“anthropogenic impact on medicinal plants of … · 2019. 2. 27. · 12 march 2017 [submission of...

Submission ofAccounts and Final Report

Ref No. MRP (S) 0465/13-14/KAKA072/UGC-SWRO dated 28-03-2014

Prof. H. S. KOULAGIPrincipal InvestigatorBotany Department

K.L.E. Society's J.T. College, Gadag.

“ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON MEDICINALPLANTS OF KAPPATTAGIRI HILLS”





Sanctioned to

SOUTH WESTERN REGIONAL OFFICE (SWRO)P.K. Block, Palace Road, Gandhinagar,

BANGALORE - 560 009.

Submitted to

THE JOINT SECRETARY AND REGIONAL HEADUNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION (UGC)

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION (UGC)South Western Regional Office (SWRO) Bangalore

Submission of Accounts and Final ReportRef : MRP(S)-0465/13-14/KAKA072/UGC-SWRO dated 28.03.2014.

MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT (MRP)

“ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ONMEDICINAL PLANTS OF KAPPATTAGIRI HILLS”

Sanctioned to

Prof. H.S. Koulagi,Principal Investigator

K.L.E. Society’sJagadguru Tontadarya College

Gadag – 582 101.





Sanctioned to



Gadag – 582 101.





Sanctioned to



Gadag – 582 101.

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March2017

[SUBMISSION OF FINAL REPORT] UGC sponsored Minor Research Projectsanctioned to KLE Society’s Jagadguru Tontadarya College, Gadag (Vide Ref No.MRP(S)-0465/1314/ KAKA072/ UGC-SWRO dated 28.03.2014)

Minor Research Project entitled “Anthropogenic impact on Medicinal plants of Kappattagiri hills”

Salient Features

Kappattagiri Hills

Country (India) State (Karnataka) District (Gadag) Gadag district is located in

the central part of northern Karnataka Taluka Mundaragi, Shirahatti, Gadag between

15.4167 N & 75.6167 E.

Lok Sabha Constituency Haveri Pin (582117).

Mode of access : Gadag (by Road) – 22 kms near Doni village about 4 kms

from Doni.

Kappattagiri hills an area having rich natural medicinal plants, Flora and Fauna

having a Canopy Cover of less than 0.5 this area comprising a continuous stretch of

hills of 64 kms length and 8-14 kms width from Binkadakatti to Singatalur. Gadag

District forest is situated in the Deccan Plateau. The general elevation ranges between

508 meters & 740 meters above mean sea level expect in some Kappattagiri hills

region where it is above 1000 msl and above.

The soil posses through every grade from bare rock to fairly deep loom with a

thin covering of humus. Dry land region with Black and Sandy red soil. Lot of Canker

nodules of lime are seen on flat and undulating land of forest.

The temperature during summer rises up to 42 C and during winter the

temperature goes down to 14 C.

The rain fall is moderate to low; the average annual rainfall is 613 mm with an

average of 43 rainy days of six months.

During southwest monsoon the relative humidity is high rang in between 75%

to 80% with commencement of the summer season from middle of February humidity

decreases day by day the relative humidity in the afternoons during summer is

between 22% to 27%. Winds blow predominantly above the hills approximately

average per hour about more than 70 kms.

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Due to Anthropogenic Activities & Climatic intervention & fire hazards there

is a threat to Kappattagiri hills. Hence there is need of evolving permanent precautions

and solutions to protect to conserve this precious and irreplaceable unique wealth of

nature for feature life.

Kappattagiri hills are one of home to temples and religious Maths. The lush

green Kappattagiri hills of Gadag district people about 40 surrounding villages make a

beeline for their priests not just for desire blessings, but also for cures for all sorts of

ailments, which they dole out in the form of the medicinal plants grow in abundance

here.

Traditional medicine systems are well flourished in our country and spreading

in other countries also. This system of medicine is passing from generation to

generation and used to treat many health ailments of human and animals more than

400 species of medicinal plants found in hills. The plants and holy water found in

Kappattagiri hills have the ability to boost immunity and healing many devotees have

been cured of diseases like paralysis, asthma, blood pressure and diabetes after being

treated with the medicinal plants and farmers believe that if they sprinkle the water on

their farmland it will keep away pests and crop disease says head of Kappatteshwar

Mallikarjun Swami. Kappattagiri hills are also rich in iron and gold ore deposits.

During the rains people around the area place sieves in way of the water flowing down

from the hills to collect grains of the metal and sell to the local goldsmiths. On the

Kappattagiri hills huge wind blowing. During rainy season the huge water is

collecting in Kappattagiri hills, as a result ground water level is increasing, hence

during summer, more than two thousand bore well every year become live. It helps to

farmers for agriculture. As on today this natural habitat is disturbed by anthropogenic

activities. The ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India and

Government of Karnataka have recognized Kappattagiri hills is on high priority to

conserve and protect the treasure of medicinal plants, for the future generation.

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A burning belief every year during summer the shrubs and grasslands on the

Kappattagiri hills are torched by villagers. The residents of the villages worship the

deity of the hill, Kappatha Mallayya. For many years now they have been burning the

plants, believed to be the deity’s “forehead” out of gratitude for fulfilling their

prayers. Local cowherds also follow similar practice, such ecologically harmful

practice has not been able to stop till today.

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Study Area

Kappattagiri Hills

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Introduction

Every country is characterized by its own biodiversity depending mainly on its

climates. India is well known for significant geographical diversity. The state of

Karnataka the part of the highly biodiversity rich is a part of India. The state has a

western Ghats hill Chains and Deccan plateau. The nature and humans are

interconnected or rather interdependent and should exist in harmony and balance. Any

type of change in this inter dependence can imbalance the surrounding either, that is

natural or manmade. The value of biodiversity in terms of its commercial utility,

ecological services, social and aesthetic value is enormous.

The present investigation provides anthropogenic impact on biodiversity

especially of medicinal plants of Kappattagiri hills regions. The need for indigenous

knowledge for a sustainable management and conservation of natural resources

receives more recognition. The present study was under taken to give awareness and

importance about National Resources, Medicinal plants & their conservation.

