antifungal properties of some selected indian...

15
ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B* 1 , Hari Narayanan.C.M 2 , Remashree A.B 3 Sree Ayyappa College, Eramallikkara,Alappuzha, Kerala India 1 Centre for Medicinal Plants, Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal,Malappuram, Kerala India 2 Spices Board, Cochin, Kerala, India 3 *[email protected] 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected] 3 Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020 ISSN NO: 0022-1945 Page No:77

Upload: others

Post on 26-Jun-2020

10 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED

INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS

Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2, Remashree A.B3

Sree Ayyappa College, Eramallikkara,Alappuzha, Kerala India 1

Centre for Medicinal Plants, Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal,Malappuram, Kerala India 2

Spices Board, Cochin, Kerala, India3

*[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:77

Page 2: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

ABSTRACT

Medicinal plants have been used to treat many ailments for thousands of years and are regarded

as rich resources of traditional medicines. Plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites

which contribute for their biological characteristics. They represent a major source of untapped

novel pharmaceuticals. In recent years, drug resistance to pathogenic microorganisms has been

commonly reported from all over the world. The emergence of multiple drug resistance

pathogenic organisms has necessitated a search for new antimicrobial substances from different

sources including plants. In the present study aqueous- ethanol extract of ten plants each

belonging to different families were evaluated for antifungal activity against medically important

fungi using disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. The plants selected for the study include

Eclypta alba, Berberis aristata, Aloe vera, Atrocarpus heterophyllus, Ixora coccinia, Cromelina

orderata, Lawsonia inermis, Humboldtia brunonis, Jasmine angustifolia and Atuna indica.

Antifungal properties of these extracts against five different fungal species such as Aspergillus

niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer were

tested. The result indicated that most of the extracts possess antifungal properties. The highest

potential was exhibited by aqueous-ethanol extract of E.alba leaf which inhibited the growth of

all the fungi tested with a maximum zone of 29mm against Fuarium oxysporum in disc diffusion

and 29 mm against both A.niger and Fuarium oxysporum in well diffusion method. Atuna indica

leaves are found to be less effective which showed growth inhibitory activity only against

Rhizopus stolonifer.

Key words: Antifungal, Medicinal plants, infectious diseases, multidrug resistant.

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:78

Page 3: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

1. INTRODUCTION

Plants have been used for medicinal purposes long before prehistoric period and are

sources of many potent and powerful drugs. Herbal medicines are in great demand in the

developed as well as developing countries for primary healthcare because of their wide

biological and medicinal activities, higher safety margins and lesser costs (Goyal et al., 2008,

Cragg et al., 1997, Nitha et al., 2012). Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites

such as tannins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, which have been reported to

possess profound biological properties. (Duraipandiyan et al., 2006, Djeussi and Noumedem.,

2013) The plant kingdom has provided a variety of compounds with different therapeutic

properties, like analgesics, anti-inflammatory, medicines for asthma, and other different ailments

(Dellavalle et al., 2011).

As per data available over three-quarters of the world population relies mainly on plants

and plant extracts for their health care needs. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one

time or other was used for medicinal purposes. Most of the important drugs of the past 50 years,

which have revolutionized modern medicinal practice, have been isolated from plants. (Dar et

al., 2017). The WHO endorses and promotes the addition of herbal drugs in national health care

programs because they are easily accessible at a price within the reach of a common man and are

time tested and thus considered to be much safer than the modern synthetic drugs (Singh and

Singh., 1981). Thus, the research of pharmacologically/ biologically active agents obtained by

screening natural sources such as plant extracts had led to the detection of many

pharmaceutically valuable drugs that play a key role in the treatment of human diseases (Rastogi

and Meharotra., 1990).

