anxiety disorders 1

ANXIETY DISORDERS 1ANXIETY DISORDERS 1

AHMAD ALHADI, MDPsychiatrist and Psychotherapist

KSU, KKUH

AHMAD ALHADI, MDPsychiatrist and Psychotherapist

KSU, KKUH

IntroductionIntroduction

• Normal vs Abnormal

• GAD, Panic Dis., Agoraphobia, Social Phobia, Specific Phobia (Part 1).

• OCD (Part 2).

• Acute & PTSD, Adjustment Dis., Grief (Part 3).



• OCD (Part 2).


ABNORMAL ANXIETY NORMAL ANXIETY

Out of proportion

body responses > External trigger

Many – severe – prolonged & interfere with life.

GAD-Panic-PhobiasAcute &PTSD- …etc

Proportional to the trigger (time & severity).

External trigger > body responses.

few - not severe - not prolonged & minimal effect on life .

Trait (character) State (situational)

1-Apprehension

2- Attention

3- Features

4- Types

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

THREAT COPING

Features of AnxietyFeatures of Anxiety Physical PsychologicalNeuro:

ENT:

CVS & CHEST:

GI:

Genito-urin.:

SKIN:

MSS:

Apprehension + hypervigilance

Excessive worries + anticipation

Difficulty concentrating

Feeling of restlessness

Sensitivity to noise

Sleep disturbance

Vicious cycle of panic attackVicious cycle of panic attack

Any Anx Dis

Specific Phobia

Social Phobia

PTSD

Any Mood dis

MDD

Bipolar Dis

0 5 10 15 20 25

MaleFemale

Mental Disorders among Adults (18 and older), in the past year (2001)

William R Yates, Anxiety Disorders: Multimedia 2010

Fear networkFear network

Fear network centered in the Amygdala which has interaction with :• Hippocampus, hypothalamic and brainstem sites (observed signs of fear

responses)

Neuroanatomical Hypothesis of Panic Disorder, Revised, Jack M,2004

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

2. Panic Disorder

3. Agoraphobia

4. Specific Phobia

5. Social Phobia.

6. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

7. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Acute Stress Disorder

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

2. Panic Disorder

3. Agoraphobia

4. Specific Phobia

5. Social Phobia.

6. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

7. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Acute Stress Disorder

Criteria: 6 months duration – most of the time Excessive worries about many events : ( routine themes, Difficult to control or relax, not

productive, expect terrible events if not worry, worry about not being worried or when everything is going well in pt’s life).

Multiple physical & psychological features. Significant impairment in function. Not due to GMC , substance abuse or other axis I psychiatric disorder.

Criteria: 6 months duration – most of the time Excessive worries about many events : ( routine themes, Difficult to control or relax, not

productive, expect terrible events if not worry, worry about not being worried or when everything is going well in pt’s life).

Multiple physical & psychological features. Significant impairment in function. Not due to GMC , substance abuse or other axis I psychiatric disorder.

Generalized Anxiety DisorderGeneralized Anxiety Disorder

Associated features:

panic attacks (episodes of short severe anxiety). Sadness +/- weeping Overconcerned about body functions (heart,

brain,...)

MSE : Tense posture, excessive movement e.g. hands (tremor) & head, excessive blinking Sweating. Difficulty in inhalation.

Associated features:

panic attacks (episodes of short severe anxiety). Sadness +/- weeping Overconcerned about body functions (heart,

brain,...)

MSE : Tense posture, excessive movement e.g. hands (tremor) & head, excessive blinking Sweating. Difficulty in inhalation.


Epidemiology:

women > men Prevalence : 3 – 5 %.

Age of onset vary , range : 20 – 55 years. Pt. usually consults medical (non-

psychiatric) specialties, and/or faith-healers first.

Co-morbidity is high ( panic d, depression, substance abuse…etc).

Epidemiology:

women > men Prevalence : 3 – 5 %.

Age of onset vary , range : 20 – 55 years. Pt. usually consults medical (non-

psychiatric) specialties, and/or faith-healers first.

Co-morbidity is high ( panic d, depression, substance abuse…etc).


90.4% of persons with GAD met criteria for another psychiatric disorder over the course of their lifetime. 90.4% of persons with GAD met criteria for another psychiatric disorder over the course of their lifetime.

D Dx : Anxiety due to other physical problems:

anemia –hyperthyroidism – hypoglycemia-BA - Rx – sub. Abuse.

Psychotic disorders. Depressive disorders. Panic disorder.Hypochondriasis.Mixed anxiety & depressive disorder. Adjustment disorder with anxious mood. Normal reaction to stress.

D Dx : Anxiety due to other physical problems:

anemia –hyperthyroidism – hypoglycemia-BA - Rx – sub. Abuse.

Psychotic disorders. Depressive disorders. Panic disorder.Hypochondriasis.Mixed anxiety & depressive disorder. Adjustment disorder with anxious mood. Normal reaction to stress.


