“it takes co2 to save co and it takes money to make money”...1/27 “it take co 2 to save co...

1/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011

“It takes CO2 to save CO2 and ...... it takes money to make money”

Michel LEBOEUFHead of Major High Speed Rail ProjectsSNCF VoyagesParis


Introduction:

Three received wisdoms about trains running faster:

- they are more energy consuming,- they are more harmful for the environment- they are more expensive.

So ... What’s the point with increasing the commercial speed?


Demonstration

1 – Carbon balance of a rail high speed line

How to assess it?

2 – Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance

“ It takes CO2 to save CO2 and ...”

3 – The cost of speed

“... it takes money to make money.”


Morcenx

Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy

Lyon

Avignon Centre

BrestMorlaix Guingamp

LamballeLanderneau

Dol

Rennes

RedonVannes

AurayLorient

Savenay

Nantes

Vitré

Laval Le Mans

Sablé

Angers

La Rochelle

Niort

Arcachon

BordeauxLibourne

Brive

Dax

BayonnePau

Tarbes

Toulouse

CarcassonneNarbonne

Béziers

Montpellier

Montauban

Agen

Angoulême

Poitiers

St-Étienne

Châtellerault

Ruffec

Châteauroux

Vierzon

St-Omer

Béthune

Hazebrouck

BoulogneCalais-Frethun

Valence Ville

Nîmes

ArlesMiramas

Marseille

Orange

Hyères

Toulon

Les Arcs-Draguignan

St-Raphaël

Cannes

Grenoble

Montélimar

St-Michel-Valloire

Aix-les-Bains

Culoz

MâconTGV

Mâcon

Mouchard

Sens

Laroche-Migennes

Dijon

Vitry-le-François

Nancy

Besançon

Épinal

Beaune DoleFrasne

LyonSaint ExupéryTGV

Agde

Sète

Orthez

St-Maixent

AncenisSt-Nazaire

Le Croisic

RospordenQuimperlé

St-Malo

Chambéry

Chalon/Saône

Quimper

Lannion

La Baule

Aix-en-ProvenceTGV

Facture

Futuroscope

vers Londres

Arras

Lens Douai

SedanRethel

Forbach

Châlons-en-Champagne

Metz

Lille Fl.

TGVHaute-Picardie

vers BruxellesAmsterdamCologne

Valenciennes

Luxembourg

vers Francfort

Annecy

Annemasse

Lunéville

Belfort

Strasbourg

Colmar

Montbéliard

Pontarlier

Bâle

Sarrebourg

St Dié

Remiremont

Thonon-les-Bains

Évian-les-Bains

vers Berne

vers Lausanne

versStuttgartMunich

vers Zürich

St-Avre-la-Chambre

ModaneSt-Jean-de-Maurienne

Albertville

Moutiers-Salins

Bourg-St-Maurice

vers TurinMilan

St-Gervais-les-Bains

Cluses

Lons-le-Saunier

Perpignan

Hendaye

Biarritz

Dunkerque

Genève

Antibes

NiceMonaco

Lourdes

Lorraine TGV

Meuse TGV

Champagne-Ardenne

Saverne

Saarbrücken

Le Havre Rouen

Mantes-la-Jolie

Melun

Versailles

MassyTGV

Paris

Reims

AéroportCharles-de-Gaulle TGV

Charleville-Mézières

Thionville

Mulhouse

Le CreusotTGV

Bellegarde

Valence TGV

Avignon TGV

Vendôme-Villiers

Tours

SaumurSt-Pierre-des-Corps

Bourg-en-B.

Surgères

St Brieuc

Plouaret

CalaisVille

Lille Europe

MentonVintimille

Irun

St-Jean-de-Luz

LandryAime - La Plagne

Sallanches

Limoges

Les Aubrais-Orléans

La Souterraine

Juvisy

Bar-le-Duc Commercy

Les Sables-d'Olonne

La Roche/Yon

Cherbourg

CaenLisieux

Évreux

HSL commisioned in June 2001

250 km from Valence to Marseille

22 million passengersValence

Marseille

1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line


Calculationboundaries

1. ConceptionEnergy in offices

PaperInformatic and Electronic materials

2. ConstructionEarthwork

Transport of construction materialsStructures (Bridges, Tunnels, etc.)Tracks with Ballast, Rail & Sleeper

Equipments for Signaling & Electricty transportRailway Stations & Maintenance Centers

Rolling Stock Construction

3. OperationEnergy Consumptions for Rolling Stock

(traction, air conditioning, recovery braking energy)Maintenance of Rolling Stock

4. DisposalDisposal of Rolling Stock

“Rolling Stock + line equipments”