Infectious diseases caused by microorganisms are a major public health problem

(Alviano and Alviano., 2009, Zhang et al., 2006). The number of multi-drug resistant microbial

strains and the appearance of strains with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics are continuously

increasing. This increase has been attributed to indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics,

immunosuppressive agents, intravenous catheters, organ transplantation and ongoing epidemics

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:79

Page 4: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections (Dean and Burchard., 1996, Gonzalez et al.,

2006). Fungi are ubiquitous in the environment, and infection due to fungal pathogens has

become more common (Khan et al., 2013). Infections caused by opportunistic fungi are also

becoming more common now a day. This situation provided the impetus to the search for new

antimicrobial substances from various natural sources like medicinal plants. Synthetic drugs are

not only expensive and inadequate for the treatment of diseases but are also often with different

side effects. Therefore, there is a need to search for new infection-fighting strategies to control

microbial infections (Vaghasiya and Chanda., 2007).

Among ancient civilizations, India has been known to be rich repository of medicinal

plants. The forest in India is the principal repository of large number of medicinal and aromatic

plants, which are largely collected as raw materials for manufacture of drugs. Vast number

Indian medicinal plants have been reported to possess different therapeutic properties and are

also found to possess compounds with potential antimicrobial properties (Vedhnarayanan et al.,

2013). The current study is aimed to evaluate the antifungal properties of ten selected medicinal

plants against some fungal species which are common causative agents of some infections. The

discovery of potent antimicrobial agents from natural sources is promising and greatly acceptable

approach due to their margin of safety and availability.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Collection of Plant Materials

Fresh plant/ plant parts were collected randomly from Kerala and Tamilnadu

region, India. The plants selected for the study include Eclypta alba (Leaf), Berberis aristata

(bark), Aloe vera (leaf), Atrocarpus heterophyllus (Bark), Ixora coccinia (flower), Cromelina

orderata (leaf), Lawsonia inermis (leaf), Humboldtia brunonis (leaf), Jasmine angustifolia

(leaf), Atuna indica (leaf). The details of the plant/plant parts studied - their families, vernacular

names and their therapeutic uses are given in Table 1 (Udayan and Balachandran, 2009, Kirtikar

and Basu, 2005). The plant materials were identified and authenticated and the voucher

specimens were deposited in the raw drug museum of University of Calicut, Kerala, India.

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:80

Page 5: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

2. Fungal Strains and Growth Conditions

All fungal strains used in this study were obtained from Microbial Type Culture

Collection, Chandigarh, India. Fungal isolates were sub cultured to potato dextrose agar and

prepared for the antifungal assessment. The fungi selected for the study include Aspergillus niger

MTCC 281 , Aspergillus flavus MTCC 277. Penicillium citrinum MTCC 1256 , Fusarium

oxysporum MTCC 284, Rhizopus stolonifer MTCC 2591.

3. Preparation of Extract

The plant parts were washed thoroughly, dried under shade and powdered. The

powdered material (100 g) was extracted with 50% aqueous-ethanol using water bath- shaker at

400 C for 72 hours. After 72 hours, the supernatant was filtered and the solvent completely

evaporated using vacuum. The residue obtained was stored at 40C for further studies.

4. Determination of Antifungal Activity

The antifungal assay was performed by two methods viz. agar disc diffusion method

(Bauer and Kirby., 1966) and agar well diffusion method (Perez., 1990). Potato Dextose Agar

(PDA) was prepared in plates and the fungal inoculum was spread evenly on the surface of the

plates using a sterile cotton swab. For agar disc diffusion method, sterile filter paper discs (6mm)

were saturated with different concentrations of the test compound, allowed to dry and introduced

on the upper layer of the seeded agar plate. The culture was done as McFarland standard

sterilized media prepared at 121°C for 14 minutes in autoclave. For agar well diffusion method, a

well was prepared in the plates with the help of a cork-borer (0.6cm). 100 μl of different

concentrations the test compound (50, 100,150 and 200 µg) was introduced into the well. The

plates were incubated at room temperature. Sterile distilled water served as negative control. The

result was obtained by measuring the zone diameter.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Nature has been a source of medicinal agents since times immemorial and their roles in

the treatment of diseases is as old as man. Plants have provided a source of inspiration for novel

drug compounds as plant derived medicines have made significant contribution towards human

health. They constitute a predominant mode of managing health problems in developing

countries and mostly among the rural populace (Udoh et al., 2019, Sandhu and Heinrich., 2005,

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:81

Page 6: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

Gupta et al, 2005). Herbal medicine is generally believed to be more effective but with fewer

side effects compared to synthetic medicines.

