ap biology who wants to be an arborist? ap biology 2006-2007 plant anatomy
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AP Biology
Who wants to be an arborist?
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AP Biology 2006-2007
Plant Anatomy
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AP Biology
Plant AnatomyConsider all traits in the context of:• Communication• Evolution• Homeostasis• Gene expression• Ecology
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AP Biology
Basic plant anatomy 1 root
root tip root hairs
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AP Biology
Roots Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb
minerals & water, & store food fibrous roots (1)
mat of thin roots that spread out monocots
tap roots (2) 1 large vertical root also produces many small lateral,
or branch roots dicots
root hairs (3) increase absorptive
surface area
2
1
3
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AP Biology
Basic plant anatomy 2 root
root tip root hairs
shoot (stem) nodes
internodes buds
terminal or apical buds axillary buds flower buds & flowers
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AP Biology
Modified shootsstolons (strawberries) rhizome (ginger)
tuber (potato) bulb (onion)
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AP Biology
Basic plant anatomy 3 root
root tip root hairs
shoot (stem) nodes
internodes buds
terminal or apical buds axillary buds flower buds & flowers
leaves mesophyll tissue veins (vascular bundles)
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AP Biology
Leaves Function of leaves
photosynthesis energy production CHO production
gas exchange transpiration simple vs. compound
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AP Biology
Cool tree pic
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AP Biologysucculent leaves
Modified leavestendrils (peas) spines (cacti)
colored leaves (poinsetta)
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Both systems depend on the other roots depend on
sugars produced by photosynthetic leaves
shoots depend on water & minerals absorbed from the soil by roots
Interdependent systems
water &minerals
sugars
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AP Biology
Plant TISSUES Dermal
epidermis (“skin” of plant) single layer of tightly
packed cells that covers & protects plant
Ground bulk of plant tissue photosynthetic mesophyll,
storage Vascular
transport system in shoots & roots
xylem & phloem
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AP Biology
Plant CELL types in plant tissues Parenchyma
“typical” plant cells = least specialized photosynthetic cells, storage cells tissue of leaves, stem, fruit, storage roots
Collenchyma unevenly thickened primary walls support
Sclerenchyma very thick, “woody” secondary walls support rigid cells that can’t elongate dead at functional maturity
…!
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AP Biology
Parenchyma Parenchyma cells are unspecialized, thin, flexible &
carry out many metabolic functions all other cell types in plants develop from parenchyma
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AP Biology
Collenchyma Collenchyma cells have thicker primary walls &
provide support help support without restraining growth remain alive in maturity
the strings in celery stalksare collenchyma
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AP Biology
Sclerenchyma Thick, rigid cell wall
lignin (wood) cannot elongate mostly dead at maturity
Cells for support xylem vessels xylem tracheids fibers
rope fibers sclereids
nutshells seed coats grittiness in pears
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AP Biologytracheids
vessel elements Vascular tissue
Aaaah…Structure–Function
again!
vessel element
dead cells
Xylem move water & minerals up from roots dead cells at functional maturity
only cell walls remain need empty pipes to efficiently move H2O transpirational pull
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AP Biology
Phloem: food-conducting cells carry sugars & nutrients throughout plant
sieve tube
companion cell
living cells
plasmodesmata sieve plate
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AP Biology
Phloem: food-conducting cells sieve tube elements & companion cells
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AP Biology
Phloem Living cells at functional maturity
cell membrane, cytoplasm control of diffusion
lose their nucleus, ribosomes & vacuole more room for specialized transport of
liquid food (sucrose)
Cells sieve tubes
sieve plates — end walls — have pores to facilitate flow of fluid between cells
companion cells nucleated cells connected to the sieve-tube help sieve tubes
Aaaah…Structure–Function
again!
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AP Biology
Vascular tissue in stems
dicottrees & shrubs
monocotgrasses & lilies
collect annual rings
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AP Biology
Vascular tissue in roots: dicot
xylemphloem
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AP Biology
xylem
phloem
Vascular tissue in roots: monocot
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Putting it all together Obtaining raw materials
sunlight leaves = solar collectors
CO2
stomates = gas exchange
H2O uptake from roots
nutrients uptake from roots
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AP Biology
1. Why is sclerenchyma dead during usage?
2. Why does phloem need companion cells?
3. How is the structure of the water molecule so beneficial to plants?