“testing the waters: connecting through · 6/8/2012 · preliminary research into the effect of...

New Zealand Communication Association 2008 Conference Programme and Proceedings

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“Testing the Waters: Connecting Through

Communication”

20th

National Annual Conference

4-5 December 2008

Waikato Institute of Technology

Hamilton, Waikato

New Zealand

Programme & Proceedings

www.nzca.org

http://www.nzca.org/


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INDEX Page

Welcome 1 General Information 3 Programme Timetable 4 Keynote Speakers: Annah Stretton & Professor Ted Zorn 6 Panel Discussion: Communication Initiatives for Business 8 Panel Discussion: Trends in Educating with Communication Technology 9 Beattie, Olivia 10 Communicating identities: New Zealand fashion designers and creative exports Campbell, Nittaya & Zhao, Ying 11

Where have all the jobs gone? Chinese job seekers’ experience in the New Zealand employment market

Clokie, Trish & Wallace, Catherine 12

Preliminary research into the effect of International students on workload. Cruickshank, Prue 13

Immigrant entrepreneurs’ critical communication competencies Ellis, Josephine 14

On-line disinhibition, or fearing the digital footprint? Students’ on-line writing and feedback

Ellis, Josephine 15

Varieties of logic: The influence of cultural thinking styles on students’ writing

Fitzgerald, Louise 16

Exploring the role of trust in client relationships Guo, Shujie; Cockburn-Wootten, Cheryl & Holmes, Prue 17

Intercultural communication between ethnic Chinese mothers and their maternity carers and health providers in New Zealand

Jones, Rachel 18

Connecting through interdisciplinarity: A complex responsive process approach to communication


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Latu, Josephine 19 Miss-representation: Culture, performance and PR in the Miss South Pacific Pageant.

Love, Karen 20

". . . and then there's the one. ..” : Gendered violence in e-mail humour

McAllum, Kirstie 21

Rhetoric and rationalisation in the voluntary sector McKie, David & Jordan, Lee-Ann 22

Fostering “leaderful” organisations: Communication, practice, and theory

McKie, David; Sun, Peter & Xu, Xinli 23

Communicating innovation: An appreciative inquiry investigation into creativity implementation in China and New Zealand

O‟Rourke, Susan 24

“Any water in the desert will do” or will it?: Omani feedback on New Zealand teaching materials

Papoutsaki, Evangelia & Strickland, Naomi 25 Pacific Islands diaspora media: Conceptual and methodological

considerations for a pilot study Pittaway, Gail 26

Parting the waters Samarakoon, Athula & Mantillake, Sudesh 27

Participatory video making for sustainable development: Iidentified problems

and solutions in teaching participatory video making. A Sri Lankan case study

Simpson, Mary & Henderson, Alison 28

Communicating social change in Aotearoa/ New Zealand: Connecting research and constituencies

Stevens, Sharon McKenzie 29

Environmental communication and the problem of motivation: The rhetoric of permaculture’s contributions to participant mobilisation

Weaver, C. Kay & Richardson, Margaret 30

The tri-sector model for the introduction of community broadband in rural communities: A case study of Te Pahu, New Zealand

Yaakop, Shira Haniza 31

Corporations and public interest groups relationship: Malaysian experience


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Welcome to the 20th National New Zealand Communication Association Conference “Testing the waters: Connecting through communication”

E nga mana, e nga reo, e nga karanga ranga maha. He mihi nui ki a koutou. Tena koutou, tena koutou, tena tatou katoa.

Welcome to the 20th National New Zealand Communication Association Conference, in Hamilton, Waikato. This is our first conference in Hamilton, so we thank our hosts Waikato Institute of Technology, and University of Waikato. We hope that the programme over these two days will provide a rewarding blend of the practical, the challenging, and the inspirational.

Hamilton‟s site on the Waikato River has provided us with our dual conference themes of “testing” and “connection”. The waters of this river have connected people for hundreds of years, while the power stations along its 425 km journey from the slopes of Mount Ruapehu to the Tasman Sea provide the energy to connect us in so many aspects of our modern life. Yet these waters are in constant movement, reminding us that the generation of this energy depends on continuous change, that industries and lives would come to a standstill if this body of water were ever to become motionless. While tranquil waters have their attractions, modern life challenges us to test this calm, and habitually demonstrates to us that the greatest energy is often produced from turbulent and fast-moving streams. We are challenged also to find ways that communication can assist with making the most effective connections in all aspects of our endeavours.

We are fortunate to have two keynote speakers who demonstrate the way that NZCA provides a bridge between the applications and theories of communication. Both will challenge you and “test” you to think of ways that their vision can be applied. The programme for the two days also includes a wide variety of papers that will provide participants with valuable personal and professional development. We thank all of these contributors who manage to develop such interesting material while many are managing increasingly heavy workloads.

Annah Stretton, the opening keynote speaker, began her fashion business in Morrinsville, and has retained this connection while extending herself far beyond the Waikato, from New Zealand Fashion Week, to New York Fashion Week, and to the catwalks of Paris. Her vibrant creations are sought after in dozens of stores in New Zealand, Australia and beyond. But her influence now goes beyond the world of fashion as she pays back, or “pays forward” in many ways through her role as a business mentor and through community projects. She communicates her vision face-to-face, in response to the many help-seeking e-mails she receives, and through regular appearances on TV business programmes. Listen, and be inspired.

Ted Zorn, our keynote speaker on the second day, is Professor of Management Communication at the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. His teaching and research interests are organisational change processes, such as IT implementation, change-related communication, and


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enhancing workplace well-being. Ted has received more than $2M in research grant funding, was a member of the 2006 Business & Economics panel in the PBRF exercise and is currently on the Social Sciences panel for the Marsden fund. He is past editor of Management Communication Quarterly, past chair of the Organizational Communication Division of the National Communication Association, USA, and the 2006 recipient of the International Communication Association‟s Frederic Jablin Award for Outstanding Contribution to Organizational Communication. His work with not-for-profit groups and their uses of new communication technologies is an excellent example of Lewin‟s famous statement: “There‟s nothing more practical than a good theory” (1952, p.169)

To meet the demands of many of our members for validated research outputs, this year there is also the option for presenters to put their papers forward for double-blind peer review with the goal of publication on-line on the www.nzca.org website. These will appear in 2009, and we encourage more to take up this option in future to develop their academic portfolio, and to expand the body of New Zealand communication research.