The current study aimed to evaluate the antifungal property of ten different Indian

Medicinal plants is very relevant because a dramatic increase in fungal infections has been noted

across the world in the past few decades due to the appearance of resistant fungi to different

antifungal agents used in the treatment. Continuous and indiscriminate use of antifungal agents

led to the development of resistance by fungal species, and some shows ineffectiveness toward

fungal disease (Tanwar., 2014, Singh., 2001). These drugs not only show ineffectiveness due to

resistance by fungal species but also show undesirable side effects (Sharanappa and

Vidyasagar., 2013, Negri., 2014, Brezis., 1984).

The study revealed the antifungal properties of ten selected Indian medicinal plants

against some common pathogenic fungi (Table 2& 3). The study shows that different fungal

strains exhibited different levels of sensitivity to each crude plant extract. Table 2 and 3 indicates

that crude extracts from E.alba inhibited the growth of five fungal strains studied. E. alba

showed a maximum zone of inhibition around 29 mm towards Fusarium oxysporum in disc

diffusion method and 29mm against A.niger and Fusarium oxysporum in well diffusion method

which is the maximum inhibitory zone obtained in the study. E. alba is reported to possess

different phytochemicals such as alkaloids (ecliptine and nicotine), coumarinns (verazine,

dehydroverazine ecliptalbine), triterpenes (eclalbatin, α –amyrin, β-amyrin,ursolin acid,oleanolic

acid and wedelic acid) , flavanoids (apigenin, luteolin and luteolin-7-glucoside) etc which may

be responsible for its activity (Neeraja and Elizabeth Margaret., 2012).

Atuna Indica leaves are found to be less effective which showed growth inhibitory

activity only against Rhizopus stolonifer, in both disc and well diffusion methods. The study

reveals that most of the plants showed antifungal activity against the tested strains. Among the

five fungal strains Fusarium oxysporum is found to be the most resistant, which showed resistant

towards six plants evaluated such as Berberis aristata, Alo vera, Ixora coccinia, Cromelina

orderata, Humboldtia brunosis and Atuna indica. A.niger was found to be most sensitive fungal

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:82

Page 7: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

species which exhibited sensitivity towards eight plant extracts Eclipta alba, Berberis aristata,

Alo vera, Atrocarpus heterophyllus, Ixora coccinia, Cromelina orderata, Lawsonia enermis and

Humboldtia brunosis. In well diffusion method also similar results were observed (Table 3).

Most of the tested plants are reported as rich repositories of several active phytochemicals as

described in Table 1 which may be responsible for their activity.

The antifungal activity of the plant extracts studied was compared with standard

antifungal drugs. The zone of growth inhibition formed by the standard antibiotics was given in

Table 4. Interestingly the results signify that most of the plant extracts possess more growth

inhibitory activity than the standard antifungal drugs. So from the current study it is evident that

most of the plants tested are potent antifungal agents and can be used for the development of safe

and consistent antifungal agents without any side effects.

IV. CONCLUSION

The findings of the study suggest the effectiveness of ten different Indian medicinal

plants towards some common pathogenic fungal species. The current study signify that the tested

plants can be used either singly or in combination in the preparation of various antifungal agents

and many of them are promising antifungal agents. However, further studies are needed,

particularly to identify and isolate the active ingredient from plant extract and also to study the

mechanism of action. Natural plant-derived fungicides may be a source of new alternative active

compounds, in particular with antifungal activity.

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:83

Page 8: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

TABLE 1 ETHNOBOTANICAL INFORMATION ON SOME TRADITIONALLY USED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS SELECTED FOR

ANTIFUNGAL SCREENING

Sl

No

Plant species Family Common

name Parts

used Active principle Therapeutic use

1 Eclipta alba (L.)

Hassk. (syn.

Eclipta prostrata

L.

