aoki справочник по дебиан
TRANSCRIPT
DebianOsamu Aoki . `Authors' . 255
gD IPF PHHTD IPXSRXHW g
hein @httpXGGqrefFsoureforgeFnetGA E hein F D F D E heinD D D vinux heinD D D gD qnuq F
gopyright @A PHHI!PHHS y ysmu eoki `osmu5t5deinForgbF gopyright @ghpter PA @A IWWT!PHHI y oftwre in the uli snterestF qx qenerl uli viense P F @httpXGGwwwFgnuForgGopyleftGgplFhtmlA E D F D E D F D D F
i
I IFI IFP IFQ IFR IFS F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F D F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F I I P P P Q S S S T T U U V V V V W W IH IH IH II
P hein PFI hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFIFI PFIFP PFIFQ PFIFR PFIFS PFIFT PFIFU PFIFV PFIFW F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F stle F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F testing F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F unstle F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F frozen F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
PFIFIH pool F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFIFII id F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFIFIP D inomingG F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFIFIQ F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFIFIR F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFIFIS F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
ii
PFP
hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFPFI PFPFP PFPFQ PFPFR PFPFS PFPFT PFPFU PFPFV PFPFW hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F heinE F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F preEdepends F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
II II IP IQ IQ IR IR IS IT IU IU IU IV IW IW IW PH PH PH PH PI PI PI PP PP PP PP PQ PR PR PR
PFPFIH F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFPFII F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFPFIP F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFPFIQ F F F F F F F F F PFPFIR hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFQ hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFQFI PFQFP PFQFQ PFQFR PFQFS PFQFT PFQFU PFQFV PFR PFRFI PFRFP PFRFQ PFS PFT PFU hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F dpkg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F e F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F dselet F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Fde F F F F F F F F F F F F @reordEkeepingA F F F F F F F F F init F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F F F F hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
iii
PFUFI PFUFP PFUFQ PFUFR PFUFS PFUFT
D hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F D F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F D F F F F F F F F F F F F D F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
PR PS PS PS PT PT PU
Q hein QFI vinux QFIFI QFIFP QFIFQ QFIFR QFIFS QFIFT QFIFU QFIFV QFIFW F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F hein F F F F F F E F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F vsvy F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F qf F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F sE F F F F F F F F
PU PU PV PV PW PW QH QH QI QI QP QP QS QT QT QU QU QW RH RH RI RI RP
QFIFIH F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F QFIFII F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F QFIFIP F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F QFIFIQ F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F QFP QFQ fsh F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F QFQFI QFQFP QFQFQ QFR QFS QFT GP F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
f F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
xp F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F m F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F QFTFI lprGlpd F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
iv
QFTFP QFU QFUFI QFUFP QFUFQ QFUFR QFUFS QFUFT QFUFU
g F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
RP RQ RR RR RS RT RT RU RW RW RW SH SI SI SI SP SQ SQ SQ SQ SR SR SS SS SS ST ST SU TH TH
F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ghE F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F weE F F F F F F F F F F hilup F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F GetG F F
RQ
R hein RFI F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F RFIFI RFIFP RFIFQ RFIFR RFIFS RFIFT RFP RFPFI RFPFP RFPFQ RFPFR RFPFS RFPFT RFPFU RFPFV RFQ RFQFI RFQFP RFQFQ RFQFR root F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F wg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
widnight gommnder @wgA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F wg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F wg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F wg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F wg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F wg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F wg F F F F F F F F pE wg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F nix F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
nix F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
v
RFQFS RFQFT RFQFU RFQFV RFQFW
F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F @wildrdsA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
TI TI TP TP TQ TQ TS TS TT TU TV TV UH UH UQ UQ UR US US UT UT UT UU UU UU UW UW UW VI VI VI
RFQFIH F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F RFQFII F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F RFR nix F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F RFRFI RFRFP RFS RFSFI RFSFP RFSFQ RFSFR RFSFS RFSFT RFSFU RFSFV RFSFW RFT RFTFI RFTFP RFTFQ RFU F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F nix F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F @imestmpsA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F @pspysA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Gpro F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F the indow ystem F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F indow ystem F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F indow ystem F F F F
nix F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
indow ystem F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
S testing SFI SFP SFQ e oodyE F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F @ stle testingA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F SFQFI SFQFP D dselet F ptEget F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
vi
T hein TFI F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F TFIFI TFIFP TFP TFPFI TFPFP TFPFQ TFPFR TFPFS TFPFT TFPFU TFPFV TFQ TFQFI TFQFP TFQFQ TFQFR TFQFS TFQFT TFQFU TFR TFRFI TFRFP TFRFQ TFRFR TFRFS TFRFT TFRFU TFRFV TFRFW F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F tsksel ptitude F F F F F F e E 3333 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F dselet F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ptitude F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ptEhe ptEget F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F rking )vor of hein distriution F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F stle F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F GetGptGpreferenes F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F e upgrde F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F dpkg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F D F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Gvr F F F F F F F F F F F F D dpkg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F e F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F remove purge F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F stleGtestingGunstle F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F G F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
VQ VQ VQ VR VR VR VS VS VT VU VV VV VW WH WH WH WI WP WP WQ WQ WR WR WR WS WS WT WT WU WU WU
hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
vii
TFRFIH stle F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F TFRFII vol pkge rhive F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F TFRFIP gonvert or instll n lien inry pkge F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F TFRFIQ erify instlled pkge (les F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F TFS
WU WV WW WW
TFRFIR yptimized souresFlist F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHH yther hein peulirities F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHH TFSFI TFSFP TFSFQ TFSFR TFSFS he dpkgEdivert ommnd F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHH he equivs pkge F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHH elterntive ommnds F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHI ystemE init nd runlevels F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHI F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHP IHQ
U he vinux kernel under hein UFI UFIFI UFIFP UFIFQ UFP UFPFI UFPFP UFPFQ UFPFR UFPFS UFPFT UFQ UFQFI UFQFP UFQFQ V hein tips VFI VFIFI s forgot the root pssword3 @IA
uernel reompile F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHQ hein stndrd method F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHQ glssi method F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHR uernel heders F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHS gwgse F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHS gs F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHT xetwork funtion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHT iQ (lesystem @ b PFRFIUA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHU eltek vEVIQW support in PFR F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHV rllel port support F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHW oo mny open (les F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHW hisk )ush intervls F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHW luggish old low memory mhines F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIH III F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F III
he modulrized PFR kernel F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHS
uning the kernel through the pro (lesystem F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHW
footing the system F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F III
viii
VFIFP VFIFQ VFIFR VFIFS VFIFT VFP VFPFI VFPFP VFQ VFQFI VFQFP VFQFQ VFQFR VFQFS VFQFT VFR VFRFI VFRFP VFRFQ VFS VFSFI VFSFP VFT VFTFI VFTFP VFTFQ VFTFR VFTFS VFTFT VFTFU VFTFV
s forgot the root pssword3 @PA
F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIP
gnnot oot the system F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIP vet me disle on oot3 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIQ yther oot triks with the oot prompt F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIQ etting qf oot prmeters F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIR eording shell tivities F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIR eording tivities F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIS fsi ommnds for opying whole sudiretory F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIS
eording tivities F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIR
gopy nd rhive whole sudiretory F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIS p F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIT tr F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIT px F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIT pio F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIU (o F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIU hi'erentil kup with rdi' F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIV hily kup with pdumpfs F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIV egulr di'erentil kup with g F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIV
hi'erentil kup nd dt synhroniztion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIU
ystem freeze reovery F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIV uill proess F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIV eltEysq F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIW ger F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIW pree memory F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIW et time @fsyA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPH et time @xA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPH row to ontrol onsole fetures suh s the sreensver F F F F F F F F F F F IPI erh dministrtive dtse F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPI hisle sound @eepA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPI irror messges on the onsole sreen F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPI
xifty little ommnds to rememer F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIW
ix
VFTFW
et onsole to the orret type F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPP
VFTFIH qet the onsole k to sne stte F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPP VFTFII gonvert text (le from hy to nix style F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPP VFTFIP egulrEexpression sustitution F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPQ VFTFIQ idit (le in ple using sript F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPQ VFTFIR ixtrt di'erenes nd merge updtes for soure (les F F F F F F F F F F F F IPQ VFTFIS gonvert lrge (le into smll (les F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPR VFTFIT ixtrt dt from text (le tle F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPR VFTFIU ript snippets for piping ommnds F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPS VFTFIV ript snippets for looping over eh (le F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPT VFTFIW erl short sript mdness F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPU VFTFPH qet text or miling list rhive from we pge F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPU VFTFPI retty print we pge F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPU VFTFPP retty print mnul pge F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPV VFTFPQ werge two ostript or hp (les F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPV VFTFPR ime ommnd F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPV VFTFPS nie ommnd F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPV VFTFPT hedule tivity @ronD tA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPW VFTFPU gonsole swithing with sreen F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IPW VFTFPV xetwork testing sis F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQI VFTFPW plush mil from lol spool F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQI VFTFQH emove frozen mil from lol spool F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQI VFTFQI edeliver mox ontents F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQI VFTFQP gler (le ontents F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQP VFTFQQ hummy (les F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQP VFTFQR hroot F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQP VFTFQS row to hek hrd links F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQR VFTFQT mount hrd disk imge (le F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQR VFTFQU m F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQS VFTFQV tilities for foreign (lesystems VFU VFUFI VFUFP F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQS ypil mistkes to e noted F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQS rm Erf FB F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQS rm GetGpsswd F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQT
x
W uning hein system WFI WFIFI WFIFP WFIFQ WFP WFPFI WFPFP WFPFQ WFPFR WFPFS WFPFT WFQ WFQFI WFQFP WFQFQ WFQFR WFQFS WFQFT WFQFU WFQFV WFQFW WFR
IQU
ystem initiliztion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQU gustomizing init sripts F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQU gustomizing system logging F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQU yptimizing hrdwre F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQV estriting logins with ew F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQW hy qx su does not support the wheel group F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRH urposes of stndrd groups F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRH orking more sfely ! sudo F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRI estriting ess to servies F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRI gentrlizing uthentition ! vhe F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRP sntrodution F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRP epproh IX modules C lilo F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRP epproh PX reompile the kernel F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRQ ostEon(gurtion steps F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRQ ghEimge (le @ootleA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRR rite to the ghEwriter @D AX F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRR wke n imge (le of gh F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRS hein gh imges F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRT fk up the system to ghE F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRT
estriting ess F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IQW
gh writers F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRP
WFQFIH gopy musi gh to ghE F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRT F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRT WFRFI WFRFP WFRFQ WFRFR WFRFS WFRFT WFRFU pkges F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRV rrdwre detetion for F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRV he server F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IRV lients F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ISH sessions F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ISP sing over gGs F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ISS gonneting to remote server ! xhost F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ISS
xi
WFRFV WFRFW
gonneting to remote server ! ssh F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ISS he terminl emultor ! xterm F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IST
WFRFIH resoures F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IST WFRFII ueymps nd pointer utton mppings in F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ISU WFRFIP qetting root in F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ISU WFRFIQ rueype fonts in F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ISW WFRFIR e rowsers in F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITI WFS r F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITI WFSFI WFSFP WFSFQ WFSFR WFSFS WFSFT WFT WFTFI WFTFP WFTFQ WFTFR WFU WFUFI WFUFP WFUFQ WFUFR WFUFS WFUFT WFUFU WFUFV WFUFW fsis of r F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITI ort forwrding for wGyQ tunneling F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITQ gonneting with fewer psswords ! e F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITQ heling with lien r lients F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITR etting up sshEgent F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITR rouleshooting r F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITS wil trnsport gents @wesA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITS pething mil ! pethmil F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITU roessing mil ! romil F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITV eding mil ! wutt F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITV fsis of loliztion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITW voles F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUH sntrodution to loles F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUH etivting lole support F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUI etivting prtiulr lole F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUP sy VTHI dte formt lole F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUQ ixmple for the @syEVVSWEIA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUQ ixmple for prne with iuro sign @syEVVSWEISA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUQ ixmple for multilingul window system F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUQ
wil F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITS
voliztion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ITW
WFUFIH elterntive input methods F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUT WFUFII terminl emultors F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUU
xii
WFUFIP pEV support for the terminl emultor F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUU WFUFIQ ixmple for pEV in frmeu'er onsole F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUV WFUFIR feyond loles F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUV IH xetwork on(gurtion IUW
IHFI fsis of s networking F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IUW IHFP vow level network on(gurtion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IVI IHFPFI vow level network on(gurtion ! ifon(g nd route F F F F F F F F F F F F IVI IHFPFP vow level network on(gurtion ! ip F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IVQ IHFPFQ gon(guring iEpi interfe F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IVQ IHFPFR gon(guring interfe F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IVQ IHFQ xming the omputer F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IVU IHFQFI rostnme F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IVU IHFQFP wilnme F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IVU IHFR homin xme ervie @hxA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IVV IHFRFI he resolver F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IVV IHFRFP wnging nmeserver informtion ! resolvonf F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IVV IHFRFQ ghing lookedEup nmes ! nsdD dnsmsqD pdnsdD indW F F F F F F F F F F IVW IHFRFR roviding homin xme ervie ! ind F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IVW IHFS gon(guring network interfes using hrg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWH IHFT righ level network on(gurtion in hein F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWH IHFTFI gon(guring n interfe with stti s ddress F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWH IHFTFP gon(guring n interfe using hrg F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWI IHFTFQ gon(guring iEpi interfe F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWP IHFTFR gon(guring interfe F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWP IHFTFS gon(guring oi interfe F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWQ IHFTFT gon(guring multiple ithernet interfes for gtewy F F F F F F F F F F F IWQ IHFTFU gon(guring virtul interfes F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWQ IHFU xetwork on(gurtion using logil interfe de(nitions F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWR IHFV wgi network on(gurtion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWS IHFVFI vogil interfe seletion using guessnet F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWT IHFVFP eutomti network on(gurtion using lptopEnet F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWT
xiii