The NZCA Executive team of Nittaya Campbell, Rose Chapman, Trish Clokie, Suresh Rajan and myself hope that you enjoy our two days together, and that you test the waters, connect with new colleagues, and envision innovative ways to communicate.

Josephine Ellis, President, 2007-2008, on behalf of the NZCA Executive Committee

Lewin, K. (1952). Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers by Kurt Lewin. London: Tavistock.

Acknowledgements Our thanks to our generous sponsors:

Waikato Institute of Technology University of Waikato

AUT University

Conference Proceedings edited by

Josephine Ellis

School of Communication Studies

AUT University



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General Information

Hosts: New Zealand Communication Association

www.nzca.org Established in 1988, the New Zealand Communication Association is New Zealand‟s professional body for teachers, researchers and practitioners in the communication field. Registration: Thursday 4 December, and Friday 5 December from

8.30am at the Conference Desk.

Conference Dinner: Thursday 4 December, at Canvas Restaurant

Address: 1 Grantham St. Hamilton (ph: 839 2539) Pre-dinner drink on arrival, selected wines for each

dinner table, then cash bar for those with additional imbibing requirements.

NZCA AGM: 4.45 pm Thursday 4 December

Registration



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NEW ZEALAND COMMUNICATION ASSOCIATION’S 20TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE

nzca.org 4-5 December 2008, Hamilton, New Zealand

Thursday 4 December

8.30-9.30 Registration

9.30-10.00 Whakatau (Welcome)

10.00-10.30

Morning Tea

10.30-11.30

Opening Keynote Speaker: Annah Stretton

11.30-12.00

C. Kay Weaver & Margaret Richardson The tri-sector model for the introduction of community broadband in rural communities: A case study of Te Pahu, New Zealand

Louise Fitzgerald Exploring the role of trust in client relationships.

12.00-1.00 Lunch

1.00-1.30 Josephine Latu Miss-Representation: Culture, performance and PR in the Miss South Pacific Pageant

Olivia Beattie Communicating identities: New Zealand fashion designers and creative exports

1.30-2.00 Josephine Ellis On-line disinhibition, or fearing the digital footprint? Students’ on-line writing and feedback

Sharon Stevens Environmental Communication and the Problem of Motivation: The Rhetoric of Permaculture’s Contributions to Participant Mobilisation

2.00-2.30 Shira Yaakop Corporations and public interest groups relationship: Malaysian experience

Shujie Guo, Cheryl Cockburn-Wootten & Prue Holmes Intercultural communication between ethnic Chinese mothers and their maternity carers and health providers in New Zealand

2.30-3.00 Afternoon Tea

3.00-3.30 Nittaya Campbell & Ying Zhao Where have all the jobs gone? Chinese job seekers’ experience in the New Zealand employment market

Rachel Jones Connecting through interdisciplinarity: A complex responsive process approach to communication

3.30-4.00 Prue Cruickshank Immigrant entrepreneurs’ critical communication competencies

Kirstie McAllum Rhetoric and Rationalisation in the Voluntary Sector

4.00-4.30 Panel Discussion: Communication Initiatives for Business Gordon Chesterman, Heather Claycomb & John Sheehan

4.45–5.15 NZCA AGM

7.00 Conference Dinner at Canvas


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Friday 5 December

8.30-9.00 Registration

9.00-9.30 David McKie & Lee-Ann Jordan Fostering “leaderful” organisations: Communication, practice, and theory

Presentation & Workshop

Gail Pittaway Parting the Waters: Presentation followed by devices and strategies for writing that blends literacy and creativity

9.30-10.00 Karen Love ". . . and then there's the one. . .” : Gendered Violence in E-mail Humour

10.00-10.30

Morning Tea

10.30-11.00

Susan O’Rourke “Any water in the desert will do” or will it?: Omani feedback on New Zealand teaching materials

Trish Clokie & Catherine Wallace Preliminary Research Into the Effect Of International Students On Workload

11.00-12.00

Panel Discussion: Trends in Educating with Communication Technology Technology and Instructional Design experts from three teaching institutions: Chris Wyborn, Wintec; Cheryl Brown, TOPNZ; Stephen Harlow, Storyboards & Wintec Follow-up on developments since the 2007 Napier Conference

12.00-1.00 Lunch

1.00-2.00 Keynote Speaker: Professor Ted Zorn

2.00-2.30 Athula Samarakoon & Sudesh Mantillake Participatory Video Making For Sustainable Development: Identified Problems And Solutions In Teaching Participatory Video Making. A Sri Lankan Case Study

Alison Henderson & Mary Simpson Communicating Social Change In Aotearoa/ New Zealand: Connecting Research And Constituencies

2.30-3.00 Evangelia Papoutsaki Pacific Islands Diaspora Media: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations for a Pilot Study

David McKie, Peter Sun & Xinli Xu Communicating innovation: An appreciative inquiry investigation into creativity implementation in China and New Zealand

3.00 Afternoon Tea & Farewell


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Keynote Speaker: Annah Stretton

Sixteen years ago with a potpourri of experiences that included Art School, successfully obtaining an Accountancy Degree and heading a design team for a large clothing company, Annah chose to embark on establishing a business within the „rag trade‟. Today, with her business- Stretton Clothing Company- still based in the Waikato, her success has grown to include over 30 retail stores (7 of which are franchised) throughout New Zealand. As an active participant in New Zealand Fashion Week, Annah‟s business has also gone global. She has establishing markets in the U.K., Ireland, Europe, USA (California) and Australia, with involvement at Australian Fashion Week 2007 and 2008. 2007 saw the establishment of the „Stretton Group‟, such are the diverse interests and abilities of this dynamic entrepreneur. With new businesses including publishing, hospitality, and the continuation of her extensive mentoring programme, Annah may be forgiven for taking her eye off the „fashion ball‟, however this could not be further from the truth. Annah‟s businesses are now based in a purpose-built head office building. This is allowing her to factor for growth, particularly in the global fashion market. The head office building also houses Stretton Publishing. The publishing team produces the monthly magazine, Her Magazine, which continues to gain ground on the more established women‟s interest magazines. (Currently ranked in the top twelve). “I absolutely love the connections this magazine allows me to have with women in business throughout New Zealand. Being able to guide others, connect businesses and feel first-hand the energy of so many entrepreneurs is a privilege I treasure every day.” In addition to directing her collection of business interests Annah continues to grow her philanthropic endeavours, supporting many national groups (NZ Breast Cancer Foundation, Look Good Feel Better, Starship, SPCA) but she also remains happy to get involved at the „grass roots‟ level, often speaking, judging or supporting small organisations with fundraising or educational events. Annah recently received the Honour, Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to Business, Fashion and Community. Such special recognition in itself was fantastic but the fact that her honour related to her contribution to three significant categories reinforces the unique skills, tremendous energy and generous spirit Annah has.