Asteraceae False Daisy

and

Bhringraj

Whole

plant

Alkaloids, Coumarinns,

Triterpenes, Flavanoids

( Neeraja and Elizabeth,

2012)

Antihepatotoxic,

Antibacterial, Trypsin

Inhibitor, Antivenom, Hair

revitalizing,

Antiproleferative,

Antigiardial, Antiviral,

Anticancer

2 Berberis

aristata, DC.

Berberidaceae Indian

barberry

Root,

bark

Alkaloids, reducing sugars,

steroids, flavonoids,

terpenoids, glycosides and

saponin (The Wealth of

India, 1962)

Skin disease, menorrhagia,

diarrhoea, jaundice

3 Aloe vera (L.)

Burm.f.

Liliaceae Aloe Leaf Anthraquinone, Saponins,

steroids, Sugars,

Aminoacids, Vitamins,

(Sahu et al, 2013)

Analgesic, Antibacterial,

wound healing, antifungal,

antibacterial, antiviral

4 Artocarpus

heterophyllus

Lam.

Moraceae Jack fruit

tree

Roots,

leaves,

fruits,

seeds,ba

rk

Alkaloids, Tannins,

Phenolics, steroids,

Terpenoids, Anthraquiones,

Saponins, ( Baliga et al,

2011)

Antidiarrhoeal, boil, wound,

skin diseases, dyspepsia,

ulcer, convulsions,

dyspepsia ophthalmitis,

pharyngitis

5 Ixora coccinia

Linn.

Rubiaceae

Ixora, jungle

geranium

Root,

leaves,

Flowers

Polyphenols, flavonoids

glycosides and tannins (Baliga and Kurian., 2011)

Skin disease, diarrhea,

indigestion, ulcers, wounds

6 Chromolaena

odorata L.

Asteraceae Eupatorium Leaf Flavanoids, Alkaloids,

Tannins, Saponins,

Steroids. (Usunomena, and

Efosa, 2016)

Leaf juice used as antiseptic

in cuts and wounds

7 Lawsonia

inermis L

Lythraceae Henna tree Leaf carbohydrates,

cardioglycosides,

terpenoids, tannins,

phenolic compounds,

proteins and quinones

(Gull et al, 2013,

Mohamed et al, 2016,

Saadab, 2007)

astringent,

hypotensive, sedative,

and against a

headache, jaundice,

and leprosy

8 Humboldtia

brunonis Wall

Caesalpineae Brown's

humboldtia

(

Kattasokam)

Leaf,

Bark

Phenols, Alkaloids,

Flavanoids, Tannin,

Glycosides etc (Sheik and

Chandrashekar. 2014)

Arthritis, Diabetes

9 Jasminum

angustifolia L.

Oleacea Wild

jasmine

Leaf,

root

Alkaloids, Anthraquinone,

Anthocyanins, coumarins,

flavanoids, Saponins,

Tannins, Terpenoids

(Dubey et al, 2016)

Poison, herpes,

ophthalmology, leprosy,

pruritis, wounds, ring worm

10 Atuna indica

(Bedd).

Kosterm

Chrysobalanaceae Atuna

travancoria

Leaf,

bark

Coumarins, Flavanoids,

Phenolocs (Asish et al,

2013)

Anticancer, asthama

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:84

Page 9: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

TABLE. 2. ANTIFINGAL ACTIVITY OF TEN SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS- DISC DIFFUSION

METHOD

Sl

No

Plants Zone of Inhibition with different Fungal stains (mm)

Aspergillus niger A.falvus Rhizopus stolonifer Penicillium citrinum Fusarium oxysporum