IHFW heling with inonsistent nming of interfes y the kernel F F F F F F F F F F F F IWT IHFIHriggering network on(gurtion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWU IHFIHFI riggering network on(gurtion t oot time F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWV IHFIHFP riggering network on(gurtion ! hotplug F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWV IHFIHFQ riggering network on(gurtion ! ifplugd F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IWW IHFIHFR riggering network on(gurtion ! wpromd F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PHH IHFIHFS xetwork on(gurtion nd gwgse F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PHH IHFIIwultiEstge mpping F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PHI IHFIPxetwork servie on(gurtion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PHP IHFIQxetwork trouleshooting F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PHQ IHFIRfuilding gtewy router F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PHQ IHFIRFI xet(lter on(gurtion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PHR IHFIRFP wnge multiple net onnetions F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PHT II iditors PHW
IIFI opulr editors F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PHW IIFP esue editors F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PHW IIFQ ims nd im F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIH IIFQFI im hints F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIH IIFQFP ims hints F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIH IIFQFQ trting the editor F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIH IIFQFR iditor ommnd summry @imsD imA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PII IIFQFS im on(gurtion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIQ IIFQFT gtgs F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIQ IIFQFU gonvert syntxEhighlighted sreen to rwv soure F F F F F F F F F F F F PIQ IIFQFV plit sreen with vim F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIQ IP ersion gontrol ystems IPFIFI snstlling g server IPFIFQ rouleshooting g PIS F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIS F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIW
IPFI gonurrent ersions ystem @gA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIS IPFIFP g session exmples F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIS
xiv
IPFIFR g ommnds F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PIW IPFP uversion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPH IPFPFI snstlling uversion server F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPH IPFPFP woving g repository to uversion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPI IPFPFQ uversion usge exmples IQ rogrmming F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPI PPQ
IQFI here to strt F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPQ IQFP hell F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPQ IQFPFI fsh ! qx stndrd intertive shell F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPQ IQFPFP ys shells F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPR IQFPFQ hell prmeters F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPS IQFPFR hell rediretion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPS IQFPFS hell onditionls F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPT IQFPFT gommndEline proessing F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPU IQFQ ewk F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPU IQFR erl F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPW IQFS ython F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PPW IQFT wke F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQI IQFU g F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQP IQFUFI imple g progrm @gA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQQ IQFUFP heugging F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQQ IQFUFQ plex ! etter vex F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQS IQFUFR fison ! etter F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQS IQFUFS eutoonf F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQT IQFV houment preprtion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQT IQFVFI ro' typesetting F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQT IQFVFP qwv F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQU IQFVFQ eGve F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQV IQFVFR viterte rogrmming F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PQW IQFW kging F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PRH IQFWFI kging single inry F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PRI IQFWFP kging with tools F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PRI
xv
IR qnuq
PRQ
IRFI snstlling qnuq F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PRQ IRFP sing qnuq F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PRR IRFQ wnging qnuq F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PRR IRFR sing qnuq with pplitions F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PRS IRFRFI sing qnuq with wutt F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PRS IRFRFP sing qnuq with im F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PRS IS upport for hein PRU
ISFI eferenes F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PRU ISFP pinding the mening of word F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSI ISFQ pinding the populrity of hein pkge F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSI ISFR he hein ug trking system F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSI ISFS wiling lists F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSI ISFT snternet ely ght @sgA F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSP ISFU erh engines F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSP ISFV esites F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSQ e eppendix PSS
eFI euthors F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSS eFP rrnties F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSU eFQ peedk F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSV eFR houment formt F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSV eFS he hein mze F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSV eFT he hein quotes F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PSW
xvi
I
1
hein @httpXGGqrefFsoureforgeFnetGA hein F D F D nixE F D E mnED infoED ryyF E D E D httpX GGwwwFdeinForgGdoGmnulsGdeinErefereneGexmplesGF E F E F D eferenes9 F PRUF D D E D F @usA E D F E hein9 F WHF
1.1 hein E deinErefereneEenF httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGdoGmnulsG deinErefereneGF httpXGGqrefFsoureforgeFnetG heinGF httpXGGqrefFsoureforgeFnetGD D rwvD hpD qwv ostriptF
IF
P
1.2 , hein fshF X 5 root 6 FFF fsh fsh ! qx stndrd intertive shell9 F PPQF X nix mnE sh@IAF qx isxpy info liF F v httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGdoGmnulsGdeinErefereneGF GusrGshreGdoGheinGrefereneGF X vhX vinux houmenttion rojet @ vinuxA @httpXGG wwwFtldpForgGA hhX hein houmenttion rojet @ heinA @httpX GGwwwFdeinForgGdoGA vh vD @E A GusrGshreGdoGryy GF eferenes9 F PRUF
1.3 exmples sudiretory @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGdoG mnulsGdeinErefereneGexmplesGAD GusrGshreGdoGheinGrefereneGY F D E F
1.4 D E E X
IF
Q
5 ptEget instll info mnEd doEse dhelp pt ptEutils utoEpt dpkg less m ssh nnoEtiny elvisEtiny vim ssh kernelEpkge mnpges mnpgesEdev doEdein doElinuxEtext deinEpoliy developersEreferene mintEguide ptEhowto hrdenEdo instllEdo lipmEdo gliEdo smEdo eximEdo vsook gnupgEdo 5 ptEget instll deinEreferene 5 E rge XA
1.5 Debian hein X
stle @A X F @AF stle9 F TF testing @AX F E testing9 F UF unstle @AX F unstle9 F UF deinEdevelEnnounedlistsFdeinForg E heinF PHHP otto @AD oody @ED AD id @EAF PHHP oody oody @E AD rge @ED AD id @ EAF unstle @gA D testingF hein9 F SF D heinX testing9 F UW @ A stle9 F WU @ A testingE hein D D D F F heinD testing unstle stle testing unstleD F F
IF
R
testing unstle hein F E heinD hroot @ hroot9 F IQPAF hein F hein hein9 D D E D heinE testing unstleF hein9 F WHF 3
S
2
Debian hein F X hein hein heinE heinE eferenes9 F PRUF @ ryEyAD hein9 F VQ F D hein peD E heinF
2.1 Debian2.1.1
D deinED E hein hein mirror site @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGmirrorGA p rF hein deinX distsGX @ A E heinF kgesFgz F poolGX E heinF toolsGX hyE D D G vinuxF
PF hein
T
doGX heinD peD E FF indiesGX he wintiners (le nd the override (lesF projetGX D D F X projetGexperimentlGX D E EF D F projetGorphnedGX D 99 @FF A F2.1.2 Debian
hein distsF stleD testing unstleF frozenF distsF2.1.3 stable
stle hein rge @QFIrHA stle @E srgeGAX
stleGminGX D heinF hein @hpqA @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGsoilontrt5guidelinesA @ GusrGshre GdoGdeinGsoilEontrtFtxt deinEdoA E F
stleGnonEfreeGX D E FD D F D E shrewre F D ghyw FF
stleGontriGX D E @ hpqA D nonEfree F
PF hein
U
D D E pool @ pool9 F WAF stle tle rolems @httpXGGftpEmsterFdeinForgGtestingGstleprosFhtmlAF
2.1.4
testing
testingD hein ithD testing @E ethGA D unstleF pool9 @ pool9 F WAF testing G minD ontri nonEfreeD D stleGF D testingD D D D D D unstleF D D testing D F httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGdevelGtestingF testing X updte exuses @httpXGGftpEmsterFdeinForgGtestingGupdteexusesFhtmlA testing @httpXGGftpEmsterFdeinForgGtestingGtestingprosFhtmlA @httpXGGugsFdeinForgGreleseEritilGA @httpXGGugsFqFdeinForgGgiEinGseFgiA @httpXGGugsFqFdeinForgGgiEinG stndrdFgiA @httpXGGugsFqFdeinForgGA
2.1.5
unstable
unstle D idD unstle @ sidGA D heinE testingGF pool @ pool9 F WAF unstle minD ontri nonEfreeD D stle GF unstle F D F unstle D hein " F unstle nstle rolems @httpXGGftpEmsterFdeinForgGtestingGunstleprosFhtmlAF
PF hein
V
2.1.6
frozen
testing D D D D D F D dists F D EF @ oody frozenD E frozen D E 9testing9FA D E D F D D frozen D D E osolete @A@ AF2.1.7 Debian
distsD srgeG ethG E F hein D D F E hein@ unstle stleG @ E F AD AF stleG E srgeGD testingG E ethGF D rge D ith F unstleG E sidGD id F2.1.8
D X fuzz IFIDex IFPD fo IFQFxD rmm PFHD link PFI otto PFPF2.1.9
oy tory ixrF fuzz @fuzz vightyerA ex D
PF hein
W
fo @fo eepA D D rmm piggy nk link @linky hogA D rge D otto D D D oody D id ED F pool
2.1.10
D F distsF E D D F D F D @minD ontriD nonEfreeA F X E D F D D ptEhe showsr hiretoryXF D phe poolGminGGpheGF liBD F D lipper E poolGminGlipGlipperGF dists ptF E D D D hiretory D E potto woodyF D pt D D dpkgEftp @ hein9 F PHA F D pgX @httpXGGlistsFdeinForgGdeinEdevelEnnouneGPHHHGdeinEdevelEnnouneEPHHHIHG msgHHHHUFhtmlAF2.1.11 Sid
idD hein X D unstleGD D stleF D @ unstle E F FAF E F
PF hein
IH
D D D sidF D E stleG sidGD nd from then on they were reted inside the unstleGtree s usulF F @ pool9 A E oodyD D @E D D lot of grdul ndwidth onsumption throughout the development proessAF2.1.12 , incoming/
D httpXGGinomingFdeinForgG E D hein @ D FF D E xwD E hiveihAF inomingG E unstleGF inomingG D unstleGF2.1.13
D hein dein E hein @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGmirrorGAD link httpXGGrhiveFdeinForgG deinErhive E heinF testing unstle httpXGG snpshotFdeinFnetGF2.1.14
@distsGstleGminD distsGstleGontriD dists GstleGnonEfreeD distsGunstleGminGD FAD E D D F
inryEllG E E F D D erlD F inryEpltformG E D E F
PF hein
II
D testing unstle E D poolF @kges kgesFgzA F elese xotesF elese xotes X stle @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGrelesesGstleGrelesenotesA testing @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgG relesesGtestingGrelesenotesAF2.1.15
hein F D D D F soureD E E D D D pool @ pool9 F WAF D heinD E ptEget soure mypkgenmeF D pineD E E F @ pineEtrker ineFA D stle9 F WU kging9 F PRH F ontri nonEfreeD D heinF
2.2 Debian2.2.1 Debian
D D E F heinX
D D E mnGinfoD E F hein @ hein 9 A Fde F hein dpkgY mnEF D Fds D @ AD ForigFtrFgzD E tr gzipD Fdi'FgzD D
PF hein
IP
heinF dpkgEsoure hein E Y mnEF E D F ontrolD F D D qx g @gA inutilsD E F g inutilsD @dpkgA E D inutilsD gF @D Y dpkg@VAFA E 9 F IT F hein D X
D D E @EAD D D E heinF2.2.2 Debian
hein hein D D F hein FdeF 1 hein de@SA mnEF @ heinAD dpkgEde@VA Fde F rge hein nix r trD dpkgF1 debian-installer , .udeb. , -.deb , Debian, debian-installer, Debian, Sarge. .udeb .deb. udpkg, .udeb dpkg . - , Debian .deb, , , . .udeb initial ram- , Debian.