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Keynote Speaker: Professor Ted Zorn

Professor Ted Zorn teaches and conducts research in organisational communication. He completed a B.A. in English from the College of Charleston in Charleston, South Carolina, USA, and an M.A. and a Ph.D. in Communication from the University of Kentucky. Current research interests centre on the role of communication in organisational change and workplace wellbeing. Recent published research includes a co-authored article in New Media & Society focusing on older people's use of ICTs and a chapter in Communication Yearbook on meaningful work and workplace wellbeing. Professor Zorn is past chair of the Organisational Communication Division of the National Communication Association (USA) and past editor of Management Communication Quarterly. He has extensive experience as a trainer and organisational development consultant, and has been principal investigator on five externally funded research grants totalling over $2.3 million. Connected with these academic achievements is Ted‟s involvement in community service and volunteer work. He is a founding member, Treasurer (2002-2003) and Chair (2004 and currently) of the Waikato Regional 2020 Communications Trust, an organisation dedicated to promoting equitable access to and effective use of communication technologies for all communities in within the Waikato region. He has been involved in the founding and organisation of Waikato Community Network (Wainet), the WebGuide Partnership, a collaborative effort by government and community groups with the goal of developing internet-related resources for community and not-for-profit groups in New Zealand.

Contact: [email protected] Waikato Management School The University of Waikato Private Bag 3105 Hamilton New Zealand

mailto:[email protected]


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Panel Discussion: Communication Initiatives for Business

Gordon Chesterman Gordon is a former national president of the Public Relations Institute of New Zealand and is one of only eight life members. He has operated his own public relations consultancy for over 30 years and specialises in crisis and issues management. He is chairman of the Waikato Institute of Technology, is a Hamilton city councillor and a board member of the Waikato District Health Board.

Heather Claycomb

Heather has a unique background in communications, marketing, sales and public relations with industries as diverse as health, agriculture and energy. Prior to forming her own consultancy, she worked as a Senior Consultant with PR firm, Baldwin Boyle Group (BBG). There, she led three accounts for the agency - Fonterra Ingredients, the Hamilton division of Mighty River Power and Mercury Energy. Clients (current and past) include: King Country Energy, Perry Property, DairyNZ, Waikato District Health

Board, Waikato Innovation Park, CTC Aviation Training, Pacific Aerospace, University of Waikato and Solid Energy. During 2001 and 2002, Heather was with Hamilton City Council working in the area of Economic Development.

Born and educated in the United States, Heather earned her MBA from Lehigh University (Bethlehem, PA) in 1992 after receiving a Bachelors degree in Marketing from Shippensburg University (Shippensburg, PA) in 1990. Heather emigrated to New Zealand in 1999. She is on the Board of Habitat for Humanity Waikato and is a former Board member of Habitat for Humanity New Zealand. John Sheehan The Jade Factory, owned by John Sheehan and Dracky Zhang, first started trading in 1990 with one shop in Rotorua. It has expanded its retail outlets to include Auckland, Christchurch, Hokitika and Queenstown. The retail outlets are supported by two large lapidary workshops. The beginnings of the Jade Factory can be traced back to John's early interest in carving. John was studying at an Alaskan university in 1969, and sharing a house with an Inuit artist who carved whale bone. In 1970, John immigrated to New Zealand and he became fascinated by Maori art and New Zealand's Pounamu (greenstone-jade). John's passion for beautiful jade has taken him to all known jade fields around the world. As well as travelling New Zealand, he visits Russia, Canada, China and Australia in search of the highest quality raw material. John and his company have trained and employed many carvers, both in New Zealand and in China, who have become artists in their own right.


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Panel Discussion: Trends in Educating with Communication Technology

Cheryl Brown

Cheryl Brown has been an instructional designer at Open Polytechnic since 2006. She has responsibility for developing projects and an interest in social networking, digital storytelling and collaborating.

Chris Wyborn

Chris Wyborn (BA Waik, RSA CELTA Waik, MAppLing Macquarie) manages the Coursework Development and Support unit within Wintec. He has been

instrumental in developing a range of technology applications for Wintec programmes.

Stephen Harlow

Stephen is an experienced teacher (secondary) and instructional designer. As an inaugural Flexible Learning Leader (NZ) he has trained with digital storytelling leader, Joe Lambert in San Francisco. He also has an interest in music, blogs, teaching and learning and latterly - libraries.


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Communicating identities: New Zealand fashion designers and creative exports

Olivia Beattie Department of Management Communication

Waikato Management School, University of Waikato

Abstract

New Zealand fashion designers need to create and communicate a unique brand identity to differentiate themselves in an industry where distinctiveness is crucial for success. The main challenges they face are twofold. Firstly, cultivating a unique brand identity in a well populated industry where it is vital to follow current trends for commercial success. Secondly, creating and communicating a consistent brand identity, as the industry requires them to reinvent their image biannually through their seasonal collections. Fashion designers overcome these challenges through a variety of communication tactics including the engagement of branding and public relations firms, press releases, websites, and strategic use of editorials, advertising, and product endorsement. The New Zealand designer fashion market is limited and fashion designers quickly reach a stage of market saturation. As such, the majority of fashion designers attempt to export. Numerous challenges are faced, including common export challenges such as a lack of time and money, the confidence to take such a risk, and a lack of specific exporting knowledge and skills. Challenges unique to the designer fashion industry are also faced. These include production and skill shortages, low recognition of New Zealand being able to produce talented fashion designers, fit sizes for garments being different in every country, and retailing/wholesaling difficulties. New Zealand fashion designers employ a variety of strategies to enter export markets including trade shows, employing a wholesaling agent, and directly communicating with retail stores. Tactics used to communicate with key publics are limited and generally just consist of entering trade shows which exposes the brand to media, buyers, and the public. The result is that there is an ad hoc approach to exporting which could be strengthened by the industry and government committing to provide knowledge- and skills-based training, access to communication channels, and centralised distribution channels.