50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200

1 E.alba 12 14 16 20 12 16 17 18 10 13 15 18 10 14 17 18 15 16 20 27

2 B. aristata 11 13 14 15 9 10 11 13 12 14 16 17 9 13 15 16 R R R R

3 Alo vera 11 14 15 19 12 14 17 18 R 5 10 12 12 14 15 17 R R R R

4 A.heterophyllus

9 11 12 14 7 9 11 13 R R R R R R R R 7 10 12 16

5 I. coccinia 11 13 15 20 13 15 17 19 3 7 12 15 R R R R R R R R

6 C. orderata 10 11 12 15 R 9 10 11 R R R R 15 17 18 18 R R R R

7 L. enermis 11 13 15 17 11 14 15 17 R R R R R R R R R 10 13 16

8 H. brunosis R 12 18 22 7 9 10 11 R R R R R R R R R R R R

9 J.aungutifolia R R R R R R R R R R R R 10 12 14 15 8 9 11 14

10 A.indica R R R R R R R R 9 12 14 16 R R R R R R R R

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:85

Page 10: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

TABLE. 3. ANTIFINGAL ACTIVITY OF TEN SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS- WELL DIFFUSION METHOD

TABLE-4 ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF STANDARD ANTIBIOTICS

.

R: Resistant

Sl

No

Plants Zone of Inhibition with different Fungal stains (mm)

Aspergillus niger A.falvus Rhizopus stolonifer Penicillium citrinum Fusarium

oxysporum

50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200

1 E.alba 11 17 20 29 15 17 19 22 12 14 16 18 11 13 17 22 18 22 26 29

2 B. aristata 12 15 17 18 9 10 12 14 14 15 17 18 10 14 16 17 R R R R

3 Alo vera 7 10 12 13 R R 9 10 9 10 11 12 R R 8 10 R R 7 9

4 A.heterophyllus

10 12 13 15 9 10 12 13 13 14 16 17 R R R R 7 1 10 12

5 I.coccinia 12 13 15 21 15 17 19 20 7 8 11 16 R R R R R R R R

6 C. orderata 9 10 12 13 8 10 11 13 R R R R 12 13 15 17 R R R R

7 L.enermis 12 14 16 19 10 13 17 19 R R R R R R R R R 11 14 18

8 H. brunosis 10 13 15 23 9 11 12 13 R R R R R R R R R R R R

9 J.aungustifolia R R R R R R R R R R R R 12 14 17 18 10 11 15 17

10 A.indica R R R R R R R R 10 12 16 17 R R R R R R R R

SL

NO

ORGANISM Zone of Inhibition (mm)

Cotrimoxazole Fluconazole

1 Aspergillus niger 15 12 mm

2 Aspergillus falvus 20 11

3 Penicillium cirtrinum 18 R

4 Rhizopus stolonifer 20 14

5 Fusarium oxysporum R R

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:86

Page 11: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

REFERENCES

1. A.W Bauer, W.M.M. Kirby, J.C. Sherris, M. Turck. “Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a

standardized single disk method”. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. Vol.45,pp. 493-496, 1966.

2. B.R. Goyal, R.K. Goyal, A.A. Mehta. “Phyto-Pharmacognosy of Archyranthes aspera: A

Review”. Pharmacog Rev, Vol 1, pp 1, 2008.

3. B.Nitha, A.B. Remashree and Indira Balachandran. “Antibacterial activity of some

selected Indian medicinal plants”. IJPSR, Vol. 3(7),pp. 2038-2042, 2012.

4. C. Perez, M. Paul, P. Bazerque. “An Antibiotic assay by the agar well diffusion method”.

Acta Bio Medica Exp. Vol. 15, pp. 113-115,1990.

5. C.E. Gonzalez, D. Venzon, S. Lee et al. “Risk factors for fungemia in children infected

with human immunodeficiency virus: a case control study”. Clin Infect Diseases. Vol.23,

pp.515-521, 1996.

6. D.A. Dean, K.W. Burchard. “Fungal infection in surgical patients. Amer J Surg

Vol.171, pp.374-382, 1996.

7. D.E. Djeussi , J.A.K, Noumedem , J.A. Seukep et al. Antibacterial activities of selected

edible plants extracts against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria . BMC Compl

Alt Med, Vol.13, pp.164, 2013.

8. D.S. Alviano, C.S. Alviano. “Plant extracts: search for new alternatives to treat microbial

diseases”. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, Vol. 10, pp. 106–121, 2009.