PF hein
IQ
2.2.3
Debian-
hein X fooEheinFde foo F D @Fde (leA X
kges heinF D Y E E F dpkg "info fooEFde @ E E D AF D D D F E D @upstrem developerAF D E IWWWHSIQ IFQFVpreIF E heinD hein @ D AF heinD hein mke(le @deinGrulesAD hein ontrol @dein GontrolAD @deinGpBAD D F2.2.4
on0les heinF E @ GetGA on0les heinF g D F hen it is possile to on(gure the system without modifying (les tht elong to vrious hein pkgesD it is usully good ide not to modify them even if they re on0lesF his ensures fster nd smoother upgrde opertionsF D D X dpkg EEsttus pkge gon0lesXF D heinE on0lesD heinD IIFU @ eferenes9 F PRUAF
PF hein
IR
2.2.5
Debian
hein D F ontrolD ontrol heinF D X preinst D D E hein @FdeAF preinst E @ postinstAF postinst hein @FdeAF postinst G D D D F postinst D F prerm E @ E F E AD F F postrm D E D G D F @ 9 FA ontrolE GvrGliGdpkgGinfoF D foo foo D D E preinstD postinstD F fooFlist D fooF @D dpkgD FA2.2.6
hein E priorityF X
equired @A D E F D F D E D dpkgD F equired E D D F
PF hein
IS
smportnt @A nixE F E D F imsD IID e F F
tndrd @A vinux D D F D D F tndrd D ims @ D FA ex ve @ D IIAF
yptionl @A D E D D F IID e F
ixtr D D D D D yptionlFD riorityX requiredD etionX se issentilX yes F etionX se D E F etionX se riorityX required riorityX importntD issentilX yesF issentilX yes D E dpkgF D liTD mwk mkedev riorityX required etionX seD issentilX yesF2.2.7
E D D F D tin trn newsED D D D E newsEF D D D newsErederF D exim sendmil E F D milE trnsportEgentF D D F hein D D E D
PF hein
IT
D F updteElterntivesD E elterntive ommnds9 F IHIF
2.2.8
hein D D @ A D e f X
e @dependsA fD f E eF D e fD fF D D fD F e @reommendsA fD D E D E fF e @suggestsA fD f D @ A eF @on)itsA fD e D f F D e E D D fF F e @replesA fD f D eF e @providesA fD f eF eF F D dselet D D ptEgetD D D F eF
PF hein
IU
2.2.9
pre-depends
reEdepends E F dpkg @FFD FdeA D F D D E D dpkg Fde D F @dependsA D dpkg E @ on(gureA D F D D dpkg D F D @preEdependA @ preEdependsc E F A @AF hein D Fout ivp D D F D D D equired liF D F2.2.10
unknown @AD instll @AD remove @E AD purge @A hold @AF D @ elet E dseletD dpkgAF X unknown @A E E F instll @A E D F remove @A E D D E F purge @A E D D F hold @A E D D FF D F2.2.11
X dpkg D oodyD eF
PF hein
IV
dpkgD X dpkg EEgetEseletions B b seletionsFtxt seletionsFtxtD D E D D liTD X liT X liT hold instll
dpkg X dpkg EEsetEseletions ` seletionsFtxt D D X eho liT hold | dpkg EEsetEseletions F D dseletF eletD D a9 @ r9AF eletF e oody E D inEriorityF mnE ptpreferenes@SAD httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGdoGmnulsGptEhowtoG ptEhowtoY GetGptGpreferenes9 F VW F2.2.12
soureD e ptEget soure foo @ mnE ptEget@VAD e AF
PF hein
IW
2.2.13
fooD E E fooBFdsD fooBFtrFgz fooBFdi'Fgz @D Fdi'Fgz heinAF D dpkgEdevD 6 dpkgEsoure Ex fooEFds fooEF D X 6 d fooE 6 su E 4ptEget updte Y ptEget instll fkeroot4 6 dpkgEuildpkge Erfkeroot Eus Eu D 5 su E 4dpkg Ei FFGfooEFde4 F stle9 F WUF2.2.14 Debian
E @xew wintiners9 quideAD mintEguide httpX GGwwwFdeinForgGdoGmnulsGmintEguideGF
2.3 Debian hein D E D F D D F elese xotesD E D E heinD httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGrelesesGstleGrelesenotes httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGrelesesGtestingG relesenotesF hein9 F VQF F
PF hein
PH
2.3.1
Debian
D p wget heinD D D D D D dpkgF @D dpkg FA D D D D F D D hein E " F F E D E F F2.3.2
hein X E heinF dpkg D e nd dselet F2.3.3 dpkg
Y mnE dpkg@VAF dpkg X
dpkgEdeX FdeF dpkgEde@IA dpkgEftpX F dpkgEftp@IA dpkgEmountleX F dpkgEmountle@IA dpkgEsplitX F dpkgEsplit@IA dpkgEftp dpkgEmountle eF2.3.4 APT
e @ A E heinD E D ptEF ptEgetD ptEhe ptEdrom E F E E @k endA D dselet ptitudeF
PF hein
PI
pt E mnEX ptEget@VAD ptEhe@VAD ptEdrom@VAD ptFonf@SAD souresFlist@SAD ptpreferenes@SA @oodyAD GusrGshreGdoGptGguideFhtmlGindexFhtmlF e ryy @httpXGGwwwF deinForgGdoGmnulsGptEhowtoGAF ptEhowtoD GusrGshreGdoGheinGptEhowtoGF ptEget upgrde ptEget distEupgrde D hependsX eommendsX uggestsXF D dseletF2.3.5 dselect
heinF E F dselet9 F VSF instllEdo GusrGshre GdoGinstllEdoGdseletEeginnerFenFhtml dselet houmenttion for feginners @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGrelesesGwoodyGiQVTGdseletEeginnerAF2.3.6
@ A hein F D strtEstopEdemonD E D @D E GhltGAF E D D E D F D hein F2.3.7 .deb
@D D Y dpkgEftp e AD Fde F eD GvrGheGpt GrhivesF @ ptEget lenA GvrGheGptGrhives F
PF hein
PP
2.3.8
(record-keeping)
dpkg D D D D G D @ A F E dpkgD dseletD ptEgetD F sript@IAF
2.4 Debian2.4.1 init
nixE D hein D E initF init @GetGinittA D D D E GetGinitFdGrF GetGrFdG @ y souring c E F FA @ A D D E D D F @ A GetGrFootG @ D F9 AF E D F E ystem initiliztion9 F IQU ystem run levels nd initFd sripts @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGdoGdeinEpoliyGhEopersys5sEsysvinitA heinF2.4.2
init E D @ E id GetGinittAF ystem E nixED U X H @ AD I @ AD P E S @ AD T @ AF hein idaPD D E E D GetGrPFdGF GetGrxFdGD D GetGinitFdGF D GetGrxFdG E D GetGinitFdGF D
PF hein
PQ
D E u9Y F D 9Y F E u9 9 D F F D GetGinitFdG strtD stopD relodD restrt foreErelodD E D F F D relod 5 GetGinitFdGsendmil relod sendmil D F2.4.3
hein fh rFlol Y F D @ystem A fooF X I foo GetGinitFdGF P heinE updteErFd D E rcFd @ A GetGinitFdGfooF c E H TD ystem F Q F updteErFd rcFd GetGinitFdGF 9 u9 F xD GetGrxFdG D u9D stopD D 9D strtF D D foo D GetGinitFdG updteErFd foo defults IWF defults D P SF IW D foo PH F
PF hein
PR
2.5 hein E X
dpkgEdivertD he dpkgEdivert ommnd9 F IHHF equivsD he equivs pkge9 F IHHF updteElterntiveD elterntive ommnds9 F IHIF mkeEkpkg F mkeEkpkg@IA hein stndrd method9 F IHQF GusrGlolG hein F @ A Get E hein D F
2.6 hein D indowF D mnE D @A F hein @ AF E D D voliztion9 F ITWF
2.7 Debian he vinux kernel under hein9 F IHQF2.7.1 , Debian
hein @hedersAF g hein F D hein IFP SFRFIQF E D vinuxD pE vinuxD F
PF hein
PS
GusrGinludeGlinux GinludeGF E D D liTEdevD E sGusrGsrGlinuxGinludeG F D @ mdAF xpD md F F2.7.2 ,
D D kernelEpkgeF E X 5 mkeEkpkg kernelimge F E X 5 mkeEkpkg EEhelp mnE mkeEkpkg@VA he vinux kernel under hein9 F IHQF @ D A vinux E kernelEsoureE @ AF E initrd hein D initrdY httpXGGugsFdeinForgGIRWPQTF kernelEpkge GusrGshre GdoGkernelEpkgeGiehwiFgzF2.7.3
gru lodlinD E zimge @E D GootGgru wEhyAF2.7.4 ,
D D ootE)oppiesD dmin
PF hein
PT
heinF syslinuxF wE hy D D vinux @ D syslinuxFfg AF D F GusrGdoGootE)oppiesGiehwi ootE)oppiesF2.7.5 ,
modonf hein @GusrGsin GmodonfAD F ED E F GetGmodulesFonf @ D AD E GetGmodutilsG GetGmodules @ D AF gon(gureFhelpD D E modonf @ GusrGliGmoduleshelpGAD F he modulrized PFR kernel9 F IHSF2.7.6
kernelEimgeExxxFprerm @ E F A D D D F D D X dpkg EEpurge EEforeEremoveEessentil kernelEimgeExxx @ D xxx FA
PU
3
Debian hein httpXGGwwwF deinForgGrelesesGstleGD httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGrelesesGstleGinstllmnulF D D httpXGGwwwF deinForgGrelesesGtestingGD httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGrelesesGtestingGinstllmnul @E D AF E ottoD oody @ D AF rge D E rgeF
3.1 Linux ghE heinD E httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGghGnetinstGF testing unstle hein F E heinD hroot @ hroot9 F IQPAF hein F