“Stations”

“Structures”



Mediterranean HSLinfrastructure

carbon footprint

Conception 250 km 100 years

Railway equipments 250 km 50 years

Rail 250 km 30 years

Tunnels 12.8 km 100 years

Viaducts 11.km 100 years

Earthworks 191.4 km 100 years

Main Stations 2 stations 100 years

Secondary stations 2 stations 100 years

Total 2,200,000 tons of CO2over the whole infrastructure life period


<1

<22

<150

<28

<4<12

tCO2/km/year


Train construction,maintenance and cleaning

- 90 t of aluminium- 322 t of steel- 155 t of Fiber reinforced plastic- 34 t of copper- 50 of glass

- average lifespan: 30 years- 670 seats per train (average)

- revision: every 4 years : 45 t of iron and 0.25 t of copper- maintenance and cleaning every second day: 7.7 t of water, 0.125 t of waste, +1,555 kWh

- asumption for disposal: all metals may be recycled into other products

Rolling Stockcarbon footprint

0.0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

tCO2/trainset over its life period

Manufacturing Maintenance + cleaning Periodic revisions Disposal



Operationscarbon footprint T CO2/year

100,000

50,000

-50,000

-100,000

-150,000

-200,000

-250,000

-300,000

Trainoperations

Savingscomingfrom the

operation ofconventional

trains

Savingsfrom road

traffic

Savingsfrom

airtraffic



N years of operations

N=?

CO2 emissions (tons)

Time (years)1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Calculation principle

Starting pointof construction

CO2 emissions

for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock construction

for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock renewals

Projectcommisioning

for High speed train operations

annually saved by traffic shifts from air to rail

annually saved by traffic shifts from road to rail



Netinvestmentsin CO2emissions

Annual savings in CO2emissions

Annual savings in CO2

emissions“Pay back period” = Net

investmentsin CO2

emissions

Calculation principle

CO2 emissions

for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock construction

for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock renewals

for High speed train operations

annually saved by traffic shifts from air to rail

annually saved by traffic shifts from road to rail



Morcenx


Lyon

Avignon Centre


LamballeLanderneau

Dol

Rennes

RedonVannes

AurayLorient

Savenay

Nantes

Vitré

Laval Le Mans

Sablé

Angers

La Rochelle

Niort

Arcachon

BordeauxLibourne

Brive

Dax

BayonnePau

Tarbes

Toulouse

CarcassonneNarbonne

Béziers

Montpellier

Montauban

Agen

Angoulême

Poitiers

St-Étienne

Châtellerault

Ruffec

Châteauroux

Vierzon

St-Omer

Béthune

Hazebrouck


Valence Ville

Nîmes

ArlesMiramas

Marseille

Orange

Hyères

Toulon

Les Arcs-Draguignan

St-Raphaël

Cannes

Grenoble

Montélimar

St-Michel-Valloire

Aix-les-Bains

Culoz

MâconTGV

Mâcon

Mouchard

Sens

Laroche-Migennes

Dijon

Vitry-le-François

Nancy

Besançon

Épinal

Beaune DoleFrasne


Agde

Sète

Orthez

St-Maixent

AncenisSt-Nazaire

Le Croisic

RospordenQuimperlé

St-Malo

Chambéry

Chalon/Saône

Quimper

Lannion

La Baule

Aix-en-ProvenceTGV

Facture

Futuroscope

vers Londres

Arras

Lens Douai

SedanRethel

Forbach


Metz

Lille Fl.

TGVHaute-Picardie


Valenciennes

Luxembourg

vers Francfort

Annecy

Annemasse

Lunéville

Belfort

Strasbourg

Colmar

Montbéliard

Pontarlier

Bâle

Sarrebourg

St Dié

Remiremont

Thonon-les-Bains

Évian-les-Bains

vers Berne

vers Lausanne

versStuttgartMunich

vers Zürich

St-Avre-la-Chambre


Albertville

Moutiers-Salins

Bourg-St-Maurice

vers TurinMilan


Cluses

Lons-le-Saunier

Perpignan

Hendaye

Biarritz

Dunkerque

Genève

Antibes

NiceMonaco

Lourdes

Lorraine TGV

Meuse TGV

Champagne-Ardenne

Saverne

Saarbrücken

Le Havre Rouen

Mantes-la-Jolie

Melun

Versailles

MassyTGV

Paris

Reims



Thionville

Mulhouse

Le CreusotTGV

Bellegarde

Valence TGV

Avignon TGV

Vendôme-Villiers

Tours


Bourg-en-B.

