ap chapter 2 closed notes
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Notes on AP classTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2 Notes
The Chemical Context of Life
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Concept 2.1Organisms are composed of __________:
anything that takes up space or has mass
___________: a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions
___________: substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
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Concept 2.1Life requires about 25 elements4 of those make up 96% of living matter
_______________________________________________________
Trace Elements are those that are required in only minute quantities-ex. Iron, iodine
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Concept 2.1
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Concept 2.2_________: smallest unit of matter that
still retains the properties of an element
___________________: Protons (+), Neutrons (0), Electrons (-)
Protons and Neutrons have a mass of 1 dalton. Electrons have no mass
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Concept 2.2___________________: # of protons_______________: sum of protons +
neutrons__________________: different atomic
forms of an element.-ex. Carbon-12 (99%), Carbon-13 (1%), Carbon-14 (<1%)
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Concept 2.2C-12 and C-13 are stable. C-14 is
unstable, and radioactive. It will decay giving off particles and energy.
Carbon-14 will decay into Nitrogen
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Concept 2.2An atom’s electrons vary in the
amount of energy they possess. ____________: the ability to do work._______________: energy that matter
stores because of its position or location
Electrons have potential energy because of their position in relation to the nucleus.
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(a) A ball bouncing down a flight of stairs provides an analogy for energy levels of electrons
Third shell (highest energylevel)
Second shell (higherenergy level)
Energyabsorbed
First shell (lowest energylevel)
Atomicnucleus
Energylost
Concept 2.2
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Concept 2.2The different states of potential energy
that electrons have in an atom are called energy levels or electron shells.- the first shell has the lowest energy. The second shell has more than the first, etc.
__________________: those in the outermost shell
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Concept 2.2Hydrogen
1H
Lithium3Li
Beryllium4Be
Boron5B
Carbon6C
Nitrogen7N
Oxygen8O
Fluorine9F
Neon10Ne
Helium2He
Atomic number
Element symbolElectron-distributiondiagram
Atomic mass
2He
4.00Firstshell
Secondshell
Thirdshell
Sodium11Na
Magnesium12Mg
Aluminum13Al
Silicon14Si
Phosphorus15P
Sulfur16S
Chlorine17Cl
Argon18Ar
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Atoms will bond with others to gain stability
________________: sharing of a pair of valence e- by two atoms-ex. Hydrogen atoms will share their electrons. They become H-H
Concept 2.3
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Concept 2.3
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Concept 2.3__________________: the attraction of
an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
____________________: when the electrons are shared equally
____________: when one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom
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Concept 2.3 –
+ +
H H
O
H2O
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Atoms and Molecules_____________: when two atoms are so
unequal in their attraction for electrons that one atom will strip the electrons from its partner
_________: a charged atom; cation has a positive charge, anion has a negative charge (ca+ion; a negative ion)
Compounds formed by ionic bonds are salts
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Concept 2.3
Na Cl Na Cl
NaSodium atom Chlorine atom
Cl Na+
Sodium ion(a cation)
Cl–Chloride ion
(an anion)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
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The advantage of weak bonding is that the contact can be brief
_______________: H is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and attracted to another electronegative atom.-ex. Water and ammonia
Atoms and Molecules
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Concept 2.3 +
+
++
+
Water (H2O)
Ammonia (NH3)
Hydrogen bond
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Atoms and Molecules________________: making and
breaking of chemical bonds.- starting material is reactants- ending material is products
__________________: point at which reactions offset one another.
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Atoms and Molecules