The herbal medicine is widely practiced throughout the world from time

immemorial and is safe and environment friendly. Ethno Botanical documentation and

information reveals great potential of Ethno Botanical knowledge as a key to largely

untapped biological and genetical resources. Herbal medicines once, there is lack of

awareness about human activities threat to medicinal plants of Kappattagiri hill

region.

The Kappattagudda forest is an area in Gadag district is about 21923 hector.

This region is rich in flora and fauna, especially medicinal plants, Gold and Iron ore,

granite, carbon, sulphar and winds are generally more in strength. This is the only area

in north Karnataka comprising a continuous stretch of hill rocks of 64 kms length and

8.14 km width from Binkadakatti to Singatalur. Kappattagiri forest area’s natural

environment can easily be affected or harmed which needs the special protection.

As a result of human activities, the Biodiversity of Kappattagiri hills is under

serious threat. Ethno botanical knowledge is needed to improve restoration efforts of

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state and federal agencies, tribes and private organizations. Especially this region is

exploited for wind power generation, gold mining, fire hazards, deforestation and

forest encroachment by tribal and local people and also other human activities. There

is a vital need to benefit of human kind before it vanishes. A great many Kappattagiri

medicinal plants are used directly as medicine. The contribution of medicinal plants

makes to many people’s lives in terms of health support, financial income, cultural

identity and livelihood security. Nature worship has been a key force in determining

human attitudes towards conservation and sustainable utilization of Biodiversity. This

project gives awareness of native medicinal plants and ecological importance and also

will help the government to initiate the conservation efforts.

Materials and Methods

The study was carried out in Kappattagiri hills near Doni village in Gadag

district and the nearby fields. Observations were made over a period of two years i.e.

from 2014 to 2016. Surveys were done by systematically working on fixed routes

through the study area. Anthropogenic impacts observed and identified according to

convenience throughout the year. Observations were carried out with the aid of

binoculars. Taxonomic key indicators will be used in identification of medicinal

plants. Survey of traditional healers is done by counseling local people around

Kappattagiri hills area. Impact areas are survey with the help of forest staff to locate

threaten areas. Impacts seen were recorded by photography and confirmed are

mentioned in this report.

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Results and Discussion

The Kappathgiri Forest comprises fairly shrubs and grass patches. A general

survey revealed that huge number of medicinal plants of which 340 most common

medicinal plants are identified for the use. Somyda febrifuge, Hardwickia bipinnata.

Dalbergia paniculata and Adatoda vasica etc. the major speicies in that order in term

of distribution. Many of economically important species like Cassia siamia, Emblica

officinallis. Grandinia gummifera, Randia dometorum etc occur in large number.

Sandal “the pride of Karnataka” occurs naturally in Kappattagudda region. The List of

identified medicinal plants with families in table – 1. The details about important

medicinal plants and their uses in table – 2 and method of medicinal plants used by

Local Health Traditional Healing Practitioners in table – 3.

Table – 1 : Showing medicinal plants with families of Kappattagiri Hills.

Sl. No. Botanical Name Family

1 Abrus precatorius Fabiaceae

2 Abutilon hirtum(Lam.) Sweet. Malvaceae

3 Abutilon indicum (L.)Sweet. Malvaceae

4 Abutilon pannosum (G.Forster)Schlecht. Malvaceae

5 Acacia caesia (L.)Willd. Mimoseae

6 Acacia catechu Mimosoideae

7 Acacia chrundra (Rottler)Willd. Mimoseae

8 Acacia eburnea (L.f.)Willd. Mimoseae

9 Acacia farnesiana (L.)Willd Mimoseae

10 Acacia ferruginea DC. Mimoseae

11 Acacia latronum Willd. Mimoseae

12 Acacia leucophloea(Roxb.)Willd. . Mimoseae

13 Acacia nilotica (L.)Willd. Mimoseae

14 Achyranthus aspera L. Amarantaceae

15 Aegle marmelos Corr. Rutaceae

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16 Aerva lanata L.Jussieu ex Schultes. Amarantaceae

17 Aerva sanguinolenta (L.)Blume, Amarantaceae

18 Alangium Salvifolium (L.f.)Wang. Ssp. Salvifolium Alangiaceae

19 Albizia procera Fabaciae

20 Aloe vera (L.)N. Burman Liliaceae

21 Alphinia galanga Zingiberaceae

22 Alternanthera pungens Humboldt. Amarantaceae

23 Alternanthera sessilis(L.)R.Br Amarantaceae

24 Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae

25 Amaranthus viridis L. Amarantaceae

26 Ampelocissus tomentosa (Roth.)Planchon Acanthaceae

27 Ancardium occidentale Anacardiaceae

28 Andrographis echioides Nees. Acanthaceae

29 Andrographis paniculata Nees. Acanthaceae

30 Anisomeles heyneana Benth. Labiateae

31 Annona squamosa Annonaceae

32 Anogeissus latifolia (DC)Wall ex Guill & Perr. Combretaceae

33 Argrmone mexicana L. Papaveraceae

34 Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae

35 Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae

36 Asparagus gonocladodes Baker Liliaceae

37 Asparagus jacquemonti Baker Liliaceae

38 Asparagus laevissimus Steud in Hohen Liliaceae

39 Azima tetracantha Lam. Salvadoraceae

40 Barleria cristata L. Acanthaceae

41 Barleria cuspidata Heyne. Acanthaceae

42 Barleria gibsoni Dalz. Acanthaceae

43 Barleria priontis L. Acanthaceae

44 Barleria tomentosa Roth. Acanthaceae

45 Basella alba L. Basellaceae

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46 Bauhinia raecmosa Lam. Caesalpiniaceae