Surgères

St Brieuc

Plouaret

CalaisVille

Lille Europe

MentonVintimille

Irun

St-Jean-de-Luz


Sallanches

Limoges


La Souterraine

Juvisy

Bar-le-Duc Commercy

Les Sables-d'Olonne

La Roche/Yon

Cherbourg

CaenLisieux

Évreux

Net operationt CO2

savings“Pay back period” = Net t CO2

investment

= 8 years



Coal

Oil

Natural Gas

Biomass

Nuclear

Hydropower

Wind

Photovoltaic

Other

Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation

91 g CO2 per kWh in France

A favourablepoint



Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation(2007)*

France

91

Spain

486

Germany

596

Italy

617

GreatBritain

665

Taiwan

747

China

856

* EIA 2008 sources



Infrastructure Mix

France

ValenceMarseille

Spain

MadridLlieda

Taiwan

TaipeiKaohshuing

China

BeijingTianjin

100%

France

ParisLyon


Earthworks

Bridges

Tunnels


Energy efficiency:

Orders of magnitudeof passenger-kilometers

carried per unit of energy (1 Kwh)

High SpeedTrain

180

Bus

60

Privatecar

35/40

Plane

20



Demonstration


How to assess it?






?

Less energyconsumption

and CO2 emissionsfor

the line construction

The higherthe speed

The betterthe rolling stock

productivity


and CO2 emissionsfor the RS construction

The shorterthe travel times

The moreattractivethe train

The more energy and CO2saved

from modal shifts

The morepowerful

and adheringthe trainset

The shorterthe line

The fewer and smaller

the structures(tunnels/bridges)

More energy and CO2for running the trains

2 – Impact ofa speed increaseon the carbon balance


500

400

300

200

100

0 100 200 300 400 500

distance ( en km )

altitude ( en m )

Lyon-PerracheParis

Vertical profile of the PARIS-DIJON-LYON conventional line

512

Milano

500

400

300

200

100

0 100 200 300 400

altitude ( en m )

distance ( en km )

Paris

Com

bs-la-Ville

SA

ÔN

E

Vertical profile of the Paris-Lyon high speed line

Lyon-Part-Dieu

42518

Zürich

Ventimiglia


Bourg-St-Maurice

Argenton/Creuse

OloronBuzy

Marne-la-Vallée - ChessyBrestSt Brieuc

Rennes

Vannes

Nantes

Le Mans

Angers

La Rochelle

Bordeaux

Dax

PauTarbes

Toulouse

Perpignan

Montpellier

Agen

Angoulême

Poitiers

St-Étienne

Le Havre Rouen

Arras

Calais FrethunDunkerque

Valenciennes

Nîmes Nice

Grenoble

Le Creusot TGV

Avignon TGV

Valence TGV

Lille

Hendaye

TGV Haute-Picardie

St-Pierre-des-CorpsLa Baule

Lyon

Lausanne

Bern

London

Bruxelles

Antwerpen

Amsterdam

Köln

Torino

Liège

Rotterdam

Namur

Brig

Lorient

Le Croisic

Niort

Futuroscope

Tours

LibourneArcachon

Bayonne

Lourdes

Montauban

Carcassonne

BéziersArles

Montélimar

Valence Ville

Orange

Mâcon TGV

Vendôme TGV

Massy TGV Nancy

Besançon

Metz

DoleDijon

Chalonsur-S.

Montbard

Modane

Lignes à grande vitesseLignes à grande vitesse en constructionLignes classiques empruntéespar les TGV

Boulogne

Oostende

Lens

Paris

Sens

Melun

TGV

Aix-en-ProvenceTGV

Quimper

Lannion

Calais-V.

Meuse

Champagne-Ardenne

Avignon Centre

Den Haag

Lorraine

Belfort

SélestatColmar

Mulhouse

Montbéliard

Mouchard

Lons-le-Saunier

Bourgen-B. Genève

LyonSaint Exupéry

Marseille

ToulonNarbonne

Strasbourg



But what about the train energy consumption?

Energy rule:Is energy consumption in proportionwith the square of the speed?

Power rule:Does the train power increase with the cube of its speed?