Contact: Olivia Beattie 96 Seddon Road, RD1, Hamilton 3281 [email protected]



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Where have all the jobs gone? Chinese job seekers’ experience in the New Zealand employment market

Nittaya Campbell & Ying Zhao Department of Management Communication


Abstract This paper discusses what some Chinese in New Zealand encounter when looking for employment. In today‟s environment of skilled labour shortages and of the government‟s initiatives to actively recruit migrants to fill the gaps, it can be puzzling why Chinese migrants and graduates find it difficult to secure a job related to their qualifications and work experience. Chinese constitute a major group of both international students and Asian immigrants in New Zealand. This paper reports on qualitative research into their experiences in seeking employment in New Zealand. The study aimed, in particular, at exploring difficulties and challenges Chinese job seekers encountered. The study was based on in-depth interviews with 27 migrants and graduates from the People‟s Republic of China. All participants had university qualifications obtained either in China or in New Zealand (or both) and had been job hunting for three to six months. Some had had managerial positions in China before coming to New Zealand. Thematic analysis was used to identify major themes in the interview data. The analysis reveals varied motivations for seeking employment in New Zealand. It also shows that participants found the job hunting process in New Zealand extremely difficult and challenging for a number of reasons. Among the issues that emerged include language barriers, lack of local work experience, catch-22 immigration problems, cultural differences regarding employment communication, and discrimination. The issues are discussed and implications presented. Contact: Nittaya Campbell [email protected] (corresponding author) Private Bag 3105, Hillcrest, Hamilton



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Preliminary research into the effect of international students on workload

Trish Clokie & Catherine Wallace Waikato Institute of Technology

Abstract

This presentation presents preliminary research into the ways that teaching high numbers of international students affects the workload of lecturers and tutors in tertiary institutions. The initial material involved a questionnaire sent to tutors of international students and identified the extra time taken to mark international students' work and other teaching issues that arise in classes where there is a mix of domestic and international students. It can only be described as a pilot study so far and therefore the results can only be indicative. However once the research tool has been validated, the results will provide extremely valuable information for management and resourcing of teaching international students. Contact: Trish Clokie Waikato Institute of Technology [email protected]



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Immigrant entrepreneurs’ critical communication competencies

Prue Cruickshank Unitec, Auckland

Abstract

To enable immigrant entrepreneurs to establish their businesses, their success depends on their ability “to test the waters” and adapt. Despite acquiring business experience and acumen in their own countries, the ability to research and effectively evaluate the business potential in New Zealand is partly reliant upon their communication skills. Communication competency, charisma and confidence play important roles in the “testing” process to prepare immigrant entrepreneurs adequately to swim, or otherwise navigate the waters successfully. This study looks at the role of communication skills in the success of a dozen immigrant entrepreneurs. It examines the contribution of these skills to the development of human and social capital by the immigrant entrepreneur. It will contrast this with the negative experiences of those who do not employ these skills. Critical factors for entrepreneurs are New Zealand‟s small population and market, its distance from international markets and suppliers, and its rigorous compliance requirements. Both internet research and more importantly, coming to New Zealand on a business visit to ask the relevant questions, are considered critical to success. Identifying and talking to key people is also important. Once a visa is granted and a business established, then communication skills are required to promote the business through networks, personal charisma and persistence. Contact: Prue Cruickshank Unitec Business School Auckland [email protected] (09) 8154321 x 8821



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On-line disinhibition, or fearing the digital footprint? Students’ on-line writing and feedback

Josephine Ellis School of Communication Studies

AUT University

Abstract On-line teaching and learning strategies are being adopted in many curriculum areas, with varying motivations and aspirations for teaching efficiency and learning effectiveness. Blogs have a variety of applications, but most have the common characteristic that the work posted is visible to at least all the students in a tutorial or class, sometimes to multiple classes, or even to the general public in a blogspace such as Blogger, or blogspot.com. While it might be supposed that the Facebook generation is open to such on-line self-disclosure, and that the on-line disinhibition effect removes barriers that might be felt in the face-to-face classroom context, research into students‟ emotional responses to the request or requirement to place their work in an electronic public arena is still in its early days. There is an added layer of potential emotional response when students are asked to give feedback on the work of others, and receive feedback on their own work in such an arena. The implications of the “digital footprint” of our students will be discussed and attitudes of staff and students questioned: are they unaware, ambivalent, or unconcerned? Does paranoia win over pedagogy? This presentation will describe the use of tutorial blogs in an academic writing programme as a means of developing the skills of students to analyse their own and others‟ writing. The design of a research project to investigate students‟ responses to this teaching strategy will be discussed, the ethical, software, and technology constraints encountered will be described, and some preliminary survey results will be presented.

Contact: Josephine Ellis School of Communication Studies AUT University Private Bag Wellesley Mail Centre Auckland [email protected]



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Varieties of logic: the influence of cultural thinking styles on students’ writing

Josephine Ellis School of Communication Studies

AUT University

Abstract The ability to write presupposes the ability to think, yet do we always consider the effect of students‟ thinking styles on the genres of writing that we require them to produce? Researchers such as Sapir (1921) and Whorff (1940) have long made connections between language and culture, and more recently some intercultural communication researchers (e.g. Nisbett, 2003; Tardif, Shatz & Naigles, 1997) have proposed that there are fundamental and significant differences in the thinking processes of those influenced by the Western or Grecian style of logical thinking, in contrast to the Eastern or Confucian style of thinking. These differences can be demonstrated in the cognitive and affective domains, and even at the level of neural transmissions observed via MRI scans (Gutchess, Welsh, Bodurogly & Park, 2006). While teachers of writing regularly confront the grammar, vocabulary and other problems of Non-English-Speaking Background (NESB) students in our classes, perhaps it is also necessary to explicitly deal with the different styles of thinking that students may be unknowingly applying. These differences are particularly significant for two common academic genres: the argument essay, and analytical report writing. This paper will background the relevant intercultural communication research and discuss implications for academic writing teaching strategies. References:

Gutchess, A.H., Welsh, R.C., Boduroglu, A. & Park, D.C. (2006). Cultural differences in neural function associated with object processing. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience. 6(2), 102-109.