47 Boerhavia chinesis (L.) Nyctaginaceae

48 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae

49 Boswellia serrata Roxb. Burseaceae

50 Bridelia crenulata Roxb. Euphorbiaceae

51 Bridelia stipularis Phyllanthaceae

52 Butea suparba Papilionaceae

53 Cadaba fruticosa (L) Druce. Capparidaceae

54 Caesalpinia bondus(L.) (Jacq.)Willd. Caesalpiniaceae

55 Caesalpinia coriaria(Jacq.)Willd. Caesalpiniaceae

56 Calotropis gigantean Asclepiadaceae

57 Calotropis procera (Ait.)R.Br. Asclepiadaece

58 Capparis deciduas (Forsk)Edgew. Capparidaceae

59 Capparis divaricata Lam. Capparidaceae

60 Capparis sepiaria L. Capparidaceae

61 Carissa carandus L. Apocyanaceae

62 Carrisa spinaraum L. Apocyanaceae

63 Cassia auriculata L. Caesalpinia

64 Cassia fistula L. Caesalpinia

65 Cassia italica L. Caesalpinia

66 Cassia occidentalis L. Caesalpinia

67 Cassia sericea SW. Caesalpinia

68 Cassia surratensis N.Burman, Caesalpinia

69 Cassiatora L. Caesalpinia

70 Cassica siamia Caesalpinioideae

71 Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae

72 Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Trivengadum Rubiaceae

73 Celrodendrum serratum(L.)Moon Celasteraceae

74 Ceropegia hirusta W & A. Asclepiadaece

75 Ceropegia juncea Roxb. W & A. Asclepiadaece

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76 Chloroxylon swietenia DC.NC Meliaceae

77 Cissus pallida (W. & A.) Steudel Vitaceae

78 Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Verbenaceae

79 Clerodendrum serratum (L.)Moon Verbenaceae

80 Clitoria ternatea L. Papilionaceae

81 Coccinia grandis(L.) Voigt. Cucrbitaceae

82 Cocculus hirsutus(L.)Diels. Menispermaceae

83 Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Flacourtiaceae

84 Coldenia procumbens L. Boraginaceae

85 Coleus barbatus (Andr.)Benth. Labiateae

86 Cordia macleodi Boragenaceae

87 Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth L. Asclepiadaece

88 Crotalaria chinenensis L. Asclepiadaece

89 Crotalaria hebecarpa (DC.) Rudd. Asclepiadaece

90 Crotalaria pallida Ait. Asclepiadaece

91 Croton bonplandianus Baillon. Asclepiadaece

92 Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. Asclepiadaece

93 Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. Asclepiadaece

94 Cyanotis fasciculate Schult. Commelinaceae

95 Cynodo dactylon (L.)Pers. Gramineae

96 Dalbargia lacceolaria L.f. Papilionaceae

97 Dalbargia latifolia Rox Papilionaceae

98 Datura stramonium Solanaceae

99 Delonix elata Gamble. Cacesalpinieae

100 Desmodium laxiflorum Dc. Papilionaceae

101 Dichrostachys cinerea Wight & Arn. Mimoseae

102 Digera arvensis Forsk. Amaranthaceae

103 Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoriaceae

104 Diosorea oppositifolia L. Dioscoreaceae

105 Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Ebenaceae

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106 Diospyros sp. Ebenaceae

107 Diplocyclos plamatus (L.)Jeffrey Cucurbitaceae

108 Dodonea viscose Jacq. Staphyleaceae

109 Dolichondrone falcata seem. Bignoniaceae

110 Eclipta prostrate (L.)L. Compositeae

111 Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae

112 Eriolaena quinuelocularis (W & A.) Cleghorn Sterculiaceae

113 Eugenia corymbosa Myrtaceae

114 Eugenia jambolana Myrtaceae

115 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae

116 Euphorbia tircucalli Euphorbiaceae

117 Feronia eliphantum Rutaceae

118 Ficus bengalensis Moraceae

119 Flacourtia indica (N.Burman)Merrill, Flacoutiaceae

120 Flocartia ramontchi Salicaceae

121 Gardenia gummifera L. Rubiacece

122 Gardenia lucida Rubiaceae

123 Gardenia resinifera Rubiaceae

124 Glinus oppositifolius (L.)DC. Molluginaceae

125 Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Amaranthaceae

126 Grewia damine Gaertner Sterculiaceae

127 Grewia flavescens Juss. Sterculiaceae

128 Grewia orbiculata Rottler. Sterculiaceae

129 Grewia populifoia Tiliaceae

130 Grewia salcifolia Tiliaceae

131 Grewia tenax (Forsk.)Fiori Sterculiaceae

132 Grewia tiliaefolia Tiliaceae

133 Grewia villosa Willd. Sterculiaceae

134 Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.)R.Br. Asclepiadaece

135 Hardwicikia binnata Roxb. Caesalpinia

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136 Hedyotis puberula (G.Don)Arn. Rubiaceae

137 Helicteres isora L. Sterculiaceae

138 Hemidesmus indicus (L)R.Br. Asclepiadaece

139 Heterophragma roxburghii Bignoniaceae

140 Hibiscus lobatus L. Malvaceae

141 Holostemma ada-kodien Schultes Asclepiadaece

142 Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.F.v.Muell) Volaceae

143 Hyptis suaveolens Poit.s Lamaiceae

144 Impatiens balsamina L. Balsminaceae

145 Indidofera tinctria L. Papilionaceae

146 Ipomoea obscura (L.)Ker-gawl. Boraginaceae

147 Ipomoeastyphylina Roem. Boraginaceae

148 Ixora arborea oxb ex Smith Rubiaceae

149 Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae

150 Ixora parviflora Rubiaceae

151 Jasaminum roxburghianumWall. Oleaceae

152 Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae

153 Justicia betonica L. Acanthaceae

154 Kalanchoe olivacea Dalz Crassuleceae

155 Kirganelia reticulate (Poiret)Baillon Phyllanthaceae

156 Lagernaria siceraria (Molina) Stand. Cucurbitaceae

157 Lannea coromandelica (Houttuyn)Merrill Anacardiaceae

158 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae

159 Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae

160 Lepidagathis cristata Willd. Acanthaceae

161 Leptadenia reticulate (Retz.) bWight &Arn. Asclepiadaece

162 Leucas lanataBenth. Labiataeae

163 Leucas martinicensis(Jacq.)R. Br. Labiataeae

164 Leucas stricta Benth. Labiataeae

165 Linaria ramosissima Wall. Scrophulriaceae

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166 Linum mysurense Benth. Linaceae