Mechanicalresistance

(K1+C)*(M/s)*V0

Air Intakeresistance

K2*V1

Aerodynamicresistance

K3(C:s) *V2

Deceleratbreakinglosses

K4*(M/s)*(1/SD)*V2*(1-RgC)

Downhillbreakinglosses

K5*(M/s)*V-1*(1-RgC)

Ancilaryservices

K6V-1

Train &infrastructure

losses

ρT * ρi


Load factor

Shorter Route

Less intermediate stops

21/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011Conventional train442 km – 175 min

High Speed Train442 km – 114 min

531 369

2,6284,509

1,203

855

3,367 1,438

2,761

1,913

1,077

1,150

Mechanical resistance

Aerodynamic drags

Ancilary services

Energy dissipatedin the brakes

Losses

Recovered byregenerative

breaking Recovered byregenerativebreaking

Net consumption9,412 kWh

Net consumption7,934 kWh



?


and CO2 emissionsfor

the line construction

The higherthe speed

The betterthe rolling stock

productivity


and CO2 emissionsfor the RS construction

The shorterthe travel times

The moreattractivethe train

The energy and CO2saved

from modal shifts

The morepowerful

and adheringthe trainset

The shorterthe line

The fewer and smaller

the structures(tunnels/bridges)

More energy and CO2for running the train



3. The cost of speed

Morcenx


Lyon

Avignon Centre


LamballeLanderneau

Dol

Rennes

RedonVannes

AurayLorient

Savenay

Nantes

Vitré

Laval Le Mans

Sablé

Angers

La Rochelle

Niort

Arcachon

BordeauxLibourne

Brive

Dax

BayonnePau

Tarbes

Toulouse

CarcassonneNarbonne

Béziers

Montpellier

Montauban

Agen

Angoulême

Poitiers

St-Étienne

Châtellerault

Ruffec

Châteauroux

Vierzon

St-Omer

Béthune

Hazebrouck


Valence Ville

Nîmes

ArlesMiramas

Marseille

Orange

Hyères

Toulon

Les Arcs-Draguignan

St-Raphaël

Cannes

Grenoble

Montélimar

St-Michel-Valloire

Aix-les-Bains

Culoz

MâconTGV

Mâcon

Mouchard

Sens

Laroche-Migennes

Dijon

Vitry-le-François

Nancy

Besançon

Épinal

Beaune DoleFrasne


Agde

Sète

Orthez

St-Maixent

AncenisSt-Nazaire

Le Croisic

RospordenQuimperlé

St-Malo

Chambéry

Chalon/Saône

Quimper

Lannion

La Baule

Aix-en-ProvenceTGV

Facture

Futuroscope

vers Londres

Arras

Lens Douai

SedanRethel

Forbach


Metz

Lille Fl.

TGVHaute-Picardie


Valenciennes

Luxembourg

vers Francfort

Annecy

Annemasse

Lunéville

Belfort

Strasbourg

Colmar

Montbéliard

Pontarlier

Bâle

Sarrebourg

St Dié

Remiremont

Thonon-les-Bains

Évian-les-Bains

vers Berne

vers Lausanne

versStuttgartMunich

vers Zürich

St-Avre-la-Chambre


Albertville

Moutiers-Salins

Bourg-St-Maurice

vers TurinMilan


Cluses

Lons-le-Saunier

Perpignan

Hendaye

Biarritz

Dunkerque

Genève

Antibes

NiceMonaco

Lourdes

Lorraine TGV

Meuse TGV

Champagne-Ardenne

Saverne

Saarbrücken

Le Havre Rouen

Mantes-la-Jolie

Melun

Versailles

MassyTGV

Paris

Reims



Thionville

Mulhouse

Le CreusotTGV

Bellegarde

Valence TGV

Avignon TGV

Vendôme-Villiers

Tours


Bourg-en-B.

Surgères

St Brieuc

Plouaret

CalaisVille

Lille Europe

MentonVintimille

Irun

St-Jean-de-Luz


Sallanches

Limoges


La Souterraine

Juvisy

Bar-le-Duc Commercy

Les Sables-d'Olonne

La Roche/Yon

Cherbourg

CaenLisieux

Évreux

First Paris-Lyon High Speed Line Commisioned in 1981 & 1983

Speed:

260 km/h in 1981270 km/h in 1985300 km/h in 2000

Paris

LyonSecond Paris-Lyon High Speed Line planned for 2025

What Speed?

300 km/h 320 km/hor 360 km/h


Demonstration


How to assess it?






OPEX increasing with speed

OPEX decreasing with speed

OPEX independent of speed

32%

100

8%

60%

25%

10%

65%

106

ΔOPEX= +6

Revenues

150150 (1+ 1.1*15/180)

ΔRevenues = +18.75

=168.75

ΔCAPEX# 0



% Rail / Rail+Air

0

20

40

60

80

100

0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 Hours

Two key factors:

-a large air market

-rail travel times in the 2 to 4h range



Thank you for your kind attention.

“it takes co2 to save co and it takes money to make money”...1/27 “it take co 2 to save co...

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