Nisbett, R.E. (2003). The geography of thought : How Asians and Westerners think differently …. and why. New York, NY: The Free Press.

Sapir, E. (1921). Language. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace. Tardif, T., Shatz, M. & & Naigles, L. (1997). Caregiver speech and children‟s use of

nouns versus verbs: A comparison of English, Italian, and Mandarin. Journal of Child Language, 24, 535-565.

Whorf, B. L. (1940). Science and linguistics. Technology Review, 42, 229-231, 247-248.

Contact: Josephine Ellis School of Communication Studies AUT University Private Bag Wellesley Mail Centre Auckland [email protected]



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Exploring the role of trust in client relationships Louise Fitzgerald

Australian School of Business The University of New South Wales

Abstract

Along with used car salesman, real estate agents are often characterised as a group least worthy of our trust. In the case study being reported on in this paper, many clients expressed a desire for honest and respectful treatment from agents, while their testimonies concurred with a general impression of an industry culture beset by a lack of trustworthiness, in the words of one commentator, an „ethical crisis‟ (Jenman, 2007). Business and management theory, as represented by Yang et al. (2007) has established that aspects of client relationships associated with trust, such as relational stability and relational commitment develop from communicative behaviours including being responsible, treating parties equally and demonstrating reliability. On the other hand, some sources argue (see e.g. Kagle, 1998) that there are forms of self-serving deception, such as that practised by salesmen (in this case, an agent in the process of closing a property deal), that are if not acceptable then at least expected. It would seem from this perspective, we should learn to live with untrustworthy agents. This paper draws from communication, psychology, business and management literature on the role of trust in client relationships, for the purpose of developing a critical understanding of this subject, in the context of real estate. The perspectives of agents and clients on their relationships are compared in terms of their expectations and experiences. The paper discusses the constraints to agents developing trust in their relationships and considers the question of what is needed to improve their profile. Contact: Dr Louise Fitzgerald Australian School of Business The University of New South Wales Telephone: +61 (2) 9385 5584 Facsimile: +61 (2) 9385 5076 E-mail: [email protected]



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Intercultural communication between ethnic Chinese mothers and their maternity carers and

health providers in New Zealand Shujie Guo; Cheryl Cockburn-Wootten & Prue Holmes

Department of Management Communication Waikato Management School, University of Waikato

Abstract

It is not surprising that Asian migrant mothers, who are unfamiliar with the Western procedures of childbirth and postpartum, face challenges in communication with maternity carers and health providers in New Zealand. In the transition from migrant to parenthood, mothers need to learn to adapt and survive, especially when separated from childbirth practices of their countries of origin and support from their extended family. Maternity carers and health providers also face challenges while providing services to migrant mothers. These may occur due to miscommunication that can result from differences in attitudes towards childbirth practices. Although some researchers have shown interest in exploring non-western clients‟ experiences of western health communication, few however, have studied the maternity experiences of migrant mothers in New Zealand. Therefore, I, with an insider status, intend to examine how cultural practices in childbirth affect communication between ethnic Chinese mothers and their maternity carers and health providers in New Zealand. For my doctoral study, I intend to examine how cultural predispositions of ethnic Chinese mothers towards childbirth influence their responses to New Zealand childbirth and care practices. A social constructionist perspective will be used in the study to investigate how participants‟ communication with maternity carers impacts on their identity construction and understanding, and on their lived experiences. The study aims to represent the views of those traditionally marginalised in health communication research and focuses on understanding individuals as active participants in the health communication process. The methods used to collect data will include document analysis, a reflective researcher‟s journal, semi-structured interviewing and observation. The participants will be ethnic Chinese mothers who are experiencing or have experienced childbirth for the first time in New Zealand. The organisational participants will be the maternity carers and health providers of the participating Chinese mothers. As this doctoral research is in its early stages, I welcome further suggestions for developing the study. Contact: Shujie Guo [email protected]



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Connecting through interdisciplinarity: a complex responsive process approach to communication

Rachel Jones Department of Management Communication


Abstract

This paper discusses the importance of conversations that include diverse perspectives for the generation of new knowledge, and advocates interdisciplinary conversations as a means of connecting academics. It draws on complex responsive process theory (CRP), a communication theory informed by research in chaos and complexity. Though most communicative interactions follow comfortable patterns of relating, it is the moments of deviation that resonate with participants and lead to new knowledge and new ways of being. CRP explains how communication produces both knowledge and self-identity, whilst simultaneously causing anxiety and tension. Applying this theory to an academic context, this paper considers the construction of disciplinary identity and the difficulties of communicating across disciplinary boundaries. Contact: Rachel Jones Department of Management Communication Waikato Management School University of Waikato Private Bag 3105 Hamilton 3240 New Zealand Email address: [email protected]



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Miss-representation: Culture, performance and PR in the

Miss South Pacific Pageant Josephine Latu

AUT University

Abstract The Miss South Pacific beauty pageant is an annual event to promote tourism, a booming industry that contributes significantly to the national economies of the region. As a unique campaign tool, the pageant uses staged performance to project an image of South Pacific people and culture as exotic, welcoming, and collectively Polynesian. While these images may or may not reflect reality, as seen for instance in the bias towards “Polynesian” ethnic looks and dance to stand for the whole region, they are actively produced with the purpose of attracting customers and making profit, and continue to reinforce colonialist expectations about island culture. As such, they not only affect the industry‟s target publics (mainly tourists), but have important repercussions in the economic, sociological and ideological experience of locals. This paper uses performance analysis to highlight how representations of culture are framed and communicated in the pageant, focusing on the interplay of body, action, language, and dress of the performers. The awareness of this process, and how messages are shaped by and also shape particular cultural views about the South Pacific, can help to develop a deeper appreciation for the social consequences of tourism PR, as well as a more careful engagement with culture.