167 Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. Solanaceae

168 Maerua oblongifolia (Forsk) A. Capparaceae

169 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae

170 Maytenus emerginata(Willd)Ding Hou Celastraceae

171 Millingtonia hortenis Bignoniaceae

172 Mimosa hamata Willd Mimoseae

173 Mimosa pudica L. Mimoseae

174 Mirabilis jalapa Nyctaginaceae

175 Mundulia suberosa Fabiaceae

176 Naravelia zeylanica (L.)DC. Ranunculaceae

177 Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Rutaceae

178 Nerium indicum Apocynaceae

179 Ocimum canum Lamiaceae

180 Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae

181 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Labiataeae

182 Onosma bracteatum Boraginaceae

183 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalitaceae

184 Passiflora foetida L. Passifloraceae

185 Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek Rubiaceae

186 Pavonia zeylanica(L) Cav. Malvaceae

187 Pentatropis capensis(L.f) Bullock Asclepiadaece

188 Pergullaria pallida Wight & Arn. Apocynaceae

189 Peristrophe paniculata(Forsk) Burmmit. Acanthaceae

190 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster, Euphorbiaceae

191 Phyllanthus maderapetensis L. Euphorbiaceae

192 Pimpenella heyneana (DC.)Kurz. Umbelliferae

193 Piper nirgum Piperaceae

194 Pistia stratiotes Araceae

195 Plectranthus incanus Link. Labiateae

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196 Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbaginaceae

197 Pogostemon paniculatus Benth. Labiateae

198 Polygala erioptera DC. Polygalaceae

199 Polygonum plebeium var indica J.Hooker Basellaceae

200 Pongamia glabra Fabiaceae

201 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Papillionaceae

202 Portulaca pilosa L. Portulacaceae

203 Premna integrifolia L. Verbenaceae

204 Prosopis cineralria Fabiaceae

205 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Papillionaceae

206 Pulicaria wightiana C B Clarke. Asteraceae

207 Punica granatum Punicaceae

208 Putranjika roxburghil Euphorbiaceae

209 Randia spinosa Rubiaceae

210 Rauvolfia serpentina Apocynaceae

211 Rauvolifa tetraphylla Apocynaceae

212 Rawlfia serpentinea Apocynaceae

213 Rhus mysorensis G.Don. Anacardiaceae

214 Rhynchosia viscosa DC. Papillionaceae

215 Rivea hypocaeterifofmis Choisy Convolvulaceae

216 Rungia elegans Dalz &Gibs. Acanthaceae

217 Salvadora persica L. Salvadoraceae

218 Santalum album L. Santalaceae

219 Sarcostemma acidum(Roxb.)Voigt. Asclepiadaece

220 Sarcostemma intermedium Decaisne. Asclepiadaece

221 Scilla hyacinthina (Roth.)MCBride. Liliaceae

222 Scindapsus officinalis Araceae

223 Securinega vircosa DC Phyllanthaceae

224 Sesbenia grandiflora Fabaceae

225 Sida cardifolia Malvaceae

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226 Solanum incanum L. Solanaceae

227 Solanum indicum Solanaceae

228 Solanum surattense Solanaceae

229 Solanum torvum L. Solanaceae

230 Solanum trilobatum L. Solanaceae

231 Sopubia delphinifolia (L.)G Don. Orobanchaceae

232 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis(L.)Vahl. Verbenaceae

233 Stephania japonica (hunb)iers Menispermaceae

234 Striga desiflora Benth & Hook. Scrophulariaceae

235 Strychnus nuxvomica Loganiaceae

236 Stylosanthes fruitcosa (Retz.)Alston Fabaceae

237 Syzgium gardneri Thwaites Myrataceae

238 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae

239 Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae

240 Tamarix ericoides Rottler Tamariaceae

241 Tectona grandis L. Verbenaceae

242 Teminalia alata Heyene ex Roth. Combretaceae

243 Teminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC)W.& A. Combretaceae

244 Tephrosia purpurea Fabiaceae

245 Tephrosia purpurea (L.)Persoon. Papilionaceae

246 Tephrosia villosa Pers. Papilionaceae

247 Terminalia catapa Combretaceae

248 Terminelia bellirica Combretaceae

249 Terminelia chebula Combretaceae

250 Tinospora cordifolia(Willd.) Menispermaceae

251 Tragia hildebrandtii Muell-Arg Euphorbiaceae

252 Tribulus terrestris L. Malpighiaceae

253 Trichodesma africanum R. Br.Prodr. Boraginaceae

254 Trichodesma indicum Br. Boraginaceae

255 Tridax procumbens L. Compositae

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256 Trigonella foenum graecum Fabaceae

257 Tylophora fasciculate Buch. Asclepiadaece

258 Tylophora indica Ascelpiadaceae

259 Urena sinuate L. Malvaceae

260 Vallaris solanaceae Kuntze Apocyanaceae

261 Ventilago madraspatana Gaertner Hippocaradeaceae

262 Verbena officinalis L. Verbenaceae

263 Vernonia cinerea Less. Compositae

264 Vitex negundo L. Acanthaceae

265 Waltheria indica L. Malvaceae

266 Withania somnifera Solanaceae

267 Wrighita tinctoria R. Br. Apocyanaceae

268 Xanthium strumarium Asteraceae

269 Xemenia Americana L. Olacaceae

270 Ziziphus xylopyrus Rhamaaceae

271 Zizipus jujube Lam. Rhamaaceae

Table – 2 : Showing the details about common important medicinal

plants and their uses.

