutrient agar plate it was repeated in A and B to C and D. Figure 3 shows the finish plate with bacteria. Researcher isolated colonies can be observed on the streak plate method after 2-3 days of incubation. *Incubation done only at room Temp., dark area.

Zone of inhibition

Zone of inhibition

• This is the area where the researcher investigate if the bacteria are sensitive to the antibiotic. It will be measured and investigate for 7 days until the antibiotic extract of plant kill the bacteria. Figure 5 and 6 shows the clearing of the antibiotic kills much of bacteria.

Findings

• The data gathered showed sufficient proof that the extracts both the flower/leaf and the stem have antibacterial properties

Highest mortality rate : Leaves - 9.5 mm and 11 mm

Lowest mortality rate : Stem - 8.5 mm and 9 mm

AnalysisLeaves

8.58

10.5

9.5

8.5 8.5

11

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

A 50% B 50% A Pure B Pure

Disk 1 Disk 2

Conclusion The main goal of this study was to determine if

Euphorbia Pulcherrima extracts have an antibacterial property. This is why the researcher chose to test two parts of Euphorbia Pulcherrima plant, the stem and the leaves. The researcher chooses Staphylococcus Aureus to be the bacteria tested on the extract of Euphorbia Pulcherrima.

After the required data was gathered, the researchers therefore conclude that Euphorbia Pulcherrima leaves has potential to kill a specific bacteria. Euphorbia Pulcherrima leaves extract showed the highest mortality rate shown in the average length of the clearing zone. And to finish, Euphorbia pulcherrima latex showed antibacterial bacterial properties in two different part of the plant.

Recommendation The results have shown that Euphorbia

pulcherrima has antibacterial properties. The research was done in a collegiate laboratory with limited materials. The researchers suggested to investigate further research on this plant in a more advance and big laboratory. In addition to that, the researchers also recommend to replace Euphorbia Pulcherrima with another kind of plant found commonly in every lawn.

References Websites:• stuartxchange.org/Poinsettia.html• urbanext.illinois.edu/poinsettia/facts.cfm • drugs.com/npp/poinsettia.html• theflowerexpert.com/content/giftflowers/flowersandoccassions/poinsettias• kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/euphorbia-pulcherrima-poinsettia• merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial_infections/

staphylococcus_aureus_infections.html• foodsafety.gov/poisoning/causes/bacteriaviruses/staphylococcus/• ankandhk.hubpages.com/hub/Zone-of-Inhibition• answers.com/Q/What_is_zone_of_clearing_in_microbiology• antimicrobialtestlaboratories.com/

Zone_of_Inhibition_Test_for_Antimicrobial_Activity.htm

ReferencesAuthors:• Winek CL, et al. Clin Toxicol . 1978;13:27.• Duke J. Euphorbia Pulcherrima Wild . CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Boca Raton, FL: CRC

Press Inc. 1989;163-164.• Dominguez X, et al. J Pharm Sci . 1967;59:1184.• Gupta D, et al. J Nat Prod . 1983 Nov-Dec;46:937–938.• Runyon R. Clin Tox . 1980;16:167.• Edwards N. J Pediatr . 1983 Mar;120:404–405.• D'Arcy WG. Arch Derm . 1974;109:909.• DerMarderosian A. Common Poisonous Plants in Natural Product Medicine . Philadelphia, PA:

George F. Stickley Co. 1988;153.• Hardin JW, et al. Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants , 2nd ed. Durham NC:

Duke University Press, 1974.• Rock JF. Hawaiian Forest Agric . 1920;17:61.• Stone and Collins. Toxicon . 1971;9:301.• DerMarderosian A, et al. J Toxicol and Env Health . 1976;1:939.

References

• Books:• Flowering Plants : Basswoods to Spurges by

Mohlenbrock, Robert H.• Joel Roberts Poinsett, Biography, Columbia

Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition. Q1 2014, p1-1. 1p.

• Meriam Webster Dictionary • Potions, Poisons, and Panaceas : An Ethnobotanical

Study of Montserrat by Brussell, David E.