Contact: Josephine A Latu [email protected]



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". . . and then there's the one. . .” : Gendered Violence In E-Mail Humour.

Karen Love Otago Polytechnic

Abstract

I am deepening my investigation of e-mail, gender and jokes to focus on the communication of gendered violence and abuse in e-mail humour. In researching an earlier paper, I noted the prevalence of violence and abuse aimed, primarily, at women in the content of many of the e-mail jokes I received. My earlier paper emphasised the political slipperiness of e-mail humour and the contextual absence of fundamental communications theory components (feedforward, feedback, etc). Putting these findings together with what is some very problematic content sets e-mail humour up as a minefield in the socio-political landscape. Images of physical threats, dismemberment, injury, and death are very troubling, especially when one is inclined (willingly or not) to laugh. This topic just seems to grow exponentially. The images of aging and women is another area that I will be looking into in the future. Visual and/or verbal humour delivered via e-mail has, I believe, a deleterious effect on the perception and position of contemporary women. Have women exchanged their traditional definitions as “saint” and “sinner” for a new cultural position as the laughing stock in a new burlesque of violent humour? Contact: Karen Love [email protected]



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Rhetoric and rationalisation in the voluntary sector Kirstie McAllum


Abstract

As government-directed institutions have pulled out of welfare provision, voluntary organisations in New Zealand‟s social services sector have found themselves inadvertently scripted into a “shadow state” role, requiring business-like service delivery. A competitive state funding régime demands voluntary organisations exhibit efficiency, accountability, standardised reporting systems, and measurable outputs. This paper examines key rhetorical shifts in voluntary organisations‟ responses to these government social policy changes through an analysis of selected newspaper texts from 1985-2007. News texts from the popular press can indicate potential discursive pushes, although certainly “newspaper reports cannot be seen as representing the whole of the public domain, nor the voices of all individuals” (Sointu, 2005, p. 256). In the New Zealand press, managers of volunteer centres and directors of welfare organisations that use large numbers of volunteers were dominant voices. Their concerns may not reflect those of volunteers themselves or broader community interests. Agencies‟ initial reactions of protest were premised on the assumption that non-professional volunteers undertake service tasks in order to build strong communities. Against New Zealand‟s historical backdrop of extensive welfarism, it is perhaps unsurprising that early organisational responses emphasised rights and entitlements over the obligations and responsibilities (Du Gay, 1996; Rose & Miller, 1995), more characteristic of a rhetoric of active citizenship (Kearns, 1995). Once the impact of economic rationalisation in the voluntary sector became mainstream, however, commitment to organisational survival caused a gradual rhetorical shift towards professionalisation. Rhetorical realignment may potentially bifurcate the voluntary sector (Milligan & Fyfe, 2005) between corporatised welfare organisations, and grassroots community initiatives with a more activist role. Tracking voluntary organisations‟ external as well as internal communication (Cheney & Lair, 2005) is important if we are to understand the influences shaping the shifting meanings of participation in voluntary activity and community development. Keywords: voluntary organisations, rhetorical analysis, economic rationalisation Contact: Kirstie McAllum [email protected]



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Fostering “leaderful” organisations: Communication, practice, and theory

David McKie1 & Lee-Ann Jordan2

1 Department of Management Communication Waikato Management School, University of Waikato

2SASD Administration University of Waikato

Abstract

Although it is not a new idea, the claim that “the job of leaders is to create leaders” and “leaderful” organisations is gaining momentum as an idea whose time has come. This paper looks at how the leadership literature is tending to converge around that notion (or concepts akin to that notion). It also examines the theoretical underpinning of the claim and makes the case for its contemporary relevance to different areas of business, education, management, and society. At the same time, it contends that communication is unjustifiably neglected in most leadership programmes and trainings when it is, in fact, central to leadership in general and to implementing the practice of “leaderful” organisations in particular. In addition, it synthesises diverse ideas and practices from very different areas as a part of desirable leadership repertoire able to be mobilised as situations require. The paper does this by drawing selectively from recent clusters of concerns (e.g. action research, appreciative inquiry, and emergent methods; bad and toxic leadership; Complex Adaptive Processes; customer-centricity; EQ competencies; leadership presence; futures thinking, learning histories, social intelligence, and new strategy thinking). The paper looks at how to implement the creation of “leaderful” organisations both one person at a time and as a group. The argument will be illustrated with evidence from a number of case studies from different contexts. These will be used to explore a number of features. These will involve looking at actual challenges that catalysed attempts to bring about the “leaderful” organisation approach alongside subsequent obstacles and opportunities – at individual and group level – to its implementation. The paper will conclude with a self-reflective account of what was thought to work, what was thought to be problematic, and what seemed to offer the best ways of moving forward. Contact: Professor David McKie Management Communication University of Waikato Private Bag 3105 Hamilton 3240 Email: [email protected] Ms Lee-Ann Jordan SASD Administration University of Waikato Private Bag 3105 Hamilton 3240 Email: [email protected]




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Page 23

Communicating innovation: An appreciative inquiry investigation into creativity implementation

in China and New Zealand David McKie, Peter Sun & Xinli Xu


Abstract

This paper argues that intersections of innovation management and communication are under-researched and have important practical and theoretical possibilities. It examines a range of recent literature that, without necessarily addressing the topic directly, provides confirmation of the potential of applying communication theory and practice to innovation processes. After building on Christensen‟s formative, and recent (see Christensen, 2006, article on “The Ongoing Process of Building a Theory of Disruption”) work on innovation and disruption, it focuses on the following three approaches: Johansson‟s (2004) ideas on intersections as a key source of creativity and how to stimulate it in The Medici Effect: Breakthrough Insights at the Intersection of Ideas, Concepts and Cultures; Moskowitz and Gofman‟s (2007) Selling Blue Elephants: How to Make Great Products That People Want BEFORE They Even Know They Want Them; and Carlson and Wilmot‟s (2006) Innovation: The Five Disciplines for Creating What Customers Want. The paper will illustrate how communication lies at the core of all three approaches: in the first in the group interactions; in the second in the exchanges with potential customers; and in the third in understanding the development of customer-potential innovator dynamics. After identifying key communication elements in both classic and emergent innovation theory, the paper then seeks to track their visibility in organisations involved in innovation in both China and New Zealand. It seeks to explore the commonalities and differences in innovative practices in the two nations through a series of appreciative inquiries about what the innovators themselves see as core to the successful generation and implementation of ideas in their companies‟ experiences. Contact: David McKie Management Communication University of Waikato Private Bag 3105 Hamilton 3240 Email: [email protected] Xinli Xu Management Communication University of Waikato Private Bag 3105 Hamilton 3240 Email: [email protected]