Sl. No Botanical name Family Disease

prevention

Parts of the

plants used

1. Hibiscus ahelmoshus Malvaceae cancer Seed

2. Argomone maxicana Papavereaceae Blood disease,

chronic cough

Root

3. Plectranthus

amboinicus

Lebiateae Asthma Leaf

4. Vitex niguundo Verbenaceae Skin disease Leaf

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5. Oxalis corniculata Oxaliadaceae Mouth

freshener

Leaf

6. Abrus precatorius Leguminaceae Skin disease Leaf

7. Oscimum basicum Lamiaceae Heat reducing Seed

8. Santalum album Santalaceae Cancer and

diabetes

Root and leaf

9. Tinospra cordifolia Menispermaceae Fever, debates Leaf, stem

10. Catheranthus roseus Lauraceae Cancer Leaf, root

11. Aloe barbedonsis Liliaceae Piles leaf

12. Piper nigrum Piperaceae Cold and cough Seed

13. Ixora coccinico Rubiaceae Kidney stones Root

14. Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Skin disease,

conditioner

Leaf

15. Hemidesmus indicus Crucifera Blood

purification,

allergy

Leaf

16. Aristolochia,indica Aristolochiaceae Diabetes Root and leaf

17. Curculigo orchioides Amaryllidaceae Asthma Root

18. Phyllanthus niruri Euphorpiaceae Jaundice, liver

disorder

Leaves

19. Gymnia sylvertris Asclepiadaceae Diabetes Leaf

20. Raulfia tetraphylla Apocynaceae Blood pressure Root

21. Adathoda vesica Acantheceae Cold, cough

and asthma

Leaf

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22 Bacopa monnieri Derohulariaceae Pituitary gland Leaf

23 Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Cancer Leaf

24 Artocarpus hirsute Urticaceae Skin disease Leaf, bark

25 Withani somnifera Solanaceae Nervous system Root

26 Tribules terrestris Zygophyllaceae Urinary

disorders

Fruits

27 Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae High blood

pressure, liver

disorder,

jaundice,

diuretic.

Leaves and

roots

28 Callotropis gigantea Asclepidaceae Cough and

cold, dropsy

,inflammation

Flower

powder,

leaves.

Table – 3 : Showing the method of medicinal plants of practical uses. The parts of

medicinal plants can be used either raw or after drying in the form of powder.

1 Ocimum sanctium –

Lamiaceae

One tea spoon juice of the leaves is given with

addition of black pepper in fever.

2 Euphoribia hirta –

Euphorbiacae

Latex and milky juice is applied on wart due to its

antibacterial activity.

3 Boerbavia diffusa –

Nyctaginaceae

150 gm roots, boiled in water and strained the

extract in given to the patient with chronic cough.

4 Terminalia arjuna –

Combrataceae

The powdered bark is used in hypertension and

decoction of bark is used as mouth wash oral ulcers.

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5 Amaranthus spinosus

- Amaranthaceae

Pest of root applied to abscesses, boils and bums.

6 Argemone maxicana

– papaveraceae

150 gm roots, boiled in water and strained and the

extract is given to the patient with chronic cough.

7 Terminalia bellirica –

Combrataceae

The Fruit powder is used as tonic and laxative. It is

also used as brain tonic, useful in piles, leprosy,

dropsy and fever.

8 Calotropis gigantea –

Asclepiadaceae

Leaves juice is given daily for the treatment of blood

pressure.

9 Mirabilis jalapa –

Nyctaginaceae

Roots of this plant constitute the drug, powdered

root is used to treat pain in abdomen.

10 Dioscorea bulbifera –

Dioscoriaceae

The flower powder is used thrice a day for one week

in cough and cold.

11 Xanthium strumarium

– (Compositae)

Asteraceae

Mature leaves possess the medicinal properties,

which is used to treat skin and bladder infections, to

stop bleeding from cuts and abrasions, neck gland

tuberculosis and herpes. It is remedy on mad dogs

bite.

12 Gardenia resinifera –

Rubiaceae

It is remedy for indigestion in children, crushed roots

applied to the scalp

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LUSH GREEN KAPPATTAGIRI HILLS

LUSH GREEN KAPPATTAGIRI HILLS

MEDICINAL PLANTS

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MEDICINAL PLANTS VEGETATION

MEDICINAL PLANTS VEGETATION

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MEDICINAL PLANTS

MEDICINAL PLANTS

Shri Shivakumar Maha Swamiji, Nandiverimath, Kappattagiri hillsPlant Genome Sevior Community Award received by the Govt. of India

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MEDICINAL PLANTS

HOLY WATER

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TEMPLES AT KAPPATTAGERI HILLS

KAPPAT MALLAYYA TEMPLE

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KAPPATTAGIRI HILLS

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Wild animals found in Kappattagiri hills approximately more than 100

different species. Some of them are 15 very common. The list of wild

animals given in the table – 4,5, 6 & 7.

FAUNA OCCURING IN THE KAPPATTAGIRI HILLS

Table No. – 4 : Showing Mammals

Sl. No. Common Name Scientific Name

1 Common fox Vulpes bengalensis

2 Fruit bat

3 Black buck Antelpe cervicapra

4 Hyaena Hyaena, hyaena

5 Common langur Presbtlis entellus

6 Squirrel

7 Panther (Leopard) Panthera pardus

8 Rat

9 Jungle cat Felis chans

10 Indian wolf Canis lupus pallipes

11 Mangoose Herpestes Spp.

12 Jackal Canis aureus

13 Mice

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14 Hare Lapus nigricallis

15 Indian porcupine Hystrix indica

16 Spotted Deer Axis axis

17 Wild boar Sus scrofa

Table No. – 5 : Showing Birds


1 Blue pigeon Columbia livia

2 Black drongo Dicrurus adsimilis

3 Black headed oriole Oriolus xanthornus

4 Crow pheasant Centropus sinensis

5 Common myna Acridotheres tristis

6 Chestnut bellied nut-hatch Sitta castanea

7 Black winged kite Elanus caerulus

8 Blue jay Coracias benghalensis

9 Cattle egret Babulus ibis

10 Common kingfisher Alcedo atthis

11 Common hawk Cuculus varins

12 Common weaver bird Ploceus phillippinus

13 Common peafowl Pavo cristatus

14 Grey babbler Turdoides malcolmi

15 Pied Wagtail Motacilla Maderaspatensis

16 Munia Lonchura Spp

17 Koel Eudynamys scolopacea

18 Jungle crow Corvus macroshynchos

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19 Jungle myna Acridotheres fusens