9. D.S. Sandhu, M. Heinrich. “The use of health foods, spices and other botanicals in the

Sikh community in London”. Phytother Res. [Internet]. Wiley. Vol. 19(7), pp. 633–42,

2005.

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:87

Page 12: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

10. G.M. Cragg, D.J, Newman, K.M, Sander. “Natural products in drug discovery and

development”. J Nat Prod, Vol. 60, pp.52-60, 1997.

11. G.R. Asish, M. Deepak, S. George, I. Balachandran. “Phytochemical Profiling &

Antioxidant Activity of Atuna indica (Bedd.) Kosterm - An Unexplored Tree Species

Reported from Western Ghats, India” , IJPPR, Vol.5, Issue 1, pp.27-30, March- May

2013.

12. I. Gull, M. Sohail, M.S. Aslam and M.A. Athar. “Phytochemical, toxicological and

antimicrobial evaluation of Lawsonia inermis extracts against clinical isolates of

pathogenic bacteria”, Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, Vol.12, pp. 36, 2013.

13. J. Tanwar, S. Das, Z. Fatima, S. Hameed. “Multidrug resistance: An emerging crisis”.

Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. Volume. 2014, Article ID 541340, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/5413402014:541340.

14. K.R. Kirtikar and B.D. Basu. “Indian Medicinal Plants”. International Book Distributors,

Dehra Dun,; Vol 2, (1), pp.102-103, 2005.

15. M.A. Mohamed , I. M. T. Eldin , A.E.H. Mohammed , H. M. Hassan. “Effects of

Lawsonia inermis L. (Henna) leaves’ methanolic extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced

hepatotoxicity in rats” . J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. Vol. 5 Issue. 1, pp. 22-26, 2016.

16. M .A. Saadabi. “Evaluation of Lawsonia inermis Linn. (Sudanese Henna) leaf extracts as

an antimicrobial agent”. Res J Biol Sci .Vol. 2,pp, 419-23, 2007.

17. M.P. Gupta, P.N. Solís, A.I. Calderón, F. Guionneau-Sinclair, M. Correa, C. Galdames,

et al. Corrigendum to “Medical Ethnobotany of the Teribes of Bocas del Toro,

Panama”. J Ethnopharmacol, Vol. 96, pp. 389–401, 2005.

18. M. Negri, T.P. Salci, C.S. Shinobu‑Mesquita, I.R. Capoci, T.I. Svidzinski, E.S. Kioshima.

“Early state research on antifungal natural products”. Molecules, Vol.19, pp. 2925‑56,

2014.

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:88

Page 13: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

19. M.S. Baliga, A.R. Shivashankara, R. Haniadka , J. Dsouza, H.P. Bhat. “Erratum to

Phytochemistry, nutritional and pharmacological properties of Artocarpus heterophyllus

Lam (jackfruit): A review”. Food Res Int, Vol. 44 (8),pp. 1800–1811, 2011.

20. M. S.Baliga and P. J. Kurian. “Ixora coccinea Linn: A Review of Its Traditional Uses,

Phytochemistry and Pharmacology”. Chin J Integr Med, Vol.17(10), Oct 2011.

21. N. Singh. “Trends in the epidemiology of opportunistic fungal infections:Predisposing

factors and the impact of antimicrobial use practices”. Clin Infect Dis. Vol. 33,

pp.1692‑6, 2001.

22. P.D. Dellavalle, A. Cabrera, D. Alem, P. Larranaga, F. Ferreira and M.D. Rizza

“Antifungal Activity Of Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Phytopathogenic Fungus

Alternaria Spp”. Chil J Agr Res, Vol. 71,(2), APRIL-JUNE 2011.

23. P. Dubey, A. Tiwari, S.K. Gupta and G. Watal. “Phytochemical and biochemical studies

of Jasminum officinale leaves”. IJPSR, Vol. 7, (6), pp.2632-40, 2016.

24. P.K. Sahu, D.D. Giri, R. Singh, P. Pandey, S. Gupta, A.K. Shrivastava, A. Kumar, K.D.

Pandey. “Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of Aloe vera: A Review” Pharmacol &

Pharma, Vol. 4, pp. 599-610, 2013.

