ap environmental science chapter 3 terrestrial ecology continued
TRANSCRIPT
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AP Environmental Science
Chapter 3Terrestrial Ecology
Continued
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G. Energy and Matter LawsG. Energy and Matter Laws
1. Thermodynamics:
• 1st law: Energy can not be created or destroyed.
• 2nd law: When energy changes form there is a loss of usable energy.
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2. Law of Conservation of Matter:
Matter is neither created nor destroyed but merely changed from one form to another.
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H. Ecological Pyramids
1. Pyramid ofenergy flow
1. Pyramid ofenergy flow
Ecologicalefficiency
Ecologicalefficiency
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
1010
100100
1,0001,000
10,00010,000Usable energyUsable energy
Available atAvailable atEach tropic levelEach tropic level(in kilocalories)(in kilocalories)
ProducersProducers(phytoplankton)(phytoplankton)
Primaryconsumers
(zooplankton)
Secondaryconsumers
(perch)
Tertiaryconsumers
(human)
Decomposers
Fig. 4-19, p. 78
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Ecological Pyramids
Fig. 4.22, p. 86
Abandoned Field Ocean
Grassland(summer)
Temperate Forest(summer)
p. 92
2. Pyramid ofbiomass
3. Pyramid ofnumbers
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Producers
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Producers
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I 1. Gross primary productivity (GPP)I 1. Gross primary productivity (GPP)
I 2. Net primary productivity (NPP)I 2. Net primary productivity (NPP)
EstuariesEstuaries
Swamps and marshesSwamps and marshes
Tropical rain forestTropical rain forest
Temperate forestTemperate forest
Northern coniferous forest (taiga)Northern coniferous forest (taiga)
SavannaSavanna
Agricultural landAgricultural land
Woodland and shrublandWoodland and shrubland
Temperate grasslandTemperate grassland
Lakes and streamsLakes and streams
Continental shelfContinental shelf
Open oceanOpen ocean
Tundra (arctic and alpine)Tundra (arctic and alpine)
Desert scrubDesert scrub
Extreme desertExtreme desert
800800 1,6001,600 2,4002,400 3,2003,200 4,0004,000 4,8004,800 5,6005,600 6,4006,400 7,2007,200 8,0008,000 8,8008,800 9,6009,600
Average net primary productivity (kcal/mAverage net primary productivity (kcal/m22/yr)/yr)
Fig. 4-22, p. 80
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Fig. 4-21, p. 79
Gross Primary Productivity
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J. Nutrients: 1. Macronutrients
Chemicals organisms need in large numbers to live, grow, and reproduce.
Ex. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and iron.
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J. 2. Micronutrients
These are needed in small or even trace amounts.
Ex. sodium, zinc, copper, chlorine, and iodine.
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K. Matter Cycling in Ecosystems (Biogeochemical Cycles)
K. Matter Cycling in Ecosystems (Biogeochemical Cycles)
1. Hydrologic cycle (H2O) 1. Hydrologic cycle (H2O)
Atmospheric cycles
2. Carbon cycle (C)3. Nitrogen cycle (N)
Atmospheric cycles
2. Carbon cycle (C)3. Nitrogen cycle (N)
Sedimentary cycles4. Sulfur cycle (S)5. Phosphorus cycle (P)
Sedimentary cycles4. Sulfur cycle (S)5. Phosphorus cycle (P)
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1. Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Precipitation
Precipitationto ocean
Evaporation
EvaporationFromocean
Surface runoff(rapid)
Ocean storage
Condensation
Transpiration
Rain clouds
Infiltration andPercolation
Transpirationfrom plants
Groundwater movement (slow)
Groundwater movement (slow)
RunoffRunoff
Surface runoff (rapid)Surface runoff (rapid)
Precipitation
Fig. 4-36, p. 81
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2. The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)
photosynthesisphotosynthesis aerobic aerobic respirationrespirationTerrestrial
rocks
Soil water(dissolved carbon)
Land food websproducers, consumers,
decomposers, detritivores
Atmosphere(mainly carbon dioxide)
Peat,fossil fuels
combustion of wood combustion of wood (for clearing land; or (for clearing land; or
for fuelfor fuel
deforestation
volcanic action
death, burial, compaction over death, burial, compaction over geologic timegeologic timeleaching leaching
runoffrunoff
weatheringweathering
Fig. 4-24, p. 83
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The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)
diffusion between atmosphere and ocean
Carbon dioxidedissolved in ocean water
Marine food websproducers, consumers,
decomposers, detritivores
Marine sediments, includingformations with fossil fuels
combustion of fossil fuels
incorporation into incorporation into sedimentssediments
death, death, sedimentationsedimentation
uplifting over uplifting over geologic timegeologic time
sedimentationsedimentation
photosynthesisphotosynthesis aerobic aerobic respirationrespiration
Fig. 4-24, p. 82
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3. Nitrogen CycleN2, is 78% of troposphere (lower atmosphere)
Inert (chemically unreactive nitrogen), can’t be absorbed and used by multi-cellular plants & animals
Must be “fixed” or combined with H or O for plants to use.Lightning – N2 + O2 2NO
Soil bacteria fix nitrogen – N2 + 3H2 2 NH3 (ammonia) Cyanobacteria – in soil and waterRhizobium bacteria live in nodules
on roots of leguminous plantsFactories create fertilizer
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nitrate
ammonium
nitrite
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4. Phosphorus cycle
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Phosphorus Cycle
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5. Sulfur Cycle A sedimentary cycle Most stored in rocks and sediments Originates from volcanoes and from
anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in bogs, swamps, and tidal flats
Marine algae can produce DMS (dimethyl sulfide) which act as condensation nuclei, so affect cloud cover and climate
Acid rain contains sulfate salts or sulfuric acid
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L. Ecological research1. Field research – observations or
manipulative experiments Relatively new technology: Remote sensing – from aircraft and satellites GIS – Geographic Information Systems
Combine layers of data to produce computerized maps of 1) forest cover, 2) water resources, 3) air pollution emissions, 4) changes in global temperature
2. Lab research Study model systems in controlled
environment – test tubes, cultures, aquaria, greenhouses, etc.
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M. Systems Analysis (modeling)
Mathematical and other models that simulate ecosystems
Helps to understand large and complex systems
5 stages (fig. 4-32 on p. 102) Uses
Project possible changes in environ. conditions Anticipate environmental surprises Analyze effect of various alternative solutions
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N. Ecosystem Services
We depend on ecosystem services for food, water, air, and other things
a. Fisheriesb. Fresh Waterc. Fertility of soilsd. Fodder for livestocke. Forest products (fruit, coffee, honey, wood for
building, etc.)
Source: Nature Conservation, Summer 2006, p. 29
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O. Ecosystem Sustainability
Ecosystems are sustainable because they Recycle chemical nutrients Use renewable solar energy