20 Jungle babbler Turdoides striatus

21 House sparrow Passer domesticus

22 Golden backed wood pecker Dinopium benghalensis

23 Indian robin Saxicoloides fulicata

24 Pariah Kite Milnus migrans

25 Red Vented bulbul Pycnonotus eafer

26 Red turtle dove Streptopelia Spp

27 Grey wagtail Motacilla caspica

28 Grey jungle fowl Gallus sonnerata

29 Great horned owl Bubo bubo

30 Grey patridge Francolinus pondicerianus

31 Whistling thrush Myiophoneus horsfieldii

Table No. – 6 : Showing Reptiles


1 Cobra Naja tripudians

2 Garden lizard

3 Chameleon Chameleo calcaratus

4 Viper Echis carinata

5 Krait Bangarus ceruleus

6 Tortoise

7 Python

8 Rat snake

9 Monitor lizard

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Table No. – 7 : Showing Crustaceans and insects

Sl. No. Common Name

1 Crabs

2 Butterflies and moths

3 Scorpions

4 Beetles

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ANIMALS AT KAPPATTAGIRI HILLS

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Rock, Ore’s and Soil

The gadag forest tract is mainly a schist belt which represents on assembly of

volcanosedimentary group of rocks exposed in the area north of Tungabhadra river.

The geological formation in the tract represents two groups of two different eras

namely gneisses, schists and granites belonging to the Archaean era and Deccan trap

rocks belonging to the Mesozoic era.

The schist belt’s are Granites and Gneisses there are two types of schists, the

chlorite schistand Hornblend schists. Gadag schist belt is known for its auriferous

mineralization. The known gold bearing areas are located and confired to

metravolcanics and metasediments. Kappattagiri hills approximately about 60% to

63% iron ore in the form of Siderite, Haematite, Lymotite along with this gold,

mangenes, copper, calcium and many others overall about 18 types of ores are

available. The Kappattagiri hills is a part of mythology the Sanjivini Parvata (hill) was

lifted by god Hanuman to save the life of Ram’s brother Lakshman in the Ramayan. It

has been known as the hill of gold, but of late not much is being done regarding

mining of the precious metal. The gadag gold fields cover around 128 sqkm. Despite

this trail of gold, local gold diggers are still searching for it through various means

during rainy season they place sieves against the flowing water coming down from the

hills and collect the precious metal which they sell to local goldsmiths they also take

up sub-surface mining, wherever they strike gold veins. The local traders go to

villages around Kappattagiri hills to buy gold from the villagers. According to

goldsmiths the purity of gold procured from Kappattagiri hills is 80% or 20 to 22

carats.

The Gold field activity was seen at numerous places in Kappattagudda region.

The gadag gold fields were active from 1901-1911 involving nearly 50 odd companies

up to the First World War. Very recently mining work was started in 1992. But

unfortunately due to high carbon and sulphor contents in the ore the excavation

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became uneconomical and also the operation conditions were not favourable. Due to

these reasons mining activities came to an end.

Recently some parts of Kappattagiri hills have been explored for Iron ore, the

soil passes through every grade from bare rock to fairly deep loam with a thin

covering of humus. The soil is poor on hill tops and improves in valleys and lower

slopes. The soils in the valleys are highly fertile but the productivity is limited by the

rain fall received. The lot of Canker nodules of lime are seen on flat and undulating

land of forest.

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ROCK & ORE’S

ROCK & ORE’S

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IMPORTANT PLACES IN KAPPATTAGIRI HILLS

Excurssion places

Sl. No. Places1 Kari Siddapana Pade2 Bedar Kannappa Pade3 Manjina Doni

Medicinal Forest Zones

Sl. No. Zones1 Sanjeevini Kolla2 Atti Kolla3 Kalpavruksha Vana4 Kada kola

Maths

Sl. No. Maths1 Gangibhavi Mata2 Nandiveri Math

Hills

Sl. No. Maths1 Jolada rashi hills2 Navani rasi hills3 Hesarina rasi hills

Tanks

Sl. No. Maths1 Hagalu batti tank2 Manjina tank3 Aalad tank

Watershed Zones

Kappattagiri hills water zones are very useful to forms of Mundaragi and

Shirahatti taluka about more than 30 streams and lakes took birth in Kappattagiri hills

and excess water at the end join to Tungabhadra river.

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Wind plants

In Gadag district six wind power plant Agency working about 340.10 hectare

land area covered by 240 wind mills.

WIND PLANT

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The forest area threatened by Anthropogenic Activities given in following

tables 8, 9, 10 and 11.

Table No. – 8 : Showing Kappattagiri Hills forest area covered by Anthropogenic

Activities

Sl. No. Kappattagiri Hill Zone Area

1 Mundavad Tank Irrigation 23.96 hector

2 Wind mill project 12.00 hector

3 Water Supply 0.041 hector

4 Electricity line 6.75 hector

5 Roads and other constructions 25.96 hector

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ROADS IN KAPPATTAGIRI HILLS

WATER SUPPLY LINE

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Table No. 9 : Showing Kappattagiri Hills Forest area threatened due to fire

hazards (latest details as on date)

Sl.No.

Year No. of Incidents Area Affected Cause of fire

1 2011-12 11 267.0 hector Man made purposely






0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

2011-12 2012-13

11

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Sl.No.








2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

5

76

8

No. of Incidents

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Sl.No.








2016-17

20

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Fire may injure or kill part of a plants or the entire plants and animals, insects

etc depending on how intensely the fire burns and how long is exposed to high

temperature the small trees and grass and some animal species are easier to kill than

large ones. Fires whether cases by man or nature results in huge loss of forest cover.

Every year in a strange thanks giving ritual during summer, the shrubs and

grasslands on the Kappattagiri hills are torched by villagers living around the area.

The department of forest is concerned that precious flora and fauna are getting

burnt on the hill tracts during these rituals. It has been merely dousing the forest fires

that begin after such events but has not been able to stop the ecologically harmful

practice.