3.1.1
vinux E F D indows WSGWVGweF F
QF hein
PV
D vinux on vptops @httpXGGwwwFlinuxElptopF netGA E F E X E gsD shiGeesF shiGees ghEyw @ ghEAF gsD seD @xsgAF F ulip gsD xiPHHH seF gwgseF f D D F F F F D F3.1.2
F F X I F P D D shi F Q D gs se F3.1.3 Debian
vinuxE E F 6 6 6 6 6 lspi Ev |pger pger GproGpi pger GproGinterrupts pger GproGioports pger GproGusGusGdevies
D eltEpPF X sHX @VPSRA sIX sPX sV!sIS gE e sQX @ioEportaHxPpVA @GdevGttyIA
QF hein
PW
sRX @ioEportaHxQpVA @GdevGttyHA sSX @ gGA sTX @ioEportaHxQpHA @GdevGfdHD GdevGfdIA sUX @ioEportaHxQUVA @GdevGlpHA sVX sWX @int HxHeAD sP sIHX sIIX sIPX GP sIQX @ VHPVU A sIRX shi @GdevGhdD GdevGhdA sISX shi @GdevGhdD GdevGhddA
f GproGusGusGdevies glsannX glsaHH X glsaHI X @ FA glsaHP X @D D F F F A glsaHQ X rsh @rumn snterfe hevieX D D A glsaHU X glsaHV X @D ghGhhD E D ED F F F A glsaHW X @f A glsaPSS X PSSD vinux F3.1.4
X vinuxF D heinF @ E deinEinstller rgeFA indowsF F sD G hweF hy F3.1.5 LILO
vilo IHPR F 3 liloD hein otto lQPF fsy lQPD lilo IHPRF
QF hein
QH
lQP E liloFonfD liloF GusrGshreGdoGlilo GwnulFtxtFgzF
3.1.6
GRUB
gru qx rurd hein oody X 5 5 5 FFF 5 5 FFF ptEget updte ptEget instll gruEdo m GusrGshreGdoGgruEdoGhtmlG ptEget instll gru pger GusrGshreGdoGgruGiehwiFhein XA
qfD GootGgruGmenuFlstF etting qf oot prmeters9 F IIR D D qf E liloF
3.1.7
otto shigs E F oody fPFRF ootE )oppies F gwgseD E @ D A gwgseY F F linux E hein D E F redmeFtxt F wEhyD E D F D D D F rge deinEinstller G pgiF
QF hein
QI
3.1.8
D httpXGGwwwFdeinF orgGrelesesGstleGinstllmnul httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGrelesesGtestingGinstllmnul @ D AF D ootE)oppies testingD D D eF E eltEpP GetGptGsouresFlistD stle testing lilo GdevGhdQD mr E GdevGhdF F X whS yes yes dvned @ dselet BBA ! ems @ AD nviD texD telnetD tlk@dAY ! mD vimD nnoEtiny elvisEtinyF E dselet9 F VSF imsD nno F E D e @ ottoA F esue editors9 F PHW nnoEtiny elvisEtiny F y @ A F eximX P D wE F dselet dselet9 F VSF3.1.9 IP-
@ gX IWPFITVFIFHGPRAX | CEEE yE @ fethmilA | hrg wE @ E A | X @hilupA | X X ethH @sD hrgA @sfw hinkpdD RVT hP SHwrzD PHwf ewA
QF hein
QP
vinux PFR extQF 4ipmsq4 @ strongerED xe (rewllA 4dhpElient4 ethH @ E hxA 4dhp4 ethI 4exim4 @ PA 4fethmil4 @fllkA 4ind4 E 4ssh4 PP VHVH @ A 4squid4 hein @ eA X ethI @s a IWPFITVFIFID A | CEEE @IHHse A EEEC | | hrgE sE @s a IWPFITVFIFIPVEPHHD A @s a IWPFITVFIFPEIPUD A xetwork on(gurtion9 F IUW F E fuilding gtewy router9 F PHQ E F3.1.10
D F dmin @uidaIHHHAF root dminF dm @ hy qx su does not support the wheel group9 F IRHAD root suD ew sudoF 9 F SIF3.1.11
F X G aa @G C Goot C Gin C GsinA
QF hein
aa SHwfC Gtmp aa IHHwfC Gvr aa IHHwfC Ghome aa IHHwfC Gusr aa UHHwfC indow GusrGlol aa IHHwf Gusr indow F GusrG QHHwfD E D Pqf!QqfD qnomeF GusrG D GusrGshreG E F vinux PFRD D G PHHwfF E @ df EhAX pilesystem GdevGhdQ GdevGhdU GdevGhdV GdevGhdT GdevGhdW GdevGhdIH GdevGhdII ize sed evil se7 wounted on QHHw IHTw IUWw QV7 G IHHw IPw VPw IQ7 Ghome SWTw SQw SIQw IH7 Gvr IHHw VQRk WRw I7 GvrGliGvs SWTw PPPw QRQw RH7 Gusr SWTw IQHw RQTw PQ7 GvrGheGptGrhives IFSq PHRw IFPq IR7 GvrGspoolGsquid
@ GvrGspoolGsquidG E E E FA fdisk ElD X 5 fdisk El GdevGhd GdevGhdI GdevGhdP GdevGhdQ B GdevGhdR GdevGhdS GdevGhdT GdevGhdU GdevGhdV GdevGhdW GdevGhdIH GdevGhdII I RP VS IPU IPU IRR ISV IUP PSR QQT RIV RI QHWWPVC T peIT 5 hy VR QPSHVH VQ vinux 5 @ A IPT QIUSPH VQ vinux 5 TPW QVHPTVH S IRQ IPVRVVC VP vinux swp ISU IHSVHVC VQ vinux IUI IHSVHVC VQ vinux PSQ TIWVVVC VQ vinux QQS TIWVVVC VQ vinux RIU TIWVVVC VQ vinux TPW ITHPTVVC VQ vinux
F E vinux F
QF hein
QR
GetGfstX
5 GetGfstX F 5 5 GdevGhdQ G extP defultsDerrorsaremountEro H I GdevGhdS none swp sw HH pro Gpro pro defults HH GdevGfdH G)oppy uto defultsDuserDnouto H H GdevGdrom Gdrom isoWTTH defultsDroDuserDnouto H H 5 5 keep prtitions seprte GdevGhdU Ghome extP defults HP GdevGhdV Gvr extP defults HP GdevGhdT GvrGliGvs extP defults HP 5 notime GdevGhdW Gusr extP defultsDnotime HP GdevGhdIH GvrGheGptGrhives extP defults HP 5 E GdevGhdII GvrGspoolGsquid extP rw HP
5 hy GdevGhdI GmntGdos vft rwDnouto HH 5 vinux @ A GdevGhdP GmntGlinux extP rwDnouto HH 5 5 nfs mikeyXG GmntGmikey nfs roDnoutoDintr HH goofyXG GmntGgoofy nfs roDnoutoDintr HH 5 minnieXG GmntGminnie smfs roDsoftDintrDredentilsa{(lenme} H P xp noutoDintrD hrdD E F gtrlEgF indowsED m @smfsAD E rwDutoDsoftDintrF m9 F RIF E noutoDrwDsynDuserDexe D F
QF hein
QS
X vftD GetGutoFmis E fstypeautoX 5 modproe vft 5 E FFFD X 5 t bbGetGmodules vft h FFF F GetGutoFmis X )oppy EfstypeautoDsynDnodevDnosuidDgidaIHHDumskaHHH XGdevGfdH FFF gidaIHH 4users4F drom )oppy GhomeGuserD GvrGutofsGmisGdrom GvrGutofsGmisG)oppyF user usersF xp vinux xp @goofyA @AF E D F xpD xp Get Gexports X 5 GetGexportsX D 5 xpF exports@SAF G @rwDnorootsqushA xp xpE F P qf vinuxF D GtmpF e multiprtition sheme is too involved for these usgesF D SHHwf F3.1.12
X RwfX ITwfX QPwfX TRwfX vinuxF F indowF indow qxywiGuhiF
QF hein
QT
IPVwfX indow qxywiGuhiF PSTwf @ AX D E c hew F memaRm @ lilo ppendamemaRmA D Rwf F E TRwf fsyF3.1.13
E X ` IPVwf @ PFH AD ` Pqf @ A a @IEP E A @IPVwfE PqfA swDpriaI GetGfstF D eshE swpE F F D D E D D F
3.2 Bash X GetGshFshr GetGpro(le @ w Eb A GetGskelGFshr GetGskelGFpro(le GetGskelGFshpro(le ~GFshr ~GFpro(le ~GFshpro(le @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGdoGmnulsG deinErefereneGexmplesGGAF D umsk HHP HPPF er X
QF hein
QU
GetGloginFdefs E D er GetGpro(le @ GetGshFshrA ~GFshpro(le @ ~GFshrA
3.3 3.3.1 PS/2
GP e D X mouse Eb GdevGpsux Eb gpm Eb GdevGgpmdt a GdevGmouse Eb GdevGmouseD GdevGgpmdtD D F @D E gpmD GdevGmouse D GdevGpsuxFA G D gpm F indow 3 gpm input X msQ @FF wirosoft E AD rw@ D E AD D indowF GP vogiteh @E nixAF D preeD pree @ es TRAD GetGIIGVTgon(g GetGIIGVTgon(gERF msQ
GetGgpmFonf | GetGIIGVTgon(gER aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaCaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa devieaGdevGpsux | etion 4snputhevie4 responsivenessa | sdenti(er 4gon(gured wouse4 repettypeamsQ | hriver 4mouse4 typeautopsP | yption 4goreointer4
QF hein
QV
ppenda44 smplertea
| yption | yption | indetion
4hevie4 4GdevGmouse4 4rotool4 4sntelliwouse4
gpmFonfD indow F @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGdoG mnulsGdeinErefereneGexmplesGGAF rw
GetGgpmFonf | GetGIIGVTgon(gER aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaCaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa devieaGdevGpsux | etion 4snputhevie4 responsivenessa | sdenti(er 4gon(gured wouse4 repettypearw | hriver 4mouse4 typeautopsP | yption 4goreointer4 ppenda44 | yption 4hevie4 4GdevGmouse4 smplertea | yption 4rotool4 4wousewnlusGP4 | indetion gpmFonfD F gpm utopsP E GPD F D D oodyF gpmFonf psP impsP utopsPF D gpmD X gpm Et helpF gpm@VAF GP D E imulteQfuttonsF E gpm E F E rw 9 gpm X sntelliwouseX @gpmE msQA GPX GP @ A swGPX GP @PD QD D A wousewnlusGPX vogiteh GP FFF preeVT @httpXGG wwwFxfreeVTForgGurrentGmouseFhtmlAF wirosoft X
QF hein
QW