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Page 24

“Any water in the desert will do” - or will it?: Omani feedback on New Zealand teaching materials

Susan O’Rourke School of Communication Studies

AUT University

Abstract This paper examines intercultural communication and feedback issues arising out of the Oman project, a collaboration between the New Zealand Tertiary Education Consortium and the Ministry of Higher Education in the Sultanate of Oman in which four New Zealand universities prepare teaching materials for Art and Design, Information Technology, Business, and Communication degrees to be delivered in English. It will focus specifically on the Communication degree and discuss feedback as a way of showing whether or not connections have been made, before analysing what that feedback reveals about shared and variant perceptions of the teaching material. Finally, it will contemplate what the possible ramifications of these differences may be on the structure and content of the Omani degree, and on communication between the writing team in New Zealand and the delivery team in Oman.

Contact: Susan O‟Rourke School of Communication Studies AUT University Private Bag 92006 Auckland [email protected]



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Pacific Islands diaspora media: Conceptual and methodological considerations for a pilot study

Evangelia Papoutsaki & Naomi Strickland School of Communication, Unitec

Pacific Media Centre, AUT University

Abstract This paper is based on a pilot project that has the main objective to identify Pacific Islands Diaspora media in New Zealand and define the role they play in Pacific Island communities in regards to addressing their communication needs. Despite an extensive and newly emerging literature on diaspora communities and ethnic media as distinct research fields, there is limited evidence of research on Pacific diasporas and the increasing presence of Pacific diasporic media across the Asia Pacific ream countries. The research seeks to identify the different forms and content of diasporic media available to South Pacific Islands diasporic communities in New Zealand, the information needs of these communities, the role of these media in sustaining their island identities and the extent to which these media promote integration in the host country, socio-cultural separation from their new environment, and/or creation of new hybrid cultures/identities.

The newly emergent and increasing literature on diasporic communities and diasporic/ethnic/ migrant media as distinct research fields reflects the increasing importance of understanding diasporic communities and identities (Cohen, 1997; Bailey et al, 2007; Browne, 2005; Karim, 2003; Georgiou, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006; Huang, 2004). A large number of Pacific Island people have formed diasporic communities around the world. Although they are often grouped together as islanders, P.Is, Pacifika and Pacific people (Perrott, 2007:8; Teaiwa and Mallon, 2005:208; Macpherson, 2004:139; Morton, 1998), they have formed lively communities with their own distinctive identities and in many cases with their own media. Whilst New Zealand hosts the largest Pacific Islands diaspora communities in the world (McCarthy, 2005; Spickard et al, 2002; Spoonley et al, 2004), little is known in terms of their information needs and media use. Because of their transnational nature, the Pacific Islands diasporic communities, like any other diasporic communities, depend extensively on “media and communication technologies for sustaining relations and connections across distance and diverse subgroups” (Georgiou, 2007:17) and also with their host country.

This article presents some conceptual and methodological considerations for this pilot project. Contact: Dr Evangelia Papoutsaki School of Communication,Unitec Carrington Rd, Mt Albert, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, NZ tel: +64 9 815 4321 ext 8746 Fax: +64 9 815 2909 www.communication.unitec.ac.nz - [email protected] Pacific Media Centre http://www.pmc.aut.ac.nz/SPICF/SPICF.shtml


http://www.pmc.aut.ac.nz/SPICF/SPICF.shtml


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Parting the waters Gail Pittaway

Waikato Institute of Technology

Abstract The act of writing is too often presented as technical, procedural or structural in the tertiary sector. Moreover, the popularity of the Plain English School of writing has had the contradictory effects of simplifying and improving the clarity of writing, while removing the quirky, individual components which may add vitality. What about the magic, what about the miracle of transference of energy that is a part of the meaning and function of text? Where is the poetry in a report or the passion in a memo? Can writing still “desire” the reader, (Bourdieu) or has the transactional mode completely transformed the potential for transfiguration? What gets lost in translation from original thought to text? Above all how can we as practitioners and as educationalists accommodate the tension between literacy and literalness? This paper will consider cognitive processes, structural issues and recent theories on writing processes, and suggest some creative devices to allow more attention to be paid to the power of language, in any written communication. Creative Writing Workshop In conjunction with the principles of the above abstract, participants will work on devices and exercises to support their own teaching or writing. Contact: Gail Pittaway Wintec School of Media Arts, Tristram St Hamilton E-mail address: [email protected]



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Participatory video making for sustainable development: Identified problems and solutions in teaching participatory

video making. A Sri Lankan case study Athula Samarakoon & Sudesh Mantillake

Department of Fine Arts, Faculty of Arts University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to discuss the problems and solutions in teaching Participatory Video (PV) making in Sri Lanka. PV can be a highly effective tool to engage and mobilise marginalised people and to help them implement their own forms of sustainable development based on local needs (Lunch & Lunch, 2006). Unfortunately this tool had not been used in Sri Lanka until COPAS Sri Lanka paid attention to it in 2007. This pioneer PV training programme emerged from the following research. Identified problems and solutions can be stated as follows. Being a pioneer programme in Sri Lanka, there was a lack of teaching methodologies to be used. Diversity of participants was high as they represented different levels leading to problems. Bureaucratic problems were posed due to the occupational hierarchy of the participants. The lack of experiences and poor visual aesthetics of the participants hindered teaching the art of video making. Time could not be utilised effectively as participants had to travel long distances frequently since the training was held away from their working fields. Inventing new teaching methodologies, use of theatre games and edutainment activities, encouraging group work, practising hands-on and visual exercises were among the given solutions. Based on this research, problems identified and given solutions will be a showcase in teaching participatory video making for sustainable development in future Sri Lanka. References Lunch, N. and C. Lunch (2006). Insights into Participatory Video: A Hand Book for the Field. Oxford:

Insight. Participatory Communication: Working for change and Development. (1994). S.A. White, K.S. Nair and

J. Ascroft (eds.) New Delhi: Sage Publications. Participatory Video: Images that transform and empower. (2003). S.A. White (ed.). New Delhi: Sage

Publications. Shaw, J. and C. Robertson (1997). Participatory Video. London: Routledge. Srinivasan, L. (1992). Options for Educators: A Monograph for Decision Makers on Alternative

Participatory Strategies. New York: PACT/CDS

Contact: Athula Samarakoon & Sudesh Mantillake Department of Fine Arts, Faculty of Arts, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Department of Fine Arts, Faculty of Arts, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya - 20400, Sri Lanka E-mail address:[email protected] & [email protected]




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Communicating social change in Aotearoa/ New Zealand: Connecting research and constituencies

Mary Simpson & Alison Henderson Department of Management Communication


Abstract

This paper illustrates the complexities of communicating social change and demonstrates the connections between scholarship and social impact. We examine some of the opportunities and challenges experienced by each of the authors in disseminating the research outcomes of their doctoral research, and how researchers and constituents can together bridge divides between research and advocacy. The research projects outlined in this paper focused on exploring the marginalised voices in debate about genetic modification (GM) and about gated retirement communities in Aotearoa/ New Zealand. Both studies looked at how market discourses were used by powerful organisations to construct certain positions as “normal”. We suggest that connecting research and constituencies is as a function of the research process itself, along with both facilitating and inhibiting institutional mechanisms. It is commonly understood that the purpose of research is to improve the human condition; that is, enhance individual, group, and societal well-being. It is therefore also commonly understood that the outcome and impacts of any research must be communicated in ways that are accessible to and understood by those most affected and likely to benefit. However, aspirations for communicating research and advocating for change may be both facilitated and inhibited by powerful institutional forces within society. In this paper we examine ways in which active participant-audiences responded to the research process and outcomes of our respective research projects, and identify how institutionalised systems, such as the media, influenced and inhibited dissemination of the respective research. Contact: Mary Simpson & Alison Henderson Department of Management Communication University of Waikato Email: [email protected]



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Environmental communication and the problem of motivation: The rhetoric of permaculture’s contributions

to participant mobilisation Sharon McKenzie Stevens

School of English and Media Studies Massey University

Abstract:

Research in environmental communication indicates that information about the reality and urgency of global environmental risks is insufficient to motivate changes in personal lifestyles. One component of this problem is that individuals often have difficulty believing that the small things they do at home will connect up with the actions of others in a way that can meaningfully address global problems described in apocalyptic proportions. Through an analysis of the “official rhetoric” (Hauser 1999) of the permaculture movement, this paper identifies patterns of communication that have effectively mobilised participants in an international social movement, the permaculture movement, and that have persuaded those participants to change their behaviour at home, in the workplace, and in the community. The analysis suggests ways that environmental communicators can help individuals develop self-efficacy and connect their local actions to global problem-solving. Through its positive, even utopian messages, through the value it consistently accords to individual action, through its insistence that individuals already have the knowledge they need to act, through its focus on ethics and its strategies for promoting ethical reflection, and through its adaptability to multiple situations, the official rhetoric of permaculture works to convince readers that actions within easy grasp can add joy to their own lives while healing the earth. Contact: Sharon McKenzie Stevens School of English and Media Studies Massey University Private Bag 11 222, PN 241 Palmerston North, NZ + 64 6 356 9099 x 7846 [email protected]



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The tri-sector model for the introduction of community broadband in rural communities:

A case study of Te Pahu, New Zealand C. Kay Weaver & Margaret Richardson Department of Management Communication


Abstract

In this paper we examine how a small New Zealand community, the central North Island settlement of Te Pahu, mobilised to install a community-based broadband network with funding support from the New Zealand Government‟s Broadband Challenge. We also examine the tri-sector - community-business-government - partnership model which the community was required to implement in order to secure that funding. Through participatory action research involving interviews with Te Pahu residents, the business partners in the broadband development, as well as government advisers, we explore what expectations the tri-sector model placed on its member partners and how they negotiated these expectations. The paper identifies how, and why, as broadband was rolled out across the settlement, the model changed from a community orientated one, to a more commercially focused client-provider one. Examining the Broadband Challenge in general and the Te Pahu study in particular in the context of the New Zealand political economy, the paper identifies the tensions at work in the tri-sector model and the challenges that Te Pahu faced as a community in getting itself connected to broadband. Implications for policy, practice, and theory are also considered Contact: C. Kay Weaver & Margaret Richardson Department of Management Communication Waikato Management School University of Waikato Hamilton Private Bag 3105 Tel: 07 838 4466 X 6222 Email: [email protected]



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Corporations and public interest groups relationship: Malaysian experience Shira Haniza Yaakop


Abstract

This paper is an investigation of the relationship between Malaysian corporate organisations and public interest groups on what has historically been an adversarial relationship. Corporations and public interest groups normally do not establish any type of relationship because their motives and objectives of operations are conflicting with each other (Tiltman, 2006). According to Tiltman (2006), for a corporation to be successful in its operation, they should try to engage with the issues that the public interest groups represent. The Malaysian perspective on the relationship between corporations and public interest groups needs to be understood in order to appreciate how it has affected or benefited the public‟s interest in Malaysia. Like many other Asian countries, Malaysia is influenced by the restricted democratic practices which contribute to the country‟s current economic development. Activism in Malaysia is closely linked with the political system and level of economic development. The researcher will describe how public interest groups and corporations perceive their relationship. The researcher will also discuss how do corporations in Malaysia perceive the role of public interest groups in society, and how do public interest groups perceive the roles of corporate organisations in the society. Contact: Shira Haniza Yaakop PhD student School of Management Communication University of Waikato New Zealand. Email: [email protected]


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