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FIRE HAZARDS AT KAPPATTAGIRI HILLS

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FIRE HAZARDS

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

Prof. H.S. Koulagi, Principal Investigator & team

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Encroachment of Kappattagiri forest area

The main cause of encroachment identified as the socio-economic cause ie

limited land and unemployment. Kappattagiri forest area encroached by local and

tribal people. According to recent survey was conducted by forest and revenue

department, approximately more than two thousand hectare forest land of Kappattagiri

Hills forcibly encroached by tribal and local people of nearby villages.

Table No. 10 : Showing Total Area of the Gadag district forest – 6300.37 acre

Year Enchrached area

Before 1978 758.39 acre

After 1978 1481.21acre

Total 2240.21 acre

The above data represents definitely the number of enchroachers forcibly

occupied the most of Kappattagiri hills forest area for their cultivation purpose. This is

a dangerous activity, should not be continued, this activity has a bad impact on whole

biodiversity of Kappattagiri hills.

Encroachment of Kappattagiri forest area

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Deforestation

Deforestation is one of the great processes of landscape transformation and to

allow agriculture, we could include the need of money and also for fodder land for

grazing and surviving live stock, at other times to provide fuel for domestic purposes

or to provide charchol, wood for constructions etc. Such human activities are causing

a rapid depletion of forests. As a result countless plant species and animals are facing

considerable danger of extention and also drives climate change, causes more extreme

temperature swings that can be harmful to plants and animals.

Prof. H.S. Koulagi, Principal Investigator interacting with thelocal people regarding deforestation

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DEFORESTATION

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Illegal mining activity in Kappattagiri hill region

There have been severe ecological changes due to illegal mining. Certain

species of animals have disappeared. Medicinal plants from the area do not grow any

more. The entire system of rain has changed in the district of Gadag. The entire

surrounding the mining area is denuded of greenery and has no agricultural activity.

Surface gold mining by the local people is practiced since from many years is major

threat to Biodiversity in Kappattagiri hills

The impact of mining activity on the environment includes erosion, sinkholes

formation loss of biodiversity and contamination of soil, ground water and surface

water by chemicals using in the mining process. Which creating totally environmental

damage. The anthrophogenic substances release can have major impact on

biodiversity losses. The direct poisoning caused by mine extracted material and also

indirect poising through food and water can affect micro organisms and animals.

Endemic species are sensitive, since they need specific environmental conditions.

Destruction of their habitat puts them at the risk of extinction. The habitat can be

damaged due to large rocks from the mines that ore discarded in the surrounding

landscape. Humans also effected by mining there are many diseases that can come

from the pollutants that are released in to the air and water during mining process.

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ILLEGAL MINING



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ILLEGAL MINING

ILLEGAL MINING LOSS BIODIVERSITY

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Over exploitation of medicinal plants by industries and Local Health

Traditional Healing Practitioners. The number of industries and local traditional

practioners using medicinal plants is increasing. Many of these firms, which had their

base in the state for several decades, are now looking towards Kappattagiri hills to

meet their requirements of raw material, as plants are facing extinction.

LOCAL HEALTH TRADITIONAL HEALING PRACTITIONERS

INTERACTION WITH PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

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ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS

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Table No. 11 : Endangered species of Kappattagiri hills

Sl. No. Botanical Name Local Name

1 Aegle mormelos Belpatri Bel

2 Gardenia gummifera Bhicky gida

3 Santallum album Chandan, Gandha

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AWARENESS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ITS PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

FIELD STUDY

Principal Investigator with Staff and Students

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AWARENESS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ITS PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

Shri Prasanna Kumar, Deputy Commission, Gadag District, Gadag.

District Forest Officer, Gadag.

Field study - School Children

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AWARENESS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ITS PROTECTION AND

CONSERVATION EFFORTS

Shri Shivakumar Maha Swamiji, Nandiverimath,Prof. H.S. Koulagi, Principal Investigator and J.T. College Staff and Students

Field Study

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Summary and Conclusion

Kappattagiri hills situated in the Deccan Plateau region in Gadag district,

Karnataka State. Apart from its beauty Kappattagiri hill area is highly resourceful area

starts from Binkadakatti to Singatalur. Spreaded over from south to north for about

60-65 kms and width is about 2 kms to 10 kms located at 2700 ft. MSL. Kappattagiri

hill is full of resources with Rich in Flora and Fauna especially natural rare medicinal

plants and winds are generally more in strength the unique feature of this forest is

known as ecologically sensitive area. The value of biodiversity in terms of its

commercial utility, ecological services, social and aesthetic value is enormous in the

year 1882 the Bombay Govt Research team identified more than 18 ores wealth some

of them are very important gold, manganese, copper, iron hidden under its layers.

Recently in the year 2006 Karnataka Govt. Forest Department survey the plants

and animals found in the Kappattagiri hills more than 340 rare medicinal plants being

used by many producers of Ayurvedic medicine and local doctors. Kappattagiri hill is

like the Himalayas of North in this region. It is also den for many wild animals.

Kappattagiri hills forest comprises of herbs, shrubs, trees, Grasses and climbers

etc. Approximately more than 340 medicinal plant species are identified some

important once are Tinospora cardifolia, Andrographis paniculata, Withania

Somnifera. Aloe barbedonsis. Adhothoda vasica, Gymnia Sylvestris, Rauvolfia

serpentia, Santalum album, Oscimum basilicum, Phyllanthus fraterms, Vitex nigunda,

Abrus precatorius etc.

Some common animals found in the forest. Acinoyx jubatus, Antilope

cervicapra, Conis lupus, Reindeer, Porcupine, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, Felis

silvetris, Pavo cristatus, Psittaciformes, Columba livia, Corvus corax, Passerine,

Acridotheres tristis, luscinia megarhynchol, Sciuromorpha, lizards, calotes, snakes,

earth worm, butterfly, honey bee, insects and micro organisms. Honey used by around

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forty thousand people of Shirahatti, Mundaragi and Gadag taluk of 36 villages

surrounding area of Kappattagiri hills.

According to the census 2006 realising all this the british govt had declared it

earlier this hill had a grand look of greenery supporting for showers and eco balance.

But it is changed. The whole natural resources will be ransacked causing pollution

leading to eco imbalance and loss of natural habitat for both men and animals.

