ap biology at bensalem high school with ms. gallagher ap biology at bensalem high school with ms....
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AP Biology at Bensalem High School With
Ms. Gallagher
AP Biology at Bensalem High School With
Ms. Gallagher
A Little about Advanced Placement
Courses are designed by “The College Board” To emulate freshman college courses
AP Test covers the entire year of work
AP BIOLOGY is an 8 credit course. That is two semesters of college-level work
Most colleges and universities award students 8 credits if they achieve a 4 or 5. Some colleges accept a 3 for nonscience majors
The Exam
May 13, 2013
63 Multiple Choice Questions
6 “Grid” Answer Questions
2 Long “FRQs”
4 Short “FRQs”
Free Response Questions
3 hour exam
Cost: Approx. $85.00
AP BIO AT BHS
Laboratory-intense, Inquiry-based
We will perform 24 freshman college laboratories
Text: Campbell’s Biology, 7th/9th ed. Entire text is available online at “ The Campbell Place
AP Review Books: Wait until January when the updated versions will be available.
Additional resources
Campbell’s Biology on-line has animations, self quizzes, and lecture outlines.
College Board: Previous FRQs available on the college board web site
Wikispace: Tutorials, Quizzes, WebSites, and our Calendar are all available to you on-line at :
bhsgallagher.wikispaces.com
Grading
Homework/Classwork – 15%
Laboratory Work and Lab Quizzes – 30%
Tests and Essays – 55%
The AP TEST will count as your final. If you are not taking the test, you will need to take a first and second semester final exam
EXTRA CREDIT: Students who participate in PJAS will receive extra credit in the third marking period.
WORK LOAD
Students are expected to spend at least one hour every night on AP BIO.
And more time to prepare for the exam in May.
Contacting me:
Or 215-750-2800 ex: 3054
Wikispaces:
http://bhsgallagher.wikispaces.com
Field Trip
Suggestions?
We’ve done the Zoo for the last several years.
Covalent
Double covalent
Nonpolar covalent
Polar covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
van der Waals forces
Chemical Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Sharing pair of valence electrons
Number of electrons required to complete an atom’s valence shell determines how many bonds will form
Ex: Hydrogen & oxygen bonding in water; methane
Polar/nonpolar covalent bondsElectronegativityattraction
for electrons
Nonpolar covalent •electrons shared equally
•Ex: diatomic H2 and O2
Polar covalent
•one atom more electronegative than the other (charged)
•Ex: water
Ionic bondingHigh electronegativity
difference strips valence electrons away from another atom
Electron transfer creates ions (charged atoms)
Cation (positive ion); anion (negative ion)
Ex: Salts (sodium chloride)
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom (oxygen or nitrogen)
Chemical Bonding: Importants points are ???
Ionic Bonds Covalant Bonds Polar Nonpolar Hydrogen
van der Waals interactions
Weak interactions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations
Due to the fact that electrons are constantly in motion and at any given instant, ever-changing “hot spots” of negative or positive charge may develop
Water
Polar: opposite ends, opposite charges
Cohesion: H+ bonds holding molecules together
Adhesion:H+ bonds holding molecules to another substance
Surface tension: measurement of the difficulty to break or stretch the surface of a liquid
Special Characteristics of Water
•Specific heatSpecific heat: Amount of heat : Amount of heat absorbed or lost to change absorbed or lost to change temperature by 1temperature by 1ooCC
•Heat of vaporizationHeat of vaporization: Quantity of : Quantity of heat required to convert 1g from heat required to convert 1g from liquid to gas statesliquid to gas states
•DensityDensity:Solid state less dense than :Solid state less dense than liquidliquid
Density
Less dense as solid than liquid
Due to hydrogen bonding
Crystalline lattice keeps molecules at
a distance
Acid/Base & pHDissociation of water into a hydrogen ion and
a hydroxide ion
Acid: increases the hydrogen concentration of a solution
Base: reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
pH: “power of hydrogen”
Buffers: substances that minimize H+ and OH- concentrations (accepts or donates H+ ions)
pH Determination:
Water : Mostly HOH molecules
Very few H+ ions and OH- ion
More H+ = Low pH = Acidic
More OH- = High pH= Basic
pH scale is exponential ( Like seismic waves )
pH + pOH = 14
pH = - log [H+], pOH = - log [OH]
pH = exponent in the [H+]
Complete the Chart
[H+] [OH-] pH Acidic/Basic/Neutral ?
10-7 10-7
4
10-8
11
Review Questions
1. How does water stabilize global temperature ?
2. How does sweating help maintain your temperature?
3. Temperature is a measure of ? ______________
4. How much more acidic is a solution with a pH of 2 versus one
with a pH of 4 ? _______________
5. What is a buffer? Why are they important?
6. How would you make a 0.1 M solution of glucose?
7. Sketch a water molecules showing its shape and the electron shells
with the covalently shared electrons. Indicate the areas with slight
negative and positive charges that enable a water molecule to form
hydrogen bonds.