25. P.R. Rastogi, and B.N. Meharotra. In Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR,

New Delhi, India, Vol. I, pp. 339,1990.

26. P. Singh and C.L. Singh. “Chemical investigations of Clerodendraon fragrans”. J Ind

Chem Soc, Vol. 58, pp. 626-627, 1981.

27. P.S. Udayan, I.Balachandran. “Medicinal Plants of Arya Vaidya Sala Herb Garden”.

Department of Publication Arya Vaidya Sala, Firt Edition, 2009.

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:89

Page 14: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

28. P. Vedhanarayanan, P. Unnikannan, P. Sundaramoorthy. “Antimicrobial activity and

phytochemicalscreening of Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R.Br”. J Pharmacogn Phytchem

Vol. 2 (4), pp. 123-125, 2013.

29. .P.V. Neeraja, M. Elizabeth. “Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk: A Valuable Medicinal herb”

IJCPR, Vol. 2(4), pp. 188-197, 2012.

30. R.A. Dar, M. Shahnawaz, P.H. Qazi. “Natural product medicines: A literature update”. J

Phytopharmacol, Vol. 6,(6), pp. 349-351, 2017.

31. R. Sharanappa, G.M. Vidyasagar. “Anti-candida activity of medicinal plants. A Review”.

Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. Vol.5, Suppl. 4,pp.9-16, 2013.

32. R. Zhang, K. Eggleston, V. Rotimi, R.J. Zeckhauser. Antibiotic resistance as a global

threat: evidence from China, Kuwait and the United States. Global Health, Vol. 2, pp. 6

2006.

33. S.R. Badoni , D.K. Semwal , S. Combrinck , C. Cartwright-Jones , A. Viljoen.

“Lawsonia inermis L. (henna): ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological

aspects”. J Ethnopharmacol. Vol.155,(1),pp. 80-103, Aug 8 2014.

34. S. Sheik, K.R. Chandrashekar. “Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of

Kingiodendronpinnatum (DC.) Harms and Humboldtia brunonis Wallich: endemic

plants of the Western Ghats of India”. J Nat Sci Foundation Sri Lanka, Vol. 42 (4): pp.

307-313, 2014

35. The Wealth of India. A Dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products,

Publication and Information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,

New Delhi, Vol. 4,pp. 225-226,1962.

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:90

Page 15: ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN …jicrjournal.com/gallery/10-jicr-may-2675.pdfANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2,

36. U.A. Khan, H. Rahman, Z. Niaz, M. Qasim, J. Khan, Tayyaba and B. Rehman.

“Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants against selected human pathogenic

bacteria”. Eur J Microbiol Immunol. Vol.3, 4, pp. 272–274, 2013.

37. V. Duraipandiyan, M. Ayyanar, and S. Ignacimuthu. “Antimicrobial activity of some

ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India”. BMC Compl Alt

Med, Vol.6,pp. 35, 2006.

38. Y. Vaghasiya, S.V. Chanda. “Screening of Methanol and Acetone Extracts of Fourteen

Indian Medicinal Plants for Antimicrobial Activity”. Turk J Biol. Vol. 31, pp. 243-248,

2007.

39. Udoh, I. Philip, Aladenika, S. Tunrayo1, Eleazar, C. Idara; Onyebueke, E.Adaze,

Azubuike, N. Chinonyelum, Okwuosa, C. Nwachukwu, Ibezim, N. Ekpereka, Esimone,

C. Okechukwu. “Antifungal properties of methanolic leaf extract of Anacardium

occidentale (cashew) against fusarial isolates from human and plant origin”. Pharmacol

Online, Vol.1,pp. 117-135.2019.

40. U. Usunomena, E. G. Efosa. “ Phytochemical Analysis, Mineral Composition and in

vitro Antioxidant Activities of Chromolaena odorata Leaves”. AJPS, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp

16-20, 2016.

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020

ISSN NO: 0022-1945

Page No:91