During rainy season near Tungabhadra dam huge water is collecting

approximately it is more than 3 times water covered Kappattagiri hills. As a result

ground water level in surrounding area increases. Due to water logged condition more

than 30 tanks in Kappattagiri hills namely Hagalu Batti tank, Manjina tank, Alad tank,

Katti Kirabana tak, Gold tank etc and also many streams are filled with water during

rainy season. As a result ground water level increasing during summer more than three

thousand borewells every year becomes live. It helps to former for agriculture and also

for drinking water.

Every year farmers of near by villages before sowing their field they are

worshiping god mallayya at Kappattagiri Hills by preparing food and they stay about

2 – 3 days they have tradition of getting seeds from swamiji and mixing those seeds

with their seeds in the house using such holy seeds to their fields as a tradition.

Kappattagiri hill is a spiritual holy place. There are so many holy places, they are

Gangibhavi, Mangana Matha, Nandiveri Matha. During shravana masa people

celebrating jatra festival. Some hills are named as Jolada rashi hills, Navani rashi hills,

Hesarina rashi hills.

The Kappattagiri hills are wealth place for poor people. Many types of fruits

and medicinal plants growing important once are Syzgium jambos, Phyllanthus

emblica. Carrissa carandas, Zizphus, jujuba etc and huge medicinal plants. Poor

people collecting these fruits & medicinal plants they sell in Gadag and Betageri and

also nearby villages getting money to lead their life therefore the Kappattagiri hill is

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providing food for them. Kappattagiri hills also provide fodder to many wild and

domestic animals and birds.

Karnataka Govt. in the year 2010 Kappattagiri hills 39-70 hectare area land

handover to Beruka Company for wind mill project, in the name of projects and road

work the huge area of Kappattagiri hills lost. Part by part area acquired by Company

and Karnataka Govt. part by part Kappattagiri hills area distributed to backward

people for agriculture and other purposes nearby reserve forest. The land also acquired

by Baldota mining company and many farmers also trying to acquire forest land.

India has a rich biological diversity of flora and fauna. The Kappattagiri hills

comprises various medicinal plants used by local people. The nature and humans are

inter connected or rather interdependent and should exist in harmony and balance any

type of change in the inter dependence can imbalance the surrounding, either that is

natural or man made.

As a result of Anthropogenic activities, Biodiversity of Kappattagiri hills is

under serious threat Ethno botanincal knowledge is needed to improve restoration

efforts of state and federal agencies, tribes and private organizations such as the nature

conservancy and land conditions the chief objective of this study provide

anthropogenic impact on biodiversity of Kappattagiri hills regions specially on

medicinal plants.

Observations were carried at with the aid of canon camera DSLREOS 1200 D

WT Lens with 18 – 55 lens. Anthropogenic impacts seen were recorded seasonally

and frequently impacts identified are mentioned in this report the check list of

medicinal plants, animals and threatened areas was prepared using standardized

scientific names of medicinal plants, animals following text and field guides. A total

number of 271 medicinal plants and more than 100 species of animals and impact

areas have been recorded from the study area.

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Especially this region is exploited for wind power generation, gold mining, fire

hazards, deforestation and forest encroached by tribal and local people, the forest are

is being regularly used for grazing of animals. The huge medicinal plants are in

endangered state due to hectic mining activity, and insufficient rain and ground water

level receded to the depths. Hence proper measures to be taken for storage of rain

water. Now a days multinational companies starts their projects in this area one of the

company already established their wind plants in Kappattagiri hills and one more

company should be got an idea to start mining. Suppose govt will be given a

permission to mining definitely this will be dangerous in many ways because one of

the deadly toxic chemicals like sodium cyanide mixed with soil. The soil become

unfertile and water also polluted because of mixing poisonous chemicals. The govt

should not give the permission for mining in this area. Firstly the responsibility of the

govt is relocate the factories, industries and wind plants. Govt should stop to give the

permission to industries, stop the illegal agricultural activities in Kappattagiri hills and

Govt responsibility is to opened the Ayurveda Research and Training Centre to

supporting to medicinal plants.

The biodiversity of Kappattagiri hills is under serious threats as a result of

human activities the main dangers are resource consumption, Fire hazards and

deforestation. Every year the shrubs and grass lands on the Kappattagiri hills are

tourched by villagers living around the area. The fire may injure or kill part of plant or

the entire plants and animals. The precious flora and fauna are getting burnt on the hill

tracts during summer. The concerned forest department must take action to stop such

ecologically harmful practice which is much dangerous to Kappattagiri hills.

The deforestation can have negative impact on the environment. The loss of

habitat for many plants especially medicinal plants, animals and micro organisms live

in forests. Deforestation destroys their home and also drives climate change.

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At present there is a threat to habitat destruction by anthropogenic activities in

the Kappattagiri hills. Direct observations as well as personal interviewed with local

people during surveys related that villager are contributing to minimize disturbance,

the need for indigenous knowledge for a sustainable management and conservation of

natural resources receives more recognition. This is the right time to conserve the

available medicinal plants from grazing animals by educating the surrounding people

of Kappattagiri hills of Gadag district for the future generation.

There is a vital need to benefit of human kind before it vanishes. A great many

Kappattagiri medicinal plants are used directly as medicine. The contribution of

medicinal plants makes to many people’s lives in terms of health support, financial

income, cultural identity and livelihood security. The nature worship has been a key

force in determining human attitudes towards conservation and sustainable utilization

of biodiversity. This project gives awareness of native medicinal plants, cultural and

ecological importance and also will help the government to initiate the conservation

efforts and also gives awareness of Anthropogenic impacts on Kappattagiri hills

provide opportunity for the scientists, research scholars and environmentalists to

under stand the impacts of human activities on flora especially on rich diversity of

medicinal plants and fauna. In this area some of the species become extinct and

endangered. The Ethno botanical knowledge is needed to improve restoration efforts

to restore medicinal plants and wild life habitat and other natural conditions. Hence

there is need to protect and conserve this rich biodiversity of Kappattagiri hills.

Regular surveys related to Anthropogenic impacts and awareness of the local people

should be conducted for a detailed assessment of the impacts.

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