GetGgpmFonf | GetGIIGVTgon(gER aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaCaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa devieaGdevGpsux | etion 4snputhevie4 responsivenessa | sdenti(er 4gon(gured wouse4 repettypearw | hriver 4mouse4 typeautopsP | yption 4goreointer4 ppenda44 | yption 4hevie4 4GdevGmouse4 smplertea | yption 4rotool4 4swGP4 | yption 4futtons4 4S4 | yption 4exiswpping4 4R S4 | indetion oshi gpm gwgse @ystemEA F D F3.3.2 USB
D D X snput ore supportX ! snput ore support @gyxpsqsxD inputFoAD ! wouse support @gyxpsqsxwyihiD mousedevFoAD f supportX ! upport for f @gyxpsqfD usoreFoAD ! reliminry f devie (lesystem @gyxpsqfhisgipAD ! rgs yrgs @gyxpsqfrgs || gyxpsqfrgsev || gyxpsqfyrgsD usEuhiFo || uhiFo || usEohiFoAD ! f rumn snterfe hevie @full rshA support @gyxpsqfrshD hidFoAD ! rsh input lyer support @gyxpsqfrshsxA D D F devfsD GdevGinput Gmie mjor IQ minor TQX 5 d Gdev 5 mkdir input 5 mknod inputGmie IQ TQ f X
GetGgpmFonf | GetGIIGVTgon(gER aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaCaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
QF hein
RH
devieaGdevGinputGmie | etion 4snputhevie4 responsivenessa | sdenti(er 4qeneri wouse4 repettypearw | hriver 4mouse4 typeautopsP | yption 4endgoreivents4 4true4 ppenda44 | yption 4hevie4 4GdevGinputGmie4 smplertea | yption 4rotool4 4swGP4 | yption 4futtons4 4S4 | yption 4exiswpping4 4R S4 | indetion vinux f @httpXGGwwwF linuxEusForgGAF
3.3.3
GPD tpon(g F E D ysyxa"tpmodeaH GetGdefultGtpon(g E F GetGgpmFonf D D f X devieaGdevGpsux responsivenessa repettypeamsQ typeautopsP ppenda4Ew Em GdevGinputGmie Et utopsP4 smplertea
3.4 NFS xp GetGexportsF 5 ptEget instll nfsEkernelEserver 5 eho 4G BFdominnmeEforElnEhosts@rwDnorootsqushDnohideA4 bb GetGexports @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGdoGmnulsG deinErefereneGexmplesGGAF
QF hein
RI
3.5 SambaX httpXGGwwwFsmForgG smEdo m shreD indows for orkgroupE F D m user E F m deonf viX 5 dpkgEreon(gure EEpriorityalow sm 5 oody 5 vi GetGsmGsmFonf @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGdoGmnulsG deinErefereneGexmplesGGAF smpsswd smpsswdX 6 su E 4smpsswd E usernme4 D F os level @ E D AX HX IX ITX IUX QPX QQX PSSX m @ A f QFID inWSD inWVD inGwec in x QFSI in x RFH in x QFSI in x RFH m
D D D E D F
3.6 lprGlpdF E g @gommon xs rinting ystemAF hF vinux rinting ryy @httpXGGwwwFtldpForgGryyGrintingEryyFhtmlAF
QF hein
RP
3.6.1
lpr/lpd
lprGlpd @ lprD lprng gnulprAD E @ A GetGprintp @ ostript AX lp|lisX XsdaGvrGspoolGlpdGlpX Xmx5HX XshX XlpaGdevGlpHX X X lp ! D lis a mx5H ! sh ! lpaGdevGlpH ! D portdhost E D ostriptEF indowsE mD D indows @D E AF indowsE F ostriptD E gsF GetGprintpF X gnulprD @lprEppdA printtool" F lpr ps(lter lpr mgi(lter lprng lprngtool lprng ps(lter lprng mgi(lter qsE D printtoolD qetting root in 9 F ISU rootF D E printtoolD gs ostriptEF D ostsriptF indows E epple vserriterF3.6.2 CUPS
gommon xs rinting ystem @ gAX 5 ptEget instll upsys foomtiEin foomtiEd 5 ptEget instll upsysEsd upsysEdriverEgimpprint
QF hein
RQ
weEX 6 httpXGGlolhostXTQI D D X
rinters D edd rinterD root D D D rintersD gon(gure rinterD D F doumenttionFhtml httpXGGwwwFupsForgGupsEhelpFhtmlF httpXGGlolhostXTQIG
PFR rllel port support9 F IHWF
3.7 3.7.1
D E heinF F
tskselF tsksel ptitude9 F VRF X ! ! indow ystem ! ! g nd gCC ! ! ython ! ! lGk ! ! eGve environment ! tsksel E D D `sk snfobD D dseletF
QF hein
RR
dseletFD D D F ims E F dselet9 F VS opulr editors9 F PHWF F ! lynxEssh @ lynxA ! FFF
FFF GetGinitt X FFF 5 gvEevEhivF XIPQRSXtrlltdelXGsinGshutdown EtI E Eh now FFF3.7.2
E F modonf E F D F D D E GetGmodulesF lsmod depmod F PFR GetGmodules sE @p AF he modulrized PFR kernel9 F IHSD xetwork funtion9 F IHTF3.7.3 CD-RW
X GetGliloFonf @ ppenda4hdaideEssi ignoreahd4D @gh E E F A lilo A GdevGdrom @ 5 d GdevY ln Esf sdH drom A GetGmodules @ 4ideEssi4 4sg4F 4sr4 FA
QF hein
RS
gh writers9 F IRPF
3.7.4
GetGliloFonf E @ PFPA @ ewA ppenda4memaIPVw pmaon pmapowerEo' nopi4 lilo F pmapowerEo' wE D nopi E wD F F yther oot triks with the oot prompt9 F IIQF ew D hein PFRD insmod pm powero'aI GetGmodules X 5 eho 4pm powero'aI4 bbGetGmodules D egs D D w @ AF PFRF E F gyxpsqway gyxpsqegsay FFF gyxpsqegsfwqam gyxpsqegsam GetGmodules X ospmusmgr ospmsystem D yF egs F
QF hein
RT
3.7.5
web-
vinux igxD E weED F igxX 5 t GproGsysGnetGipvRGtpen FFF 5 systl netFipvRFtpen igx X 5 eho 4H4 b GproGsysGnetGipvRGtpen FFF 5 systl Ew netFipvRFtpenaH g igx GetGsystlFonf X netFipvRFtpen a H3.7.6 Dialup PPP
pppon(gD dilup F 5 ptEget instll pppon(g 5 pppon(g FFF dilup 5 dduser usernme dip FFF usernme dilup @usernmeA dilup X 6 pon 5 E FFF 6 po' snme 5 ED E GusrGshreGdoGpppGiehwiFheinFgzF wvdil dilup EF E httpXGGugsFdeinForgGVPHWSD dilup F pppdD D GetGpppGipEupFdG D Get GpppGipEdownFdG F F
QF hein
RU
3.7.7
/etc/
GetGronFdenyD hein @ GetGtFdenyAF
QF hein
RV
RW
4
Debian heinF E nixE D D D D F D F
4.1 hein E F EF4.1.1 root
D E F D D gtrlEeltEpID F 1 D E fooD X foo loginX rootD inter D F hein nix F E rootD F 2 foo loginX root1 2 -Ctrl, -Alt, F1 . , , /etc/motd.
RF hein
SH
sswordX vst loginX un yt PT IWXHRXHW PHHQ on ttyQ vinux foo PFRFPPEIETVT 5T t yt R IRXHWXHV i PHHQ iTVT qxGvinux wost of the progrms inluded with the hein qxGvinux system re freely redistriutleY the ext distriution terms for eh progrm re desried in the individul (les in GusrGshreGdoGBGopyright hein qxGvinux omes with efyviv xy eexD to the extent permitted y pplile lwF rootdfooXroot5 D rootF root E F D X D D E rootD D rootF sudo@VAF nix D E D F sudoD superD su E E rootD F orking more sfely ! sudo9 F IRIF 34.1.2
D F D E F D mD vimD lynxD doElinuxEtext deinEpoliyF 4 5 ptEget updte FFF 5 ptEget instll m vim lynx doElinuxEtext deinEpoliy FFF3 4 , root , , , gpm, emacs21 doc-linux-html. ` ' . . 37 `Editors' . 209.
RF hein
SI
D F4.1.3
E D D rootF 5 D F D D penguinF X rootdfooXroot5 dduser penguin FFF F 6 D D F4.1.4
hein D FF qe E T EIHHF Eelt E pI!pTF F nixD F eltEpU indow D gtrlEeltEpIF E F4.1.5
D E D hein E D F root X 5 shutdown Eh now5 6 admin, . , penguin adm, -
(-) /var/log/. passwd(5), group(5), shadow(5), group(5), vipw(8) vigr(8). (/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html).
RF hein
SP
F D root E X 5 powero' Ei Ef gtrlEeltEhelete F7
D ystem hltedD E F ew egs fsyD vinuxD F 9 F RSF4.1.6
heinD penguinF 8 penguinF rootD gtrlEh 9 D root9 F E penguin F 10 F penguindfooXpenguin6 E F X 5 X root 6 X hein E widnight gommnder @wgA9 D E nix E 9 F STF7 Ctrl, Alt Delete , . . /etc/inittab, -h shutdown, ` ' . 43.
8
, Debian -
, . , , ( - . ), , , Debian (http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/ securing-debian-howto/).
9
Ctrl d . root penguin ,
Shift, D.
10
root. root.
RF hein
SQ
4.2 Midnight Commander (MC)widnight gommnder @wgA E qxD E vinux F E D D E nixF heinF F D D E interX Get F GvrGlog F GusrGshreGdo F Gsin Gin4.2.1 MC
wg D ~ GFshr @ GetGshFshrD FshrA D E mnE m@IA EF 114.2.2 MC
6 m wg D F pIF wg F 124.2.3 MC
F E F F gpm F @ hiftD ut pste wgFA pIX pQX pRX pWX pIHX widnight gommnder11 12 , , . kon kterm , -
, -a MC, .