Course & Prognosis If not properly treated :

chronic, fluctuating & worsens with stress. Secondary depression . Possible physical complications: e.g. HTN,DM.IHD

Poor Prognostic Factors: Very severe symptoms Personality problems Uncooperative patient. Derealization

Course & Prognosis If not properly treated :

chronic, fluctuating & worsens with stress. Secondary depression . Possible physical complications: e.g. HTN,DM.IHD

Poor Prognostic Factors: Very severe symptoms Personality problems Uncooperative patient. Derealization


Rule out common physical reasons. Explain the nature of the illness & symptoms. Reassure that symptoms are not due to a

physical disease. Reduction of caffeine intake. Draw attention to psychological factors (connect

with his affect). Behavioral Therapies (CBT, Relaxation training,

Meditation….). Short course(2/52) BDZ e.g. lorazepam. Long term Rx: SSRI-SNRI-TCA- buspirone

Rule out common physical reasons. Explain the nature of the illness & symptoms. Reassure that symptoms are not due to a

physical disease. Reduction of caffeine intake. Draw attention to psychological factors (connect

with his affect). Behavioral Therapies (CBT, Relaxation training,

Meditation….). Short course(2/52) BDZ e.g. lorazepam. Long term Rx: SSRI-SNRI-TCA- buspirone


PANICPANIC

Any Qs?Any Qs?

!! تخّي لVideo 1

Panic attack :

a symptom not a disorder. episodic sudden intense

fear (of dying, going mad, or loosing self-control).

Can be part of many disorders: panic disorder, GAD, phobias, sub. Abuse, acute & PTSD.

3 types: 1- unexpected. 2- situationally bound. 3- situationally

predisposed.

Panic attack :

a symptom not a disorder. episodic sudden intense

fear (of dying, going mad, or loosing self-control).

Can be part of many disorders: panic disorder, GAD, phobias, sub. Abuse, acute & PTSD.

3 types: 1- unexpected. 2- situationally bound. 3- situationally

predisposed.

Panic Disorder: Disorder with specific

criteria: 1- unexpected recurrent

panic attacks (+/- situationally bound).

2- one month period (or more) of persistent concerns about another attack or implications of the attack or changes in behavior.

3- Not due to other disorders

Panic Disorder: Disorder with specific

criteria: 1- unexpected recurrent

panic attacks (+/- situationally bound).

2- one month period (or more) of persistent concerns about another attack or implications of the attack or changes in behavior.

3- Not due to other disorders

Panic DisorderPanic Disorder

SpontaneousEssential to diagnose

Panic Disorder

Occur on anticipationOr immediately on exposure

to the triggere.g. specific phobia

can be ass./with panic disorder

Exposure is likely but not

always trigger them e.g. social phobia

Panic Attacks

Unexpected Situationally bound

Situationally predisposed

Epidemiology

Women > men

Prevalence : 1– 3 %

Age at onset :

20 --- 35 years

Epidemiology

Women > men

Prevalence : 1– 3 %

Age at onset :

20 --- 35 years

Etiology

Genetic predisposition Disturbance of

neurotransmitters

NE & 5 HT

in the locus ceruleus

(alarm system

in the brain ) Behavioral conditioning Mitral valve prolapse

2x ?..% not increased in Echo. MVP

Etiology

Genetic predisposition Disturbance of

neurotransmitters

NE & 5 HT

in the locus ceruleus

(alarm system

in the brain ) Behavioral conditioning Mitral valve prolapse

2x ?..% not increased in Echo. MVP

Course & Prognosis

With treatment : good

Some pts recover within weeks even with no treatment.

Others have chronic fluctuating course.

Course & Prognosis

With treatment : good

Some pts recover within weeks even with no treatment.

Others have chronic fluctuating course.

Management

Rule out physical causes.

Support & reassurance

Relaxation & CBT Medications:

BNZ

SSRIs

TCAs

Management

Rule out physical causes.

Support & reassurance

Relaxation & CBT Medications:

BNZ

SSRIs

TCAs

PHOBIA SPHOBIA S

Any Qs So far?Any Qs So far?

Phobic Disorders Irrational excessive fear ± panic attack on exposure + avoidance or endured with +++ discomfort

Phobic Disorders Irrational excessive fear ± panic attack on exposure + avoidance or endured with +++ discomfort

Agoraphobia Social Specific

1(Away from home, 2)Crowded places, or 3)confinement (in-closed spaces e.g. bridges or in-closed vehicles ( e.g. bus) *where it is difficult or embarrassing to

escape or get help .*Anxiety about

fainting and / or loss of control

Functional impair.

Embarrassment when observed

performing badly or showing anxiety features) e.g. speaking in

public , leading prayer serving guests

*Functional impair.

Objects or situations e.g. blood ex.

dental clinic hospital

airplane (height) animals

insects thunder

storms closed spaces/lifts

darkness

VIDEO 2&3VIDEO 2&3

Agoraphobia Social Specific

Epidemiology:F : M = 2 : 1Prevalence : 2–10%.Onset : 20–35 y.

Etiology:Personality predis.Psychosocial trigger.

Treatment :CBT with graded exp.Medications :Either; SSRIs, TCAs, orMAOIs +/- BNZ

Epidemiology:M : F = ? Cultural F.prevalence : 3-13%only 10 % come.

Etiology: Genetic predis. (shyness)psychosocial (shame – criticism)

Treatment:CBT, Ass. T. & SSTMedications :PRN : B-blockers, BNZSSRIs , MAOIs , or TCA

Epidemiology:F>M common in children

Etiology :? Modeling cont. of childhood fearsConditioning.Genetics (blood phobia)

Treatment :Behavior therapy: ERP+/- B blockers / BNZ

• Video 4 (therapy)• Video 4 (therapy)



• OCD (Part 2).




• OCD (Part 2).


Thank you

anxiety disorders 1

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