anxiety disorders panic disorder agoraphobia social phobia specific phobia obsessive compulsive...
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Anxiety DisordersPanic DisorderAgoraphobiaSocial Phobia
Specific PhobiaObsessive Compulsive DisorderGeneralized Anxiety Disorder
(PTSD & Acute Stress Disorder)
Panic AttackA. Discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, in
which 4 or more of the following Six develop abruptly and reach a peak within 10 minutes Palpitations Sweating Trembling/aching Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering Feeling of choking Chest pain/discomfort Nausea/abdominal distress Feeling dizzy/unsteady/lightheaded/faint Derealization/depersonalization Fear of losing control/going crazy Fear of dying Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensation) Chills/hot flushes
Agoraphobia A. Anxiety about being in places or
situations from which escape might be difficult or in which help may not be available in the event of having an unexpected or situationally predisposed panic attack or panic-like symptoms.
A. 2 or moreExperiences required
B. The situations are avoided or are endured with marked distress
C. Not better accounted for by another mental disorder
Social Phobia (LINK)A. Marked, persistent fear of one or more social or
performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others. The individual fears that he or she will act in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing.
B. Exposure to the feared social situation almost invariably provokes an anxiety response
C. The person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable
D. The phobic stimulus is avoided or endured with intense anxiety or distress
E. There is significant distress or an impairment in functioning
Specific PhobiaA. Marked, persistent fear that is excessive or
unreasonable, cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation
B. Exposure to the phobic stimulus almost always provokes an immediate anxiety response
C. The person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable
D. The phobic stimulus is avoided or endured with intense anxiety or distress
E. There is significant distress or an impairment in functioning due to the phobia
F. The phobia is not better accounted for by another mental disorder
Subtypes of Specific Phobia (LINK) Animal type
Natural environment type
Blood-Injection-Injury type
Situational type
Other type
PhobiaMarked by a persistent and irrational fear of an
object or situation that disrupts behavior.
Common Phobias Acrophobia: Heights Aquaphobia: Water Gephyrophobia: Bridges Ophidiophobia:
Snakes Aerophobia: Flying Arachnophobia:
Spiders Herpetophobia: Reptiles Ornithophobia:
Birds Agoraphobia: Open spaces Astraphobia:
Lightning Mikrophobia: Germs Phonophobia:
Speaking aloud Ailurophobia: Cats Brontophobia:
Thunder Murophobia: Mice Pyrophobia: Fire Amaxophobia: Vehicles, driving Claustrophobia:
Closed spaces Numerophobia: Numbers Thanatophobia:
Death Anthophobia: Flowers Cynophobia: Dogs
Good Question…If phobias are learned behaviors,
why don’t they extinguish on their own???
Avoidance works!
Fear is never tested
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals
(compulsions) that cause distress.Realize the obsession is unreasonable
Typical Obsessions Doubts (e.g. Did I turn off the stove? Did
I lock the door? Did I hurt someone?) Fears that someone else has been hurt or
killed Fears that one has done something
criminal Fears that one may accidentally injure
someone Worry that one has become dirty or
contaminated Blasphemous or obscene thoughts
NOT just excessive worries about real-life problems
Typical Compulsions Checking Cleaning/washing Doing things a certain number of times in
a row Doing and then undoing things Doing things in a certain order, with
symmetry Mental acts such as praying, counting,
etc.
OCD in Children Children have an average of 4 obsessions
and 4 compulsions at any given time Often comorbid with Tourette’s syndrome
and/or ADHD
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)A. Excessive anxiety and worry occurring
more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events
B. The person finds it difficult to control the worry
C. The anxiety and worry are associated with 3 or more of the following symptoms
1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge2. Being easily fatigued 3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank4. Irritability5. Muscle tension6. Sleep Disturbance
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)D. The focus of the anxiety and worry is not
confined to features of another disorder and do not occur exclusively during PTSD
E. There is clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning
F. Not due to a GMC or substance
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
A. The person has been exposed to a traumatic event and have experienced four or more weeks of one or more of the following symptoms:
1. Haunting memories
2. Nightmares
3. Social withdrawal
4. Jumpy anxiety
5. Sleep problems
Bettm
ann/ Corbis
Resilience to PTSDOnly about 10% of women and 20% of men react
to traumatic situations and develop PTSD.
Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience against traumatic situations.
All major religions of the world suggest that surviving a trauma leads to the growth of an
individual.
Anxiety Disorders - Overview Most common mental disorders in the U.S.
At least 19% of the adult population suffer from at least one anxiety disorder in any given year
All are more common in women, except for OCD
Except for Panic Disorder, ages of onset are most likely going to be in childhood or adolescence (but do not have to be)
Anxiety Disorders cost $42 billion each year in health care, lost wages, and lost productivity
Anxiety DisordersCultural Variations Fear, Anxiety, and Anxiety Disorders exist in
all cultures Prevalence rates vary, but are generally the
most common mental illness in all countries Low rates: China (2.4%), Japan, Nigeria, and
Spain High rates: U.S. (19%), France, Colombia, and
Lebanon Fear stimulus and content of anxiety differ
greatly between cultures
Dhat (India), Jiryan (India), Sukra Prameha (Sri Lanka), & Shen-k’uei (China) Severe anxiety, panic symptoms, somatic
complaints, hypochondriachal symptoms associated with the discharge of semen
Excessive semen loss is feared because of the belief that it represents the loss of one’s vital essence and can thereby be life threatening
Koro (South and Southeast Asia) Sudden and intense anxiety that one’s
genitalia will recede into the body and possibly cause death
Can occur in epidemics
Taijin Kyofusho (Japan) An intense fear that one’s body, its parts,
or its functions (sweating, body odor, facial expressions, etc.) displease, embarrass, or are offensive to other people
Similar to the DSM’s Social Phobia
Explaining Anxiety DisordersFreud suggested that we repress our painful and
intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety.
OCD = Anxiety rooted in repressed ID impulsesImpulses = obsessive thoughtsCompulsions = ego defenses against themE.g.: Lady Macbeth: Anxiety/guilt over her part in a murder compulsive hand washing to get rid of the imagined blood.
How would you treat Lady Macbeth?
The Learning PerspectiveLearning theorists suggest that fear
conditioning leads to anxiety. This anxiety
then becomes associated with other
objects or events (stimulus
generalization) and is reinforced.
John Coletti/ Stock, B
oston
The Learning PerspectiveInvestigators believe that fear responses are inculcated through observational learning.
Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.
The Biological PerspectiveNatural Selection has led our ancestors to learn
to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species.
Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears and
anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias.
The Biological PerspectiveGeneralized anxiety,
panic attacks, and even OCD are linked with brain circuits like the
anterior cingulate cortex.
Anterior Cingulate Cortexof an OCD patient.
S. U
rsu, V.A
. Stenger, M
.K. Shear, M
.R. Jones, &
C.S. C
arter (2003). Overactive action
monitoring in obsessive-com
pulsive disorder. Psychological Science, 14, 347-353.
Panic Disorder What Causes Panic Disorder?
We don’t really know; many factors. But: Strong evidence that norepinephrine
is involved. Norepinephrine: neurotransmitter
especially active in Locus ceruleus part of the brain.
Models of AbnormalityBiological model: Anatomy
(structures)
Neo-Cortex
Corpus callosum
Amygdala
Locus ceruleus (Pons)
Panic Disorder Anti-depressant drugs that regulate
norepinephrine successful in treating panic
When Locus ceruleus stimulated in monkeys panic like behavior
Locus ceruleus rich in norepinephrine carrying neurons
Hypothesis: Norepinephrine dysregulation may well be implicated in Panic Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Focus on compulsions, not obsessions Theory: association forms randomly between
fear/anxiety reduction and the compulsive behavior
Compulsive behavior becomes reinforcing because it reduces anxiety
Therefore compulsion increases in frequency
Behavioral Perspective
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Drugs that increase Serotonin activity are somewhat effective in treating OCD
Serotonin is also active in 2 brain areas that have been associated with OCD: the orbital region of the frontal cortex and caudate nucleus
Biological Perspective
Caudate nucleus
Orbital frontal cortex