RF hein
SR
X snsertX D D E helX @ " wg E A X
4.2.4
MC
d D F gtrlEinter eltEinter F p mv F eltE F wgY X m Get GrootF is C aa pn @FFD is C I9 a pID Y is C H9 a pIHA is aa elt @a wetD wEAY FFD is C 9 eltEgF
4.2.5
MC
EF pQ E D E F F pTD F pSD F pP D pIH E F D F X 6 m Ee 6 medit D E F D E eltEpnD E Eb Eb F ihsy sev D F vimD E meditD ~GFshrX
RF hein
SS
FFF export ihsyamedit export sevamedit FFF vimF E vim D @ viA vinuxGnix F 134.2.6 MC
F F Gusr GshreGdoF F X 6 m Ev 4.2.7 MC
inter E F wgF X mnD htmlEX trFgzD deX D E F hmod wgF4.2.8 FTP- MC
wg D pF D pWD 9p9 E p @ wg 9p9 E F A F v XdFD D F v httpFusFdeinForgGdein heinF hein9 F S D @A E F13 , , , - vi nvi. vim, F1, .
RF hein
ST
4.3 Unix wg D D D D nixF 14
4.3.1
unixE D E F 15 gtrlEX F gtrlErX F gtrlEhX F @ E A gtrlEgX F gtrlEX F @ D 89 F TQA gtrlEX F 16 gtrlEX F D shD tEompletion F X F gtrlEX F efX F gtrlE efX ef expnsionF X gtrlEeltEhelX G D 9 F RQF X F X F wetE @ imsA eltF indowsE wetEF vinuxD gpmF 17 9 F QUF14 15 16 17 bash. , Linux Ctrl Alt , stty(1). X Window xterm .
, `Shell' . 223. , .
RF hein
SU
4.3.2
Unix
nixF 18 penguinX pwd ! G F whomi ! F (le foo ! fooF type Ep ! F ! whih F type ! F propos ! D F ! mn Ek F whtis ! F mn E ! F @nixEA info ! F @ qxA ls ! F @ A 19 ls E ! F @ A ls Ee ! F @ D FF FF FA ls El ! F E hein9 F UHF ls Ed ! F lsof foo ! foo E F mkdir foo ! foo F rmdir foo18 Unix . Unix . Debian - . , , . .
19
Unix , .. , , ,
.
RF hein
SV
! foo F d foo ! fooD E gherF d uiltins@UAF d G ! F d ! F d Gfoo ! GfooF d FF ! F d ~foo ! fooF d E ! F `GetGmotd pger ! GetGmotdD F ` foo9 F TRF 20 touh junk(le ! junk(leF p foo r ! foo rF rm junk(le ! junk(leF mv foo r ! foo rF mv foo rGz ! foo E rGzF rG F hmod THH foo ! foo D D E F hmod TRR foo ! foo E D D F hmod USS foo ! foo E D D F top ! F q F20 Debian more, . less apt-get install less, less , .
RF hein
SW
ps ux | pger ! fhF I | P9 F TRF ps Eef | pger ! nix ystemEF ps ux | grep Ee exim ! eximF mnE grep@IAD D mn grepF ps xf | pger ! D E egss rtF kill IPQR ! X IPQRF uill proess9 F IIVF grep Ee BFhtml ! D Fhtml F gzip foo ! foo fooFgzD vempelEiv @vUUAF gunzip fooFgz ! fooFgz fooF zipP foo ! foo fooFzPD furrowsEheeler lok sorting text ompression lgorithm ru'mnEF @ D gzipA unzipP fooFzP ! fooFzP fooF tr Exvvf fooFtr ! fooFtrF tr Exvvzf fooFtrFgz ! fooFtrFgzD gzipF tr Exvvf "zipP fooFtrFzP ! fooFtrFzPF 21 tr Evvf fooFtr rG ! rG fooFtrF tr Evvzf fooFtrFgz rG ! rG fooFtrFgzF tr Evvf "zipP fooFtrFzP rG ! rG fooFtrFzPF 22 zt iehwiFgz | pger ! iehwiFgzD E21 22 bzip2 -j, bzip2 . tar Potato.
RF hein
TH
F iehwiFgz b foo foo iehwiFgzF iehwiFgz bb foo iehwiFgz fooF @ D FA (nd F Enme ! D F @A lote Ed F ! D F @ A
zt ! zt !
D D E D F D mnEF D X 6 mn mn 6 mn sh 6 mn ls vim pIF QS F D |tutor| gtrlEF iditors9 F PHW F D nixED qx fhD E D @D D AX 6 EEhelp 6 Eh hein tips9 F IIIF4.3.3
D heinF E heinF 234.3.4
E D X I 23 . bash(1).
RF hein
TI
P Q R S
@b D bb D ` D `` FA @88 D || Y `newlineb D Y D 8 D @ D A A
gommndEline proessing9 F PPUF4.3.5
X 6 dte un yt PT HVXIUXPH gi PHHQ 6 vgevvafrp dte dim ot PT HVXIUXQW gi PHHQ
24
dteF vgevvX @ Y D gA frp @ A F E X 6 vgevvafrp 6 dte dim ot PT HVXIUXQW gi PHHQ D F D @D AD X 6 export vgevv4.3.6
D D E erF F24 , , `Locales' . 170. , , .
RF hein
TP
hein er E GsinF D ifon(g Gsin @ E F E AD er GsinF E ~GFshpro(leD fsh9 F QTF4.3.7
F D E "D E F 6 dte won yt PU PQXHPXHW gi PHHQ 6 dte E wonD PU yt PHHQ PQXHPXRH CHIHH E dte D pgEPVPPF4.3.8 (wildcards)
D F X B ! F ! F F c ! F F F F ! D F Ez ! D zF F F F ! D D @ E AF E X 6 mkdir junkY d junkY 6 touh IFtxt PFtxt QF RFh FSFtxt 6 eho BFtxt IFtxt PFtxt 6 eho B
RF hein
TQ
IFtxt PFtxt QF RFh 6 eho BFh QF RFh 6 eho FB F FF FSFtxt 6 eho FFB FSFtxt 6 eho IEQB RFh 6 d FFY rmdir junk
4.3.9
F D F D F 6cF D E D F D F hell onditionls9 F PPTF
4.3.10
F E hell prmeters9 F PPSD hell rediretion9 F PPSD hell onditionls9 F PPT gommndEline proessing9 F PPUF
8 F F X josD fgD g stopF mnE sh@IA sqxevD tyf gyxyv rivv fsvsx gywwexhF 2525 Debian .
RF hein
TR
I | P I PF F E F I Y P I P F I 88 P IF D PF D I P F I || P IF D E PF D F b foo foo @ D A bb foo fooF @ E A b foo Pb8I E fooF ` foo foo F E X
RF hein
TS
6 `GetGmotd pger FFF @A 6 pger `GetGmotd FFF @A 6 pger GetGmotd FFF @A 6 t GetGmotd | pger FFF @A R D E t F4.3.11
F X 6 lis la9ls El9 l ls ElD @ X lis lsa9logout9 E F YEA A D typeF X 6 type ls ls is hshed @GinGlsA 6 type l l is lised to ls El9 6 type eho eho is shell uiltin 6 type (le (le is GusrGinG(le
ls @GinGlsA l E ls El9 eho E (le a GusrGinG(le
lsD (le D ls hshedD FF lsF
4.4 Unix D E unixE F X
RF hein
TT
! hed F ! til F ! sort F ! uniq E F ! tr F ! di' F @AX ! grep F ! ed E F ! sed E F ! vi E F ! ems E F @AX ! egrep F ! wk F ewk9 F PPUF ! perl F erl9 F PPWF egulrEexpression sustitution9 F IPQD ript snippets for piping ommnds9 F IPS erl short sript mdness9 F IPU F4.4.1
F @ @wildrdsA 9 F TPAD D F F E F D D E D nix 9 F F 6 B C c @ A { } |F X ! F ! D espeE D D espeED F F ! D F ! F 6 ! F ` ! F
RF hein
TU
b ! F F F F ! F F F F F F F ! F F F F rB ! rD E F rC ! rD E F rc ! rD F rI|rP ! rI rPF @rI|rPA ! rI rPY E D F C c @ A { } | D C c @ A { } |F @rI|rPAD D @rI|rPAF emsD D C c F F 9 D D F D grep E X 6 egrep 9qxFBvsgixi|oyodyne9 GusrGshreGommonEliensesGqv qx qixiev fvsg vsgixi qx qixiev fvsg vsgixi oyodyneD snFD herey dislims ll opyright interest in the progrm4.4.2
X
8
! D F @ ems 8A ! D D n
n
RF hein
TV
erl 6n n 8 F X 6 eho zzzIPefgQhijR | sed Ee 9sG@IEzBAHEWB@FBA6Ga8aG9 zzzaIPefgQhijRa 6 eho zzzIPefgQhijR | sed Ee 9sG@IEzBAHEWB@FBA6GPaaaIG9 zzzefgQhijRaaaI 6 eho zzzIPefgQhijR | perl Epe 9sG@IEzBAHEWB@FBA6G6Paaa6IG9 zzzefgQhijRaaaI 6 eho zzzIPefgQhijR | perl Epe 9sG@IEzBAHEWB@FBA6Ga8aG9 zzza8a D D D F F D mnE F
4.5 Unix qxGvinux nixE E F 26 D D GF F mount@VA D F D unmount@VA F4.5.1 Unix
X F D wpsvi wypile F26 .
RF hein
TW
@rootA GF root rootF root9 F RWF D D E GF 27 D E G @ A F D E D D D F F G G F G E D E D F D X GusrGshreGkeytlesGusFmpFgz D F D E usFmpFgzF 28 @ E F AD Get GusrF D GetGinitFd GusrGlol F E F D E @GA @AF E D X D F E D D F D FFG F D D E D F nix gGwD hy indowsD D D gXF E hein9 F @GusrGshreGdoGdeinEpoliyGfhsGfhsFtxtFgzAF X G ! G F Get ! F GvrGlog ! E @ E F E AF Ghome27 , . , , , , : { } ( ) [ ] ' ` \ / > < | ; ! # & ^ * % @ $ . , , . : .
28
. ` ' . 61.
, , .
RF hein
UH
! F4.5.2 Debian
nix hein D D D D F D D hein D @inodeAD E D D D D F inode hein qxGvinux GusrGinludeGlinuxGfsFhF E D F D PH X E F D D F4.5.3
E X D @uAD D @gA @oAF X @rAX @wAX @xAX F
X @rAX @wAX @xAX F D D E F @ A lsF ls@IAF ls ElD X
RF hein
UI
@ A ! EX ! dX ! lX ! X ! X ! pX ! sX @ D D EE EE EEA D D @A @mtimeA F D hownD rootF D hgrpD E rootF hmodD E G rootF E foo X 5 hown foo 5 hgrp foo 5 hmod ugoCEarwxDFFF foo mnE hown@IAD hgrp@IA hmod@IAF D foo rD D rootX 5 d GGG 5 hown E fooXr F 5 hmod E ugCrwDoar F X set user sh @ ls s AD set group sh @ ls s AD stiky it @ ls t AF
RF hein
UP
ls El @ AD D D D F set user sh @D rootA D set group sh D E D D rootAF D E F set group sh fhD groupD F stiky it E D F D D D GtmpD D E D D stiky it F D D @ E F A X 6 ls El GetGpsswd GetGshdow GdevGppp GusrGsinGpppd rwErwEEEE I root dip IHVD H tn IV IQXQP GdevGppp ErwErEErEE I root root IHSI tn PT HVXPW GetGpsswd ErwErEEEEE I root shdow URT tn PT HVXPW GetGshdow ErwsrExrEE I root dip PQRSHR xov PR HQXSV GusrGsinGpppd 6 ls Eld Gtmp GvrGtmp GusrGlol GvrGmil GusrGsr drwxrwxrwt R root root RHWT pe W ITXQS Gtmp drwxrwsrEx IH root st' RHWT tn IV IQXQI GusrGlol drwxrwsrEx Q root sr RHWT tn IW HVXQT GusrGsr drwxrwsrEx P root mil RHWT pe P PPXIW GvrGmil drwxrwxrwt Q root root RHWT tn PS HPXRV GvrGtmp hmod@IA E F E @ E a VA F X X set user sh @ a RAD set group sh @ a PA stiky it @ a IA X @ a RAD @ a PA @ a IAD X X D F E @PEIHA ls El
RF hein
UQ
@ a PA @E HD rD wD x IAD D F 29 X 6 touh foo r 6 hmod uarwDgoar foo 6 hmod TRR r 6 ls El foo r ErwErEErEE I penguin penguin H xov Q PQXQH foo ErwErEErEE I penguin penguin H xov Q PQXQH r E umskF [email protected] (Timestamps)
qxGvinux X mtimeX @ls ElAD timeX @ls ElA timeX @ls EluAF D time F mtimeD time time F time timeF timeF D hein time inodeF E notime F mount@VAF touh@IA F4.5.5
foo rF E E @ln foo rAD symlink E D @ln Es foo rAF rm 6 eho 4 4 b foo 6 ls El foo29, , .
RF hein
UR
ErwErEErEE I osmu osmu R pe W PPXPT foo 6 ln foo r 5 6 ln Es foo z 5 6 ls El foo r z ErwErEErEE P osmu osmu R pe W PPXPT r lrwxrwxrwx I osmu osmu Q pe W PPXPV z Eb foo ErwErEErEE P osmu osmu R pe W PPXPT foo 6 rm foo 6 eho 4 4 b foo 6 t r 6 t z rwxrwxrwxD D D F F D D PF FF D F4.5.6 (FIFOs)
E D F E D F pspy pirstEsnEpirstEyutX D D F D D D D F D D D D F E D D | E F D D @ E F A @ | E F A F D D X 6 dY mk(fo mypipe 6 eho 4hello4 bmypipe 8 5 I SWSP 6 ls El mypipe prwErEErEE I penguin penguin H PHHQEIIEHT PQXIV mypipe 6 t mypipe hello
RF hein
US
IC hone eho hello bmypipe 6 ls mypipe prwErEErEE I penguin penguin H PHHQEIIEHT PQXPH mypipe 6 rm mypipe4.5.7
@pspyA F F F F4.5.8
D D D F E E D GdevGonsoleF X ! D E D E @AF ! D E D F E F D D F F D GdevGlpH GdevGttyHF D F F GdevGnull F GdevGnull E D D F E D GdevGnullF F GdevGnullD @iypAF GdevGzero D D H @ D egssE AF hummy (les9 F IQPF
RF hein
UT
lsX 6 ls El GdevGhd GdevGttyH GdevGzero rwErwEEEE I root disk QD H wr IR PHHP GdevGhd rwErwEEEE I root dilout RD TR xov IS HWXSI GdevGttyH rwErwErwE I root root ID S eug QI HQXHQ GdevGzero GdevGhd Q HF G diskF GdevGttyH R TRF G dilout GdevGzero I SF G F GsinGweuihiF weuihi@VAF Gdev D D D GproF4.5.9 /proc
Gpro E E D F D GproGkore F @ A F D F uning the kernel through the pro (lesystem9 F IHW pro@SAF
4.6 X Window System 9 F IRTF4.6.1 the X Window System
indow ystem xdm X 6 exe strtx
RF hein
UU
4.6.2
X Window System
D F D @A F F D term X ! hells !b ermF weE wozill X ! epps !b xet !b wozill xvigtorF hpE pdf X ! epps !b iewers !b pdfF D F hein9 F VRF4.6.3 X Window System
indow ystem X gtrlEeltEpI pTX @ indowD hyiw FFA eltEpUX indow gtrlEeltEX indow @ A gtrlEeltEX indow @ A gtrlEeltEfkspeX erver eltED eltEgD eltEX indowsGw E D D D gtrlD E elt D D xetspe gomposerF
4.7 vinuxX @httpXGGwwwFtldpForgGguidesFhtmlAX vinuxD ! D D D F ! X sysdminEguide ! X GusrGshreGdoGsysdminEguideGhtmlGindexFhtml ! weX httpXGGwwwFtldpForgGvhGsgGindexFhtml vinuxD D ! vinuxEF ! X @not villeA ! X @notpplileA ! weX httpXGGwwwFtldpForgGvhGngPGindexFhtml
RF hein
UV
vinuxD ! IDSHH E F ! X linuxookook @only in oodyA ! X GusrGshreGdoGlinuxookookGookooktoFhtml ! weX httpXGGwwwFtldpForgGvhGlinuxookookGhtmlGindexFhtml upport for hein9 F PRUF
UW
5
testing httpXGGwwwFdeinForgG relesesGstleGrelesenotes httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGrelesesGtestingGrelesenotes @ E AF testingGunstle X
E ottoD e woodyED e otto D mnE ptpreferenes@SAF GetGptGsouresFlist GetGptGpreferenes D E testing D F D unstleF D F
5.1 APT Woody- ottoD e GetGptGsouresFlist stleX 5 ptEget updte 5 ptEget instll liT perl lidP deonf 5 ptEget instll pt ptEutils dselet dpkg
5.2 ( stable testing) heinE testing D E F
SF testing
VH
testing @ E goEwoody @httpXGGwwwFdeinForgGdoGmnulsGdeinErefereneGexmplesGAAX souresFlistX 5 d GetGpt 5 p Ef souresFlist souresFold 5 XbsouresFlist stleX 5 d G 5 ptEsetup noproe FFF D r p testing F deEsrF 5 5 5 5 d GetGpt grep Ee 4de 4 souresFlist bsouresFde grep Ee 4deE4 souresFlist bsouresFsr sed Ee 4sGstleGtestingG4 souresFde bbsouresFlist 5 sed Ee 4sGstleGtestingG4 souresFsr | sed Ee 4sGdeEG5deEG4 bbsouresFlist 5 ptEget updte 5 ptEget instll pt ptEutils 5 t bpreferenes ``iyp kgeX B inX relese atesting inEriorityX THH kgeX B inX relese aunstle inEriorityX SH iyp D unstleF 5 sed Ee 4sGstleGunstleG4 souresFde bbsouresFlist 5 sed Ee 4sGstleGunstleG4 souresFsr | sed Ee 4sGdeEG5deEG4 bbsouresFlist
SF testing
VI
GetGptGsouresFlist GetGptGpreferenes D hein9 F VRF D F
5.3 Debian GetGptGsouresFlist GetGptGpreferenes E testingF hein9 F VQ e upgrde9 F WHD F
5.3.1
, dselect
Edev FD E D dseletX 5 dselet updte 5 5 dselet selet 5 dselet F dselet E D dependsD suggests reommends F D dseletF 5 dselet instll D E D E F dselet9 F VSF dseletF XA
5.3.2
apt-get
ptEgetD D D F dselet oodyD ptitude F hein D @AX
SF testing
VP
5 ptEget updte 5 FFF 4depends4X 5 ptEget upgrde 5 FFF 4depends4EX 5 ptEget Eu distEupgrde FFF dselet @ AX 5 ptEget Eu dseletEupgrde 5 dselet ptEgetD reommends suggests F 9 F ITF
VQ
6
Debian hein D r E squid D eD